Design and Fabrication of Temperature Measurement Set Up

8/16/2019 Design and Fabrication of Temperature Measurement Set Up

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RAJA COEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOOG!" MADURAI

ANNA UNIVERSIT!# CHENNAI 600 0$5

APRIL 2013

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ANNA UNIVERSIT!# CHENNAI 600 0$5

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report %DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SETUP% is the bonafide work of &ARUN

KUMAR.S (105914144005)" RAJESH KUMAR.M (105914144039)"

RAJSHEKAR.S (105914144040)" and SEENIVASAGAN.R (105914144046)%

who carried out the project work under my superision!

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Prof! P!"#$#%ARA& %!'!( )Ph!d* +!,A+-IRA.A& /!'

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Assistant professor

%echanica 'nineerin %echanica 'nineerin

Raja Coee of 'n+ech( Raja Coee of 'n +ech(

%adurai 425020! %adurai 425020!

"ubmitted for the project iceoce hed on 66666

INTERNA E'AMINER E'TERNA E'AMINER

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ACKNOEDGEMENT

+his project has been successfuy competed owin comprehensie

endurance of many distinuished persons!

7irst and foremost we woud ike to thank the amihty( our famiy members

and friends for encourain us to do this project!

8e e9tend our thanks to our Chairman P:$!*+. G. N,-,,/,+ " M.A and

our Principa D. S.M. S2," M.E." P.D for their adice and ethics incucated

durin the entire period of our study!

8e are e9tremey indebted to P*. P. S-,,+" B.E. (D78+)" M.E."

(P.D)( +he -ead of :epartment of %echanica 'nineerin for the deoted

attention( oe and affection shown on us in makin this project rand success!

8e profusey thank our interna uide( M. T. K,8,,+" B.E." Asst!

professor( %echanica 'nineerin for his support throuhout the project! -issuestions and participatie encouraement throuhout the project wi eer hod

a memorabe pace in our hearts!

7inay( we thank one and a for their auabe support in this project work!

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TABE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

iv

IST OF TABES

LIST OF FIGURES

ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 T:,8 $

1.$ T:,8 ;*+8*2 3

$. SENSOR 4

$.1 S+7* 5

$.$ S+7* :7 9

$.6 F+;8*+ 9

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$.= A 13

$.14 P8100 S+7* 15

3. TEMPERATURE READER (CONTROER) $0

3.1 I+8*:7 * ;*+8*227

,+< @*+- $1

3.3 S2; TC303 $5

4. PIC16F?==A ,+< RS$3$ $=

4.1 PIC16F?==A $?

4.$ RS$3$ 30

5. GRAPHICAL DISPLAY

36

5.1 G,:;,2 CD 1$?64 3=

5.$ I+8,;+- * 16F?==A @8 1$?64

7


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LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO

TABE 4.1.1 FEATURES OF PIC16F?==A $9

TABE 4.$.1 SIGNAS IN RS$3$ 33

TABE 4.$.$ PIN ASSIGNMENTS 33

LIST OF FIGURES PAGENO


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FIG $.10.1 CONSTRUCTION OF RTD 1$

FIG $.14.1 P8100 SENSOR 16

FIG 3.$.1 STANDARD PANE SIES $4

FIG 3.3.1 TEMPERATURE READER

(CONTROER) $6

FIG 4.1.1 PIC16F?==A 30

FIG 4.$.1 RS$3$ CABE 35

FIG 5.1.1 GRAPHICA CD 1$?64 3=

FIG5.$.1 INTERFACING OF 16F?==A ITH 1$?64

GRAPHICA DISPA! 41

FIG 6.1 BOCK DIAGRAM OF TEMPERATURE

MEASUREMENT SETUP 43

1!


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CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 T:,8#

+emperature is a physica ;uantity that is a measure of hotness and codness

on a numerica scae! It is a measure of the therma enery per partice of matter or

radiation= it is measured by a thermometer( which may be caibrated in any of

arious temperature scaes> Cesius( 7ahrenheit( ,ein( etc!

+emperature is an intensie property( which means it is independent of the

amount of materia present= in contrast to enery( an e9tensie property( which is

proportiona to the amount of materia in the system! 7or e9ampe a spark may we

be )ery briefy?* as hot as the "un!

'mpiricay it is found that an isoated system( one that e9chanes no enery

or materia with its enironment( tends to a spatiay uniform temperature as time

passes! 8hen a path permeabe ony to heat is open between two bodies( enery

aways transfers spontaneousy as heat from a hotter body to a coder one! +he

transfer rate depends on the therma conductiity of the path or boundary between

them! /etween two bodies with the same temperature no heat fows! +hese bodies

are said to be in therma e;uiibrium!

In kinetic theory and in statistica mechanics( temperature is the effect of the

therma enery arisin from the motion of microscopic partices such as atoms(

moecues and photons! +he reation is proportiona as ien by the /ot@mann

constant!

