Design Principles (III) 林晏州教授 Yann-Jou Lin. The Functional Considerations Functional efficiency can be judged entirely on tangible evidence. The functional

Design Principles (III)

林晏州教授Yann-Jou Lin

The Functional Considerations Functional efficiency can be judged

entirely on tangible evidence. The functional effect is predictable

We can measure workability of design by putting ourselves in the place of the user, maintenance man or whoever else is going to be affected, and go through all the possible motions of use to determine the functional reasonableness of the design

The Functional Considerations

The third set of principles

P6. Satisfy Technical Requirements

P7. Meet Needs for Lowest Possible Costs

P8. Provide for supervision Ease

Principle 6: Satisfy Technical Requirements Technical requirements are the minimal

standards of quantity, structure, and performance which must be met if the product is to be usable

Matters of Concern 6A. Sizes 6B. Quantities 6C. Orientation to Natural Forces 6D. Operating Needs

Principle 6: Satisfy Technical Requirements 6A. Sizes

Size recommendations for playing fields and court-game areas can be accepted with little question, for such measurements are determined by the rules of the game

To determine size adequacy, first check manual suggestions

However, size suggestions for many common use areas such as picnic areas can be modified as design purpose might require

Principle 6: Satisfy Technical Requirements

6B.Quantities Judgments regarding the appropriate type and

number of units usually evolve from the demand studies

In most cases, such judgments are but best guesses and have to be reevaluated in accordance with actual participation evidence gathered after installation

Principle 6: Satisfy Technical Requirements 6C. Orientation to Natural Forces

The effects of sun upon activity

Orient tennis courts perpendicular to the sun’s course

Lay out baseball diamonds so that the sun is not in the eyes of the batter


The effects of sun upon activity

The sun should be at back of viewers

Beaches should receive full solar exposure

Eastern slopes are ideal for camping where morning dew and afternoon heat are undesirable factors


The effects of wind upon activity

Picnic areas require breezes to take away cooking smoke

Boat docks should be located out of the path of water-churning wind

Principle 6: Satisfy Technical Requirements 6D. Operating Needs

The requirement of cars, boats, maintenance equipment, etc., must be considered

The minimum turning radius of an auto is 20 feet

The maximum grade for a launching ramp is 15 percent

A power mower cannot negotiate slopes over 33 percent


Most operational determinations are collected through personal interviews between the designer and those who will be running the facility

People’s physical limitations must be appreciated in design where comfort can be affected


People’s physical limitations Risers for outdoor steps must be comparatively short and trends relatively long

2R+T=26”

Ramps should allow the user to negotiate the risers with alternate legs

Consider the comfort of the user in the design of outdoor facilities

Principle 7: Meet Needs for Lowest Possible Costs

Design must satisfy the true needs and avoid unnecessary costs

Matters of Concern 7A. Balance of Needs and Budget 7B. Use of Existing Site Resources 7C. Provision of Appropriate Structural

Materials 7D. Provision of Appropriate Plant Materials 7E. Attention to Details

Principle 7: Meet Needs for Lowest Possible Costs 7A. Balance of Needs and Budget

A proper balance among needs and budget can be achieved if budget is discussed at all stages of design How much money is available? What are the alternative ways of meeting goals

under financial stringencies? What are the high- and low-priority items? What can be constructed in stages to spread out

construction costs over a number of years? In addition to construction cost, available

finances for maintenance must be considered


7B. Use of Existing Site Resources To reduce construction costs, the designer

must make best use of existing site resources into his plan

Use areas should be placed upon portions of the site which, in their unimproved state, approximate the desired finish grade

It minimizes the cost of earth moving and simplifies the blending of the new with the old


Valley floors are natural drainage ways

Roadways placed in the valleys readily take away water draining from use areas located at higher elevations


7B. Use of Existing Site Resources Other possibilities to save construction costs

Use existing buildings Place facilities where desired grade already exist Put facilities enhanced by plantings where plants

already exist and where the existing tree might already be of adequate size


7C. Provision of Appropriate Structural Materials The money for both construction and

maintenance comes out of the same pocket An appropriate selection of building materials

is very important To select a material which can withstand the

expected activity.

