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Desire for Isolationism
• After WWI, Americans wanted to return to “Normal”– Let Europe deal with
Europe
• Refused to support Wilson & the League of Nations
Sen. Henry Cabot LodgeSen. Henry Cabot Lodge
A Weak League of Nations• Strength undercut when the U.S.
refused to join– No control of major
conflicts– No progress in disarmament– No effective military force
Washington Disarmament Conference• U.S., Britain, & Japan had all continued
building up their navies • Goal: naval disarmamentnaval disarmament • All major naval powers invited• Met in Washington from 1921-1922
Five Power Treaty (1922)• A battleship ratio was achieved:
US Britain Japan France ItalyUS Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 5 5 3 1.67 1.67
• U.S. and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories (including the Philippines)
• Loophole: no restrictions on smaller ships
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)• 15 nations agreed to outlaw
aggression and war as tools of foreign policy
• 62 nations eventually signed• Problems no means of actual
enforcement • Gave Americans a
false sense of security during the 1930’s
The Great Depression• World wide effects• Countries look for solutions• Some turn toward FASCISM
– glorified the state and sought to expand– Italy (Mussolini), Japan, & Germany (Hitler)
all turn to Fascism
Japan Invades Manchuria (1931)
• Japanese military assumed control of the government
• Invaded Manchuria for resources
• League of Nations condemned the action
• Japan leaves the League
Japan Invades Manchuria (1931)
Stimson Doctrine• Issued in 1932Issued in 1932• US would not US would not
recognize any recognize any territorial acquisitions territorial acquisitions that were achieved that were achieved by forceby force
• Japan was infuriated, Japan was infuriated, but there was no real but there was no real U.S. threatU.S. threat Sec of State
Harry Stimson
The Good Neighbor Policy• Groundwork
created by Hoover– Removed U.S.
troops from Latin America
• FDR fully develops program– a policy of non-
intervention and cooperation
• Renounces the Roosevelt CorollaryThe good neighbor
respects himself and the rights of others.
Nye Committee Hearings (1934-36)• Munitions manufacturers
blamed as “Merchants of Death” for WWI
• Senate investigative hearings begin
• Committee blames banks & munitions manufactures for the war
• Led to passage of several Neutrality Acts
Senator Gerald P. Senator Gerald P. NyeNye
Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, & 1937) • Passed to keep the U.S.
out of new wars• When the president
proclaimed a foreign war Americans couldn’t :– sail on belligerent nations’
ships – Sell or transport munitions
to belligerents– Make loans to a belligerent
• The U.S. refused to build up the armed forces
Growing Fascist Aggression• 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia
Hitler begins to re-arm Germany
• 1936: Hitler re-militarizes the Rhineland
• 1937: Japan invades ChinaRape of Nanking
Panay Incident (1937)• American ship Panay bombed and
sunk by Japanese• Japan apologized, paid US an Japan apologized, paid US an
indemnity, and promised no further indemnity, and promised no further attacksattacks
• ResultsResults Japanese interpreted US Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further tone as a license for further aggression against US interestsaggression against US interests
• 1938: German Anschluss with AustriaRome-Berlin Axis FormedGermany demands the
Sudetenland
Munich Agreement• Sept 1938 meeting
between Hitler, Italy, Britain, & France
• Britain & France appease Hitler by giving him the Sudetenland
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
• 1939: Hitler invades the rest of CzechoslovakiaNazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact signed
The Invasion of Poland• September 1, 1939
Hitler invades Poland using new strategy of Blitzkrieg
• September 3 France & Britain declare war on Germany
Neutrality Act of 1939• FDR persuades Congress to aid FDR persuades Congress to aid
European democracies in a limited European democracies in a limited way:way:– The US could sell weapons to the The US could sell weapons to the
European democracies on a “cash-and-European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basiscarry” basis
– Proclaimed danger zones which US Proclaimed danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enterships and citizens could not enter
Beginnings of War
• Phony War – 1st 7 months of fighting
• June 1940: Hitler invades France
France Surrenders• June 22, 1940• Divided into 2
Battle of Britain• Operation Sea Lion• July 1940 – May 1941• Hitler tries to invade
Great Britain• Known as “The Blitz”• German Luftwaffe
bombs Britain to soften resistance
Now Britain Is All Alone!
Now Britain Is All Alone!
The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the
Blitz
The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the
Blitz
Tripartite Pact (Sept 1940)
• Also known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Destroyers for Bases (1940)
• Sept 1940, Britain close to surrender
• Needs ships to fight Battle of Atlantic against U-Boats
• U.S. trades 50 WWI destroyers for land bases
America First Committee• Formed in September 1940• Purpose was to pressure the
government to stay OUT of war
Lend-Lease Act (1941)• The U.S. will lend The U.S. will lend
supplies to Allies in supplies to Allies in return for leases on return for leases on land after the warland after the war
• America becomes the America becomes the “Arsenal of “Arsenal of Democracy”Democracy”
Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillionThe amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000
What do I do in such a crisis? I don't say... 'Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it' …I don't want $15 — I want my garden hose back after the fire is over."
Operation Barbarossa• Hitler invades the Soviet Union in June
1941• Soviet Union becomes an unlikely Allied
Power
The Atlantic Charter• Roosevelt and Churchill
sign treaty outlining war goals
• Solidifies alliance• Fashioned after Wilson’s
14 Points• Called for collective
security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, freedom of the seas, & a new peace-keeping organization