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1.$ T:,8 ;*+8*2#

+emperature contro is a process in which chane of temperature of a space

)and objects coectiey there within* is measured or otherwise detected( and the

passae of heat enery into or out of the space is adjusted to achiee a desired

aerae temperature!

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CHAPTER $

SENSOR

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$.1 S+7*#

A 7+7* )aso caed


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+he sensitiity is then defined as the ratio between output sina and

measured property! 7or e9ampe( if a sensor measures temperature and has a

otae output( the sensitiity is a constant with the unit D.,E= this sensor is inear

because the ratio is constant at a points of measurement!

$.$ S+7*

1* "ensitiity error

2* An offset or bias!

3* &on inearity!

F* :ynamic error!

5* :rift )teecommunication*!4* Lon term drift

G* &oise

H* -ysteresis

* Aiasin errors!

A these deiations can be cassified as systematic errors or random errors!

$.3 R778,+; T*8#

Resistance thermometers( aso caed resistance temperature

detectors )R+:s*( are sensors used to measure temperature by correatin the

resistance of the R+: eement with temperature! %ost R+: eements consist of a

enth of fine coied wire wrapped around a ceramic or ass core! +he eement is

usuay ;uite fraie( so it is often paced inside a sheathed probe to protect it! +he

R+: eement is made from a pure materia( patinum( nicke or copper! +he

materia has a predictabe chane in resistance as the temperature chanes= it is this

predictabe chane that is used to determine temperature!

6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non_linearity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_term_drift&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non_linearity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_term_drift&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_errorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_errorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor


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+hey are sowy repacin the use of thermocoupes in many industria

appications beow 400 BC( due to hiher accuracy and repeatabiity!

$.4 R V7 T

R2,8*+7: * V,*7 M8,27#

Common R+: sensin eements constructed of patinum( copper or nicke

hae a uni;ue( and repeatabe and predictabe resistance ersus temperature

reationships )R s +* and operatin temperature rane! +he R s + reationship is

defined as the amount of resistance chane of the sensor per deree of temperature

chane! +he reatie chane in resistance )temperature coefficient of resistance*aries ony sihty oer the usefu rane of the sensor!

Patinum is a nobe meta and has the most stabe resistancetemperature

reationship oer the arest temperature rane! &icke eements hae a imited

temperature rane because the amount of chane in resistance per deree of chane

in temperature becomes ery noninear at temperatures oer 5G2 B7

)300 BC*! Copper has a ery inear resistancetemperature reationship( howeer copper o9idi@es at moderate temperatures and cannot be used oer 302 B7

)150 BC*!

Patinum is the best meta for R+:s because it foows a ery inear

resistancetemperature reationship and it foows the R s + reationship in a

hihy repeatabe manner oer a wide temperature rane! +he uni;ue properties of

patinum make it the materia of choice for temperature standards oer the rane of

2G2!5 BC to 41!GH BC( and is used in the sensors that define the Internationa

+emperature "tandard( I+"0! Patinum is chosen aso because of its chemica

inertness!

7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITS-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITS-90


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+he sinificant characteristic of metas used as resistie eements is the

inear appro9imation of the resistance ersus temperature reationship between 0

and 100 BC! +his temperature coefficient of resistance is caed apha( J! +he

e;uation beow defines J= its units are ohmohmBC!

+he resistance of the sensor at 0BC

+he resistance of the sensor at 100BC

Pure patinum has an apha of 0!00325 ohmohmBC and is used in the

construction of aboratory rade R+:s! Conersey two widey reconi@edstandards for industria R+:s I'C 40G51 and A"+% '113G specify an apha of

0!003H5 ohmsohmBC! /efore these standards were widey adopted seera

different apha aues were used! It is sti possibe to find oder probes that are

made with patinum that hae apha aues of 0!00314 ohmsohmBC and

0!00302 ohmsohmBC!

+hese different apha aues for patinum are achieed by dopin= basicaycarefuy introducin impurities into the patinum! +he impurities introduced

durin dopin become embedded in the attice structure of the patinum and resut

in a different R s! + cure and hence apha aue!

C,2,8*+#

+o characteri@e the R .s + reationship of any R+: oer a temperature rane

that represents the panned rane of use( caibration must be performed at

temperature other than 0BC and 100BC! +wo common caibration methods are the

fi9ed point method and the comparison method!

1) Fixed point calibration

2) Comparison calibration

8

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum


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$.5 E2+8 T>:7#

+here are three main cateories of R+: sensors= +hin 7im( 8ire8ound( and

Coied 'ements! 8hie these types are the ones most widey used in industry there

are some paces where other more e9otic shapes are used( for e9ampe carbon

resistors are used at utra ow temperatures )1G3 BC to 2G3 BC*!

