Desegregation started in what part of American culture?

Baseball

Importance of Jackie Robinson■ The first African

American to integrate Major League Baseball in 1947 with the Brooklyn Dodgers

■ This leads to Truman desegregating the Military and re-launches the Civil Rights Movement after WWII

Early stuff

■ Randolph

■ FDR & Civil Rights

– Defense Industries

■ Truman and Civil Rights

– De segregation of military

■ Who created the NAACP?

– WEB Dubois

■ After sports, what was the 2nd area of integration?

– Public schools

■ De Jure vs. De Fact

– De Jure – by law

– De fact – by fact

■ Which amendment was used to challenge segregation?

– 14th

By 1950, the United States was a segregated society:Jim Crow laws

throughout the South created

a segregated society (de jure segregation)

White flight to the suburbs left African Americans in poor inner cities

(de facto segregation)

The modern Civil Rights movement began in 1954 with the Supreme Court decision

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, KansasThe NAACP took the lead in civil rights; Segregated

schools became their primary target

Their strategy was to use lawsuits to challenge that segregation violated

the 14th Amendment

Brown vs. Board of Education

14th Amendment, Section 1

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they

reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state

deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any

person within its jurisdiction the

equal protection of the laws.

Brown v Board of Education in 1954■ NAACP lawyer: Thurgood Marshall

– 14th Amendment : Even“equal” schools, if separate, imply that black children are inferior to whites

■ Chief Justice Chief Justice Earl Warren Earl Warren stated that stated that segregation violated the “segregation violated the “equal protection equal protection clauseclause” of the ” of the 1414thth Amendment Amendment

■ Overturned Overturned Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson■ Eisenhower first left integration up to Eisenhower first left integration up to statesstates– Baltimore, St Louis, & Washington DC

integrated quicklyintegrated quickly– Many southern states Many southern states resisted.resisted.

Resistance to Brown “The people of Georgia will

not comply with the decision of the court…

We're going to do whatever is necessary in Georgia to

keep white children in white schools and colored

children in colored schools."

The “Little Rock Nine”

Little Rock Nine

■ Little Rock Nine- were 9 African-Americans who integrated Little Rock Central H.S.

– Arkansas Gov Orville Fabus called in the National Guard to prevent integration

■ President Eisenhower had to send in the Air Force to protect them from angry whites

What is going on here?

The for Civil Rights outside of the court system

■Rosa Parks

■MLK’s economic boycott of the Montgomery bus system

–Results: 1) integration fo city busses, 2) rise of MLK as a civil rights leader

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)

■ The SCLC was formed to use activism & non-violent protest to bring an end to segregation

■ The SCLC soon overtook the NAACP as the leading civil rights group in America

The SCLC was based on peaceful resistance & Christian love:

“We will meet your physical force with soul force. We will not hate you, but we will not obey your evil laws. We will wear you down

by pure capacity to suffer.”

Martin Luther King’s non-violent approach inspired other groups to act

In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, NC

The “sit-in” movement led to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Non-violent resistance training, Atlanta 1960

Freedom Rides!Freedom Rides!

■ In 1961 “In 1961 “Freedom RidersFreedom Riders” rode ” rode buses buses throughout the South throughout the South to test whetherto test whetherintegration orders integration orders were being enforcedwere being enforced

■ Freedom riders faced arrest & violence Freedom riders faced arrest & violence but exposed the but exposed the lack of enforcement of lack of enforcement of desegregation laws desegregation laws in the Deep South in the Deep South

Birmingham March (May, 1963)Birmingham March (May, 1963)■ Birmingham: “most Birmingham: “most segregated segregated city in city in

America.”America.”■ MLK’s strategy – MLK’s strategy – peaceful peaceful rallies, boycotts, rallies, boycotts,

and and marchesmarches■ Extreme Extreme violenceviolence used against protestors used against protestors

– Use of Use of tv tv – public outrage over – public outrage over police police brutality brutality – made it obvious the – made it obvious the government government was going to have to was going to have to step instep in..

■ MLK Jailed – “MLK Jailed – “Letter from a Birmingham Letter from a Birmingham jailjail” (” (in response to in response to white leaders white leaders who believed who believed King was King was pushing too fast towards civil rightspushing too fast towards civil rights))

Birmingham Police commissioner Bull Connor used violence to suppress the demonstrations

Among those watching the violence on TV was President John F Kennedy who committed to a national civil rights act to end discrimination

“I Have a Dream Speech” (wordle)

“I Have a Dream” Speech

■Aug, 1963. King’s most famous Aug, 1963. King’s most famous speech given speech given in Washington in Washington D.C.D.C., it calls for a future of , it calls for a future of racial harmony and peace racial harmony and peace

Civil Rights Legislation (part I)Civil Rights Legislation (part I)■ Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act (1964) This law signed by (1964) This law signed by

President President JohnsonJohnson banned discrimination banned discrimination of any of any kind in any park, restroom, library, theater, and kind in any park, restroom, library, theater, and public building in Americapublic building in America– inspired by King’s “inspired by King’s “I have a dreamI have a dream” speech” speech

■ Problem – most southern states were still using Problem – most southern states were still using literacy tests and poll taxes literacy tests and poll taxes to prevent blacks to prevent blacks from voting.from voting.

The Voting Issue■ Freedom Sumer

– In 1964, white & black college students took part in Freedom Summer to help register African American voters in Mississippi

– 3 killed by KKK & police

■ Selma Alabama March– Police violence at Selma

convinced President Johnson to push for a new federal voting law

Civil Rights Legislation (part II)Civil Rights Legislation (part II)

■ Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act (1965): (1965): Banned literacy tests Banned literacy tests & & sent sent federal voting officials federal voting officials into the South to into the South to protect votersprotect voters– Voter Voter turnout & registration turnout & registration increased among increased among

black citizensblack citizens– African Americans elected African Americans elected black politicians black politicians for for

the 1the 1stst time since Reconstruction time since Reconstruction■ Civil Rights Act (1968) Civil Rights Act (1968) – Ended discrimination in – Ended discrimination in

housinghousing..