Principle 7: Meet Needs for Lowest Possible Costs 7C. Provision of Appropriate Structural Materials

A material must passes the following tests Durability

Will it stand up under the anticipated pounding? Appearance

Is it usually compatible with nearby elements? Availability

Use those materials which are locally available Tactile Qualities

Its feel is especially important where the material will come in contact with the skin

Climatic Adaptability Will the material remain stable under such rigors as freezing, thawing,

and intense sunlight? Drainability

Does it allow rainwater to percolate through or run off rapidly and render the area usable after storms?


Surface treatments related to use: soft and drainable under the play piece; durable where constant foot traffic is expected

Principle 7: Meet Needs for Lowest Possible Costs 7D. Provision of Appropriate Plant

Materials To minimize maintenance costs, the criteria

for selection of plant material Select those species which normally fit into the

“community” of plants Select those species with growth habits naturally

fitting the circumstances where they will be placed

Rate of growth and ultimate size should be considered

Its tolerance to air pollution and pavement reflection


Paving at the base of a wall accommodates one wheel of the mower, thereby leaving a cleanly cut edge Smooth slope edges are both

practical and visually desirable

7E. Attention to Details

Principle 8: Provide for supervision Ease

Matters of Concern 8A. Balance of Freedom and Control 8B. Circulation 8C. Safety 8D. Discouraging Undesirables

Principle 8: Provide for supervision Ease 8A. Balance of Freedom and Control

Use restrictions are required for some reasonable purposes

Let design layout provide a message which will guide the visitor into a use pattern with which he will agree


8B. Circulation To let people get to where they want to go

readily and not interfere with other activities, landscape architect must Anticipate flows Eliminate obstacles and confusion Provide unobstructed, well-defined, and logical

routs


8B. Circulation Provision of proper relationships among use areas is

necessary for setting up an efficient circulation system

The circulation system link the use areas by roads and walkways. Such linkage becomes easy to understand if it is considered as three levels of routes Collector arteries which connect all major use areas Secondary arteries which lead from collectors to connect

related spots within a use area Minor arteries which proceed from secondary to the least-

visited facilities


Use area organization can encourage either an undesirable (A) or an agreeable (B) traffic flow

A poor relationship system (A) can be eliminated by taking advantage of an existing site characteristic (B)


Erratic alignments and the separation of related use areas by major arteries are hallmarks of a poor circulation system


An efficient circulation system is distinguished by well-defined routes and consistencies in alignments


A significant feature may serve as a point of reference where circulation directions are confusion

Principle 8: Provide for supervision Ease 8C. Safety

Supervision can be lessened by reducing the dangers associated with activity

Many physical hazards can be eliminated by attention to use-area relationships

Design attention to both challenge and security should be balanced


8C. Safety In high-risk areas where supervision is

required, design should focus upon the location of visual stations and related sight angles

Besides unobstructed visibility, physical proximity is desirable

Since design is for people, the supervisor’s comfort as well as his ability to perform duties should be taken into account


Slides, walls, and other play features can be designed for safety without minimizing their challenge potential

A low barrier between mother and sand pile is always appreciated, for it keeps the grit from her shoes and out of her pocket novel

Principle 8: Provide for supervision Ease 8D. Discouraging Undesirables

Eliminate hidden corners caused by walls, buildings, and plants etc.

Supply adequate night lighting To keep park alive with people, it should

located where a real need exists

The Functional Considerations P6. Satisfy Technical Requirements

6A. Sizes 6B. Quantities 6C. Orientation to Natural Forces 6D. Operating Needs

P7. Meet Needs for Lowest Possible Costs 7A. Balance of Needs and Budget 7B. Use of Existing Site Resources 7C. Provision of Appropriate Structural Materials 7D. Provision of Appropriate Plant Materials 7E. Attention to Details

P8. Provide for supervision Ease 8A. Balance of Freedom and Control 8B. Circulation 8C. Safety 8D. Discouraging Undesirables

Documents

Design Principles (III) 林晏州 教授 Yann-Jou Lin. The Functional Considerations Functional efficiency can be judged entirely on tangible evidence. The functional

Design Principles (III) 林晏州教授 Yann-Jou Lin. The Functional Considerations Functional efficiency can be judged entirely on tangible evidence. The functional