1) Carbon resistor elements

2) Strain free elements

3) Thin film elements

4) Wire-wound elements) Coiled elements

+he current internationa standard which specifies toerance and the

temperaturetoeectrica resistance reationship for patinum resistance

thermometers is I'C 40G51>200H( A"+% '113G is aso used in the #nited "tates!

/y far the most common deices used in industry hae a nomina resistance of

100 ohms at 0 BC( and are caed Pt100 sensors )Pt is the symbo for patinum*!

+he sensitiity of a standard 100 ohm sensor is a nomina 0!3H5 ohmBC! R+:s

with a sensitiity of 0!3G5 and 0!32 ohmBC as we as a ariety of others are aso

aaiabe!

$.6 F+;8*+#

Resistance thermometers are constructed in a number of forms and offer

reater stabiity( accuracy and repeatabiity in some cases than thermocoupes!

8hie thermocoupes use the "eebeck effect to enerate a otae( resistance

thermometers use eectrica resistance and re;uire a power source to operate! +he

resistance ideay aries ineary with temperature!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeatabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebeck_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeatabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebeck_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear


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+he patinum detectin wire needs to be kept free of contamination to

remain stabe! A patinum wire or fim is supported on a former in such a way that

it ets minima differentia e9pansion or other strains from its former( yet is

reasonaby resistant to ibration! R+: assembies made from iron or copper are

aso used in some appications! Commercia patinum rades are produced which

e9hibit a temperature coefficient of resistance 0!003H5BC )0!3H5KBC* )'uropean

7undamenta Intera*! +he sensor is usuay made to hae a resistance of 100 at

0 BC! +his is defined in /" '& 40G51>14 )taken from I'C 40G51>15*! +he

American 7undamenta Intera is 0!0032BC( based on usin a purer rade of

patinum than the 'uropean standard! +he American standard is from the "cientific

Apparatus %anufacturers Association )"A%A*( who are no oner in this standards

fied! As a resut the MAmerican standardM is hardy the standard een in the #"!

%easurement of resistance re;uires a sma current to be passed throuh the

deice under test! +his can cause resistie heatin( causin sinificant oss of

accuracy if manufacturers imits are not respected( or the desin does not propery

consider the heat path! %echanica strain on the resistance thermometer can aso

cause inaccuracy! Lead wire resistance can aso be a factor= adoptin three and

fourwire( instead of twowire( connections can eiminate connection ead

resistance effects from measurements )see beow*= threewire connection is

sufficient for most purposes and amost uniersa industria practice! 7ourwire

connections are used for the most precise appications!

$.= A

1* -ih accuracy

2* Low drift

3* 8ide operatin rane

1!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_path&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer#Wiring_configurationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_path&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer#Wiring_configurations


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F* "uitabiity for precision appications!

8,8*+7#

R+:s in industria appications are rarey used aboe 440 BC! At

temperatures aboe 440 BC it becomes increasiny difficut to preent the

patinum from becomin contaminated by impurities from the meta sheath of the

thermometer! +his is why aboratory standard thermometers repace the meta

sheath with a ass construction! At ery ow temperatures( say beow 2G0 BC )or

3 ,*( because there are ery few phonons( the resistance of an R+: is mainy

determined by impurities and boundary scatterin and thus basicay independent

of temperature! As a resut( the sensitiity of the R+: is essentiay @ero and

therefore not usefu!

Compared to thermistor( patinum R+:s are ess sensitie to sma

temperature chanes and hae a sower response time! -oweer( thermistors hae a

smaer temperature rane and stabiity!

$.? S*;7 * *#

+he common error sources of a PR+ are>

1* !nterchan"eabilit#

2* !nsulation $esistance

3* Stabilit#

F* $epeatabilit#

5* %#steresis

4* Stem Conduction

G* Calibration&!nterpolation

H* 'ead Wire* Self %eatin"

10* Time $esponse

11* Thermal (F

$.9 RTD7 V7 8*;*:27#

11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boundary_scattering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boundary_scattering&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis


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+he two most common ways of measurin industria temperatures are with

resistance temperature detectors )R+:s* and thermocoupes! Choice between them

is usuay determined by four factors!

1) Temperature

2) $esponse time

3) Si*e

4) +ccurac# and stabilit# re,uirements

$.10 C*+78;8*+#

7I$ 2!10!1 CN&"+R#C+IN& N7 R+:

+hese eements neary aways re;uire insuated eads attached! At

temperatures beow about 250 BC P.C( siicon rubber or P+7' insuators are used!

Aboe this( ass fibre or ceramic are used! +he measurin point( and usuay most

of the eads( re;uire a housin or protectie seee( often made of a meta aoy

which is chemicay inert to the process bein monitored! "eectin and desinin

protection sheaths can re;uire more care than the actua sensor( as the sheath must

withstand chemica or physica attack and proide conenient attachment points!

+- ;*+-,8*+7#

+wowire confiuration

+hreewire confiuration

7ourwire confiuration

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$.11 C2,77;,8*+ * RTD7#

Standard platinum $esistance Thermometers!

Secondar# Standard platinum $esistance Thermometers!

!ndustrial $Ts.

$.1$ A::2;,8*+7#

"ensor assembies can be cateori@ed into two roups by how they are instaed or

interface with the process>

Immersion sensors

"urface mounted sensors!

Immersion sensors eneray hae the best measurement accuracy because

they are in direct contact with the process fuid! "urface mounted sensors are

measurin the pipe surface as a cose appro9imation of the interna process fuid!

$.13 H78*>#

+he appication of the tendency of eectrica conductors to increase

their eectrica resistance with risin temperature was first described by "ir 8iiam

"iemens at the /akerian Lecture of 1HG1 before the Roya "ociety of $reat /ritain!

+he necessary methods of construction were estabished by Caendar ( $riffiths(

-oborn and 8ein between 1HH5 and 100!

Resistance thermometer eements can be suppied which function up to

1000 BC! +he reation between temperature and resistance is ien by

the Caendar.an :usen e;uation(

13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerian_Lecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Longbourne_Callendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callendar-Van_Dusen_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerian_Lecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Longbourne_Callendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callendar-Van_Dusen_equation


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+he reationship between temperature and resistance is appro9imatey inear

oer a sma temperature rane> for e9ampe( if you assume that it is inear oer the

0 to 100 BC rane( the error at 50 BC is 0!F BC! 7or precision measurement( it is

necessary to inearise the resistance to ie an accurate temperature! +he most

recent definition of the reationship between resistance and temperature is

Internationa +emperature "tandard 0 )I+"0*!

7I$ 2!1F!1 Pt100 "'&"NR

+his inearisation is done automaticay( in software( when usin Pico sina

conditioners! +he inearisation e;uation is>

R t O R 0 )1 A t /t2 C)t100* t3*

8here>

R t is the resistance at temperature t(

R 0 is the resistance at 0BC( and

AO3!0H3'3

/ O5!GG5'G

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C OF!1H3'12)beow0BC*( or

C O 0 )aboe 0 BC*

7or a P+100 sensor( a 1 BC temperature chane wi cause a 0!3HF ohm

chane in resistance( so een a sma error in measurement of the resistance )for

e9ampe( the resistance of the wires eadin to the sensor* can cause a are error in

the measurement of the temperature! 7or precision work( sensors hae four wires

two to carry the sense current( and two to measure the otae across the sensor

eement! It is aso possibe to obtain threewire sensors( athouh these operate on

the )not necessariy aid* assumption that the resistance of each of the three wires

is the same!

+he current throuh the sensor wi cause some heatin> for e9ampe( a sense

current of 1 mA throuh a 100 ohm resistor wi enerate 100 S8 of heat! If the

sensor eement is unabe to dissipate this heat( it wi report an artificiay hih

temperature! +his effect can be reduced by either usin a are sensor eement( or

by makin sure that it is in ood therma contact with its enironment!

7or e9ampe( a 100 S. otae measurement error wi ie a 0!F BC error in

the temperature readin! "imiary( a 1 SA error in the sense current wi ie 0!F

BC temperature error!

/ecause of the ow sina ees( it is important to keep any cabes away

from eectric cabes( motors( switchear and other deices that may emit eectrica

noise! #sin screened cabe( with the screen rounded at one end( may hep to

reduce interference! 8hen usin on cabes( it is necessary to check that the

measurin e;uipment is capabe of handin the resistance of the cabes! %ost

e;uipment can cope with up to 100 ohms per core!

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+he type of probe and cabe shoud be chosen carefuy to suit the

appication! +he main issues are the temperature rane and e9posure to fuids

)corrosie or conductie* or metas! Ceary( norma soder junctions on cabes

shoud not be used at temperatures aboe about 1G0 BC!

"ensor manufacturers offer a wide rane of sensors that compy with

/"10F cass / ):I& F3G40*> these sensors offer an accuracy of T0!3 BC at 0 BC!

7or increased accuracy( /"10F cass A )T0!15 BC* or tenthU:I& sensors )T0!03

BC*! Companies ike Isotech can proide standards with 0!001 BC accuracy! Pease

note that these accuracy specifications reate to the "'&"NR N&LV> it is necessary

to add on any error in the measurin system as we!

T +;8*+ * 8:,8 ,2 ,;78*+ (C)#

+he foowin code estimates a Pt100 or Pt1000 sensors temperature from

its current resistance )input parameter r*!

foat $etPt100+emperature)foat r *

W

foat const Pt100DE O

WH0!31(H2!2(HF!2G(H4!25(HH!22(0!1(2!14(F!12(4!0(H!0F(100!0(101!5(103!

(105!H5(10G!G(10!G3(111!4G(113!41(115!5F(11G!FG(11!F(121!32(123!2F(125!14(1

2G!0G(12H!H(130!H(132!H(13F!G(134!4(13H!5(1F0!3(1F2!2(15G!31(1G5!HF(15!HF

X=

int tO50(iO0(dtO0=

if )rYPt100D0E*

whie )250Yt*

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CHAPTER3

TEMPERATURE READER (CONTROER)

1


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3.$

D+8

T>:7 *

C*+8*227" ,+< *+-#

+here are three basic types of controers> onoff( proportiona and PI:!

:ependin upon the system to be controed( the operator wi be abe to use one type or

another to contro the process!

2!

3.1I+8*


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O+O C*+8*2#

An onoff controer is the simpest form of temperature contro deice! +he output

from the deice is either on or off( with no midde state! An onoff controer wi switch

the output ony when the temperature crosses the set point! 7or heatin contro( the output

is on when the temperature is beow the set point( and off aboe set point! "ince the

temperature crosses the set point to chane the output state( the process temperature wi

be cycin continuay( oin from beow set point to aboe( and back beow! In cases

where this cycin occurs rapidy( and to preent damae to contactors and aes( an on

off differentia( or [hysteresis(\ is added to the controer operations! +his differentia

re;uires that the temperature e9ceed set point by a certain amount before the output wi

turn off or on aain! Nnoff differentia preents the output from [chatterin\ or makin

fast( continua switches if the cycin aboe and beow the set point occurs ery rapidy!

Nnoff contro is usuay used where a precise contro is not necessary( in systems which

cannot hande hain the enery turned on and off fre;uenty( where the mass of the

system is so reat that temperatures chane e9tremey sowy( or for a temperature aarm!

Nne specia type of onoff contro used for aarm is a imit controer! +his controer uses

a atchin reay( which must be manuay reset( and is used to shut down a process when

a certain temperature is reached!

P*:*8*+,2 C*+8*2#

21


32/54

Proportiona contros are desined to eiminate the cycin associated with onoff

contro! A proportiona controer decreases the aerae power suppied to the heater as

the temperature approaches set point! +his has the effect of sowin down the heater so

that it wi not oershoot the set point( but wi approach the setpoint and maintain a stabe

temperature! +his proportionin action can be accompished by turnin the output on and

off for short time interas! +his Mtime proportioninM aries the ratio of [on\ time to MoffM

time to contro the temperature! +he proportionin action occurs within a [proportiona

band\ around the setpoint temperature! Nutside this band( the controer functions as an

onoff unit( with the output either fuy on )beow the band* or fuy off )aboe the band*!

-oweer( within the band( the output is turned on and off in the ratio of the measurement

difference from the set point! At the set point )the midpoint of the proportiona band*( the

output on> off ratio is 1>1= that is( the ontime and offtime are e;ua! if the temperature is

further from the set point( the on and offtimes ary in proportion to the temperature

difference! If the temperature is beow set point( the output wi be on oner= if the

temperature is too hih( the output wi be off oner!

PID C*+8*2#

+he third controer type proides proportiona with intera and deriatie

contro( or PI:! +his controer combines proportiona contro with two additiona

adjustments( which heps the unit automaticay compensate for chanes in the system!

+hese adjustments( intera and deriatie( are e9pressed in timebased units= they are

aso referred to by their reciprocas( R'"'+ and RA+'( respectiey! +he proportiona(

intera and deriatie terms must be indiiduay adjusted or [tuned\ to a particuar

system usin tria and error! It proides the most accurate and stabe contro of the three

controer types( and is best used in systems which hae a reatiey sma mass( those

which react ;uicky to chanes in the enery added to the process! It is recommended in

22


33/54

systems where the oad chanes often and the controer is e9pected to compensate

automaticay due to fre;uent chanes in set point( the amount of enery aaiabe( or the

mass to be controed! N%'$A offers a number of controers that automaticay tune

themsees! +hese are known as autotune controers!

S8,+


34/54

3.3 SEEC TC303#

"eec +C303 temperature controer is a sine set point controer!

//Manufacturer SELEC Controls Pvt. Ltd Code o SELEC !C"#"//

$eatures%

"ine dispay

F diits

G sement L':

+C R+: input PI:

N&N77 contro

"ine set point BC B7

seectabe 7ied seectabe contro output )Reay or ""R*

Au9iiary output> Reay

24


35/54

'asy to use! 77

"FIG 3.3.1 TEMPERATURE READER (CONTROER)

25


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7I$7I

CHAPTER 4

26


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PIC16F?==A ,+< RS$3$

4.1 PIC16F?==A#

+his powerfu )200 nanosecond instruction e9ecution* yet easytoproram

)ony 35 sine word instructions* C%N" 7LA"-based Hbit microcontroer pack

%icrochips powerfu PIC] architecture into an F0 or FFpin packae and is

upwards compatibe with the PIC14C5^( PIC12C^^^ and PIC14CG^ deices!

+he PIC147HGGA features 254 bytes of ''PRN% data memory( sef prorammin(

an IC:( 2 Comparators( H channes of 10bit Anaoto:iita )A:* conerter( 2

capturecompareP8% functions( the synchronous seria port can be confiured as

either 3wire "eria Periphera Interface )"PI_* or the 2wire InterInterated

Circuit )I`C_* bus and a #niersa Asynchronous Receier +ransmitter )#"AR+*!

A of these features make it idea for more adanced ee A: appications in

automotie( industria( appiances and consumer appications!

F,87

27


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2 P8% 10bit

254 /ytes ''PRN% data memory

IC:

25mA sinksource per IN

"ef Prorammin

Parae "ae Port

P,,8 N, V,2

Proram %emory +ype 7ash

Proram %emory ),/* 1F

CP# "peed )%IP"* 5

RA% /ytes 34H

:ata ''PRN% )bytes* 254

:iita Communication

Peripheras

1A'#"AR+( 1

%""P)"PII2C*

CaptureCompareP8%

Peripheras

2 CCP

+imers 2 9 Hbit( 1 9 14bit

A:C H ch( 10bit

Comparators 2

+emperature Rane )C* F0 to 125

Nperatin .otae Rane ).* 2 to 5!5

Pin Count F0

28


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TABE 4.1.1 FEATURES OF PIC16F?==A

FIG 4.1.1 PIC16F?==A

4.$ RS$3$#

In teecommunications( R"232 is the traditiona name for a series of

standards for seria binary sineended data and contro sinas connectin

between a :+' )data termina e;uipment* and a :C' )data circuitterminatin

e;uipment*! It is commony used in computer seria ports! +he standard defines the

eectrica characteristics and timin of sinas( the meanin of sinas( and the physica si@e and pinout of connectors! +he current ersion of the standard is +IA

2327 Interface between :ata +ermina ';uipment and :ata Circuit+erminatin

';uipment 'mpoyin "eria /inary :ata Interchane( issued in 1G!

An R"232 seria port was once a standard feature of a persona computer (

used for connections to modems( printers( mice( data storae( uninterruptibe

power suppies( and other periphera deices! -oweer( the ow transmission

speed( are otae swin( and are standard connectors motiated deeopment

of the #niersa "eria /us( which has dispaced R"232 from most of its

periphera interface roes! %any modern persona computers hae no R"232 ports

and must use an e9terna #"/toR"232 conerter to connect to R"232

2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_terminal_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_circuit-terminating_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_circuit-terminating_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_terminal_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_circuit-terminating_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_circuit-terminating_equipmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supplieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus


40/54

peripheras! R"232 deices are sti found( especiay in industria machines(

networkin e;uipment( or scientific instruments!

H78*>#

R"232 was first introduced in 142 by the Radio "ector of the 'IA! +he

oriina :+'s were eectromechanica teetypewriters( and the oriina :C's were

)usuay* modems! 8hen eectronic terminas )smart and dumb* bean to be used(

they were often desined to be interchaneabe with teetypewriters( and so

supported R"232! +he C reision of the standard was issued in 14 in part to

accommodate the eectrica characteristics of these deices!

%any fieds )for e9ampe( aboratory automation( sureyin* proide a

continued demand for R"232 IN due to sustained use of ery e9pensie but ain

e;uipment! It is often far cheaper to continue to use R"232 than it is to repace the

e;uipment! Additionay( modern industria automation e;uipment( such

as PLCs( .7:s( sero dries( and C&C e;uipment are prorammabe ia R"232!

"ome manufacturers hae responded to this demand> +oshiba reintroduced

the :'% connector on the +ecra aptop!

"eria ports with R"232 are aso commony used to communicate

to headess systems such as serers( where no monitor or keyboard is instaed(

durin boot when operatin system is not runnin yet and therefore no network

connection is possibe! An R"232 seria port can communicate to some embedded

systems such as routers as an aternatie to network mode of monitorin!

3!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_Tecrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_Tecrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)


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S-+,27#

+he foowin tabe ists commony used R"232 sinas and pin

assinments! "ee seria port )pinouts* for nonstandard ariations incudin the

popuar :' connector!

S-+,2 O-+DB$5

:+

N, T>:;,2 ::*7A,8*

+

DT

E

DC

E

:ata +ermina

Ready

Indicates presence of :+' to

:C'!:+R 20

:ata Carrier

:etect

:C' is connected to the

teephone ine!

:C: H

:ata "et

Ready

:C' is ready to receie

commands or data!:"R 4

Rin Indicator

:C' has detected an

incomin rin sina on the

teephone ine!

RI 22

31

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port#Pinoutshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Terminal_Readyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Terminal_Readyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Carrier_Detecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Carrier_Detecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port#Pinoutshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-subminiaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Terminal_Readyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Terminal_Readyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Carrier_Detecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Carrier_Detect


42/54

Re;uest +o

"end

:+' re;uests the :C'

prepare to receie data!R+" F

Cear +o "endIndicates :C' is ready to

accept data!C+" 5

+ransmitted

:ata

Carries data from :+' to

:C'!+9: 2

Receied :ataCarries data from :C' to

:+'!R9: 3

Common

$round$&: common G

Protectie

$roundP$ common 1

TABE 4.$.1 SIGNAS IN RS$3$

+he sinas are named from the standpoint of the :+'! +he round sina is

a common return for the other connections! +he :/25 connector incudes a

second Mprotectie roundM on pin 1!

:ata can be sent oer a secondary channe )when impemented by the :+'

and :C' deices*( which is e;uiaent to the primary channe!

32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended_signallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended_signallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended_signallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended_signalling


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Pin assinments are described in foowin tabe>

S-+,2 P+

Common $round G )same as primary*

"econdary +ransmitted :ata )"+:* 1F

"econdary Receied :ata )"R:* 14

"econdary Re;uest +o "end )"R+"* 1

"econdary Cear +o "end )"C+"* 13

"econdary Carrier :etect )":C:* 12

TABE 4.$.$ PIN ASSIGNMENTS

Rin Indicator )RI*( is a sina sent from the modem to the termina deice!

It indicates to the termina deice that the phone ine is rinin! In many computer

seria ports( a hardware interrupt is enerated when the RI sina chanes state!

Certain persona computers can be confiured for wakeonrin( aowin a

computer that is suspended to answer a phone ca!

C,27#

+he standard does not define a ma9imum cabe enth but instead defines

the ma9imum capacitance that a compiant drie circuit must toerate! A widey

used rue of thumb indicates that cabes more than 50 feet )15 m* on wi hae

33

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_interrupthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_interrupthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-ring


44/54

too much capacitance( uness specia cabes are used! /y usin owcapacitance

cabes( fu speed communication can be maintained oer arer distances up to

about 1(000 feet )300 m*! 7or oner distances( other sina standards are better

suited to maintain hih speed!

Nther seria interfaces simiar to R"232>

R"F22 )a hihspeed system simiar to R"232 but with differentia

sinain*

R"F23 )a hihspeed system simiar to R"F22 but with unbaanced

sinain*

R"FF )a functiona and mechanica interface that used R"F22 and R"F23

sinas it neer cauht on ike R"232 and was withdrawn by the 'IA*

R"FH5 )a descendant of R"F22 that can be used as a bus in mutidrop

confiurations*

%IL"+:1HH )a system ike R"232 but with better impedance and rise

time contro*

'IA530 )a hihspeed system usin R"F22 or R"F23 eectrica properties

in an 'IA232 pinout confiuration( thus combinin the best of both= supersedes

R"FF*

'IA+IA541 H Position &on"ynchronous Interface /etween :ata +ermina

';uipment and :ata Circuit +erminatin ';uipment 'mpoyin "eria /inary :ata

Interchane

34

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-422http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbalanced_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbalanced_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-449http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-188http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA-530http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EIA/TIA-561&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-422http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_signalinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbalanced_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbalanced_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-449http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-188http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIA-530http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EIA/TIA-561&action=edit&redlink=1


45/54

'IA+IA542 'ectrica Characteristics for an #nbaanced :iita Interface

)owotae ersion of 'IA+IA232*

+IA5GF )standardi@es the pin :subminiature connector pinout for use

with 'IA232 eectrica sinain( as oriinated on the I/% PCA+*

"pace8ire )hihspeed seria system desined for use on board spacecraft*!

"eria ine anay@ers are aaiabe as standaone units( as software and

interface cabes for enerapurpose oic anay@ers( and as prorams that run in

common persona computers!

FIG 4.2.1 RS232 CABLE

CHAPTER 5

35

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EIA/TIA-562&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EIA/TIA-562&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft


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GRAPHICAL DISPLAY

5.1 G"#$%i' LCD 128(64)

D*+&"i$,i-)

T%i+ i+ # /"#0* "#$%i' LCD 128(64 i,% LED #&'i%,. T%i+ i, i+ # v*" &'*#"

STN ,$* LCD i,% # +i0$'* &-00# i,*"/#&*. T%i+ * 0-'* i&'*+ ,%*

*#,iv* v-',#* &i"&i," - -#"

Di0*+i-+)

• Nera> G5952!Gmm

• .iewabe area> 55!0192G!Fmm

36


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FIG 5.1.1 GRAPHICA CD 1$?64

5.$ I+8,;+- * PIC16F?==A @8 1$?64 -,:;,2 #

C*:*++87 S*8@,>

%PLA/ I:' )PIC microcontroers simuator* PIC /#R&'R 3 with

software to oad the code LC: ):ispaytech 142A* Computer "ystem with

8indows operatin system and R" 232 cabe PIC147HGG %icrocontroer 5.

:!C Power "uppy Resistors 10, 1(501 Capacitors 2G S 72Potentiometers 10, 1 20%-@ Crysta osciator "P"+ switches 1

P*;

8rite the assemby code in %PLA/ I:' simuator ( compie it and check

for errors Nnce the code was error free( run it and check the output in the

simuator! After checkin the code in the simuator( oad the code )in !-'^ format*

into PIC147HGG microcontroer usin PIC /#R&'R3! %ake connections as

shown in the circuit diaram! "witch on the power suppy and obsere MII+,M

dispayed in the LC:!

37


48/54

Initiai@in LC: by se;uence of instructions '9ecutin commands

dependin on our settins in the LC: 8ritin data into the :RA% ocations of

LC: in the "tandard Character Pattern of LC:!

MPL&'I(E is free software which can be downoaded from the

websitewww!microchip!com

*+- @8 MPABIDE #

%PLA/I:' is a simuator for PIC microcontroers to write and edit the

code in assemby anuae( compie it and aso to run the code! Nutput can be

erified usin simuator!

S8:7 8* U7 MPABIDE#

After Instain the software %PLA/I:'G!2( open %PLA/I:'! +o buit a

new project( open Project 8i@ard Project wi@ard &ew :eice 147HGG Location

)C>Proram7ies %icrochip%PA"% "uite%PA"%8I&!'^'* &e9t QProject‐

nameYQProject :irectoryY &e9t )Add fie MfHGGtmpo!asmM which was ocated in

38

http://www.microchip.com/http://www.microchip.com/


49/54

proram fies microchip %PA"% "uite +empate Nbject* )Add fie M14fHGG!krM

which was ocated in proram fies microchip %PA"% "uite L,R* &e9t 7inish +o

hae more cear refer to %PLA/I:' hep fies! After buidin the project open the

editor fHGGtmpo!asm and write the assemby code After writin the assemby code

in the editor( buid the project by cickin on the foowin option Project /uid a

Check for the errors in the output window .iew Nutput Nnce the error free code

was made( simuate the code by foowin option :ebuer "eect +oo %PLA/

"I% "imuator options are "tep into 'ach time ony one instruction wi be

e9ecuted )"ine steppin mode* Run +o run the whoe code at once! Animate to

animate the e9ecutin the code Additiona thins> +o iew :RA%( proram

memory( "7Rs( and '9terna memory use the option .I'8 +o set break points in

the code )where simuation stops at that point*!

After checkin the code in the simuator( the code )fie with !-'^ e9tension*

is oaded into 147HGG microcontroer usin PIC /#R&'R 3!

PIC BURNER3#

PIC /#R&'R3 can be used to proram PIC microcontroers! +he steps to

be foowed to proram the IC safey are as foows!

Connect the PIC /#R&'R3 throuh R"232 Port to computer system with

windowsH as operatin system! '9ecute the fie MicproM which was in the

software that comes with PIC /#R&'R3! "et the deice as PIC147HGG "witch on

the power suppy of PIC /#R&'R3 "ettins -ardware W:% Prorammer( Com1(

:irect INX "ettins -ardware check 1! Nn cickin M'nabe :ata outM( :ata in

3


50/54

must be cicked automaticay 2! Nn cickin 'nabe %CLR( red L': on the

PIC/#R&'R3 must ow "ettins Nptions Confirmation D'rasin the deice(

Code Protectin the :eiceE "ettins Nptions %I"C Process Priority &orma

"ettins Nptions Prorammin .erify after Prorammin! Remainin options keep

them at defaut settins! DRefer %anua of PIC/#R&'R3 for detaiE &ow insert

the 147HGG microcontroer into the sot proided on the PIC/#R&'R3 as the

direction specified in the manua of PIC/#R&'R3! oad the !he9 fie open fie

Command 'rase A Command /ank Check +hen there shoud be a notice on the

window that M:eice is /ank M Command Proram A Command /ank Check

+hen there shoud be a notice on the window that M:eice is not bank at address

090000-M! Cose the window( remoe the IC from the PIC /#R&'R3 and switch

off the power suppy for PIC /#R&'R3!

FIG 5.$.1 I+8,;+- * PIC16F?==A @8 1$?64 -,:;,2

4!


51/54

CHAPTER6

41


52/54

PROCEDURE

6.1 P*;


53/54

FIG 6.1BOCK DIAGRAM OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SETUP

COST ESTIMATION

Components Cost

Pt100 "ensor Rs!FH0

"'L'C +C303 Rs!1200

%icrocontroer kit Rs!2500

12H4F $raphica :ispay Rs!H00

CONCUSION

+his project can be used for measurin( controin and ac;uisition of the

temperatures in the enineerin systems such as IC 'nines( /oiers( etc! $raphs

can be drawn between a temperature and time and can be used for knowin the

deiations!

+he ac;uisited data in the project can be used for controin the temperature

and its chanes )deiation* in the IC enines( /oiers( and other enineerin

e;uipments!

43


54/54

Documents

Design and Fabrication of Temperature Measurement Set Up