SCLC SNCCFounding

Founded by MLKJr. and other ministers and civil rights

leaders

Founded by African Americancollege students with $800 received from

the SCLCGoal

To carry on nonviolent crusadesagainst the evils of second-class

citizenship

To speed up changes mandated byBrown v. Board of Education

OriginalTactics

Marches, protests, anddemonstrations throughout theSouth, using churches as bases

Sit-ins at segregated lunch countersall across the South; registering African Americans to vote, in hopes they could

influenceCongress to pass a voting rights act

LaterTactics

Registering African Americansto vote, in hopes they could influence Congress to pass a voting rights act

Freedom rides on interstate busesto determine if southern states would

enforce laws against segregation in public transportation

OriginalMembership

African American and whiteAdults

African American and whitecollege students

LaterMembership

Same as original membership African Americans only; no whites

PhilosophyNonviolence Started Nonviolet, but moved to militancy

and violence; “black power” and African American Pride.

Other Civil Rights LeadersOther Civil Rights Leaders

■Malcolm XMalcolm X

– Nation of Nation of IslamIslam

– Argued at first for Argued at first for armed self-armed self-defense defense (not non-violence) (not non-violence) but changed after trip to but changed after trip to Mecca.Mecca.

■ Stokely Stokely CarmichaelCarmichael

– Leader of Leader of SNCCSNCC

– Started the Started the ““black powerblack power” ” movementmovement

– Stopped Stopped allowing allowing whites whites into the SNCCinto the SNCC.

■ Black PanthersBlack Panthers

– Formed by Formed by Huey Newton Huey Newton and and Bobby Seal Bobby Seal to protest to protest police brutality police brutality in Ghettosin Ghettos

Other Civil Rights Leaders Other Civil Rights Leaders (“Black Power”)(“Black Power”)

Other major social movements

Environmental Movement

Women’s Rights

Latino Rights

“Brown Power”■Mexican American groups Mexican American groups worked to improve the worked to improve the lives lives of “of “ChicanosChicanos””■César Chávez organized the organized the United Farm Workers United Farm Workers & helped gain & helped gain better paybetter pay, , union recognition, & union recognition, & better working conditions better working conditions for farm laborers.for farm laborers.■Grape boycottGrape boycott for better for better labor conditions.labor conditions.

Pink PowerPink Power•Betty Freidan Betty Freidan began began the modern women’s the modern women’s movement by movement by publishing publishing Feminine Feminine MystiqueMystique in 1963in 1963•Co-founded Co-founded National National Organization for Organization for Women Women to protest to protest discrimination and discrimination and promote promote equal rightsequal rights.

Pink PowerPink Power■ Feminists

demanded an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to ban sexism

■ The ERA was defeated in the 1970s by conservatives & anti-ERA women

Other Pink Power Pink Power initiatives■ Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade (1973) – (1973) – abortion abortion

rights.rights.

■ Title IXTitle IX – outlawed sexual – outlawed sexual discrimination in discrimination in education education programsprograms..

Green MovemenetGreen Movemenet

■ In 1962, biologist In 1962, biologist Rachel Rachel Carson Carson published published Silent Spring Silent Spring exposing the dangers of exposing the dangers of pesticides on the environmentpesticides on the environment

–Environmental Movement – Environmental Movement – Environmental Protection Environmental Protection AgencyAgency

–Earth DayEarth Day (April 22) (April 22)

Warren Court CasesGiddeon v. Wainwright

(1963)

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke (1978)

If someone cannot afford an attorney,

one will be provided for them

Must be informed of your rights,

including protection against self incrimination

Legalized abortion up to a certain point in

a pregnancy

Affirmative action and

reverse discrimination

In the 1970s, In the 1970s, Nixon adopted a Nixon adopted a policy of policy of détentedétente

It was aimed at It was aimed at easing Cold War easing Cold War tensionstensions

In 1972, In 1972, Nixon visited Nixon visited ChinaChina to normalize to normalize diplomacy and exchange diplomacy and exchange ideas of science and ideas of science and cultureculture

As tensions with China eased, Nixon sought to end tension with the Soviet Union

In 1969, Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev signed SALT

SALT or Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, limited the amount of anti-missile systems

NixonNixon• Watergate – Watergate – CREEP broke into broke into

DNC DNC headquartersheadquarters

• Nixon participated in the Nixon participated in the coverupcoverup..

• 1974 – Nixon 1974 – Nixon resigned to avoid to avoid impeachmentimpeachment

Gerald Ford (1974 – 1977)Gerald Ford (1974 – 1977)■ Ford grants Nixon a Ford grants Nixon a

Presidential pardon Presidential pardon on Watergate; on Watergate; people are people are angryangry

■ Ford is president Ford is president during a during a recession recession and can’t deal with and can’t deal with the high the high unemployment unemployment and and gas gas prices prices

Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter■ Spiraling inflation and Spiraling inflation and energy crisisenergy crisis..

■ Camp Camp DavidDavid Accords – Accords – agreement between agreement between Israel Israel & Egypt& Egypt

■ Iran hostage crisisIran hostage crisis– Carter let the Carter let the Shah Shah of of

Iran visitIran visit– Revolutionaries got Revolutionaries got

mad and took over the mad and took over the US embassy in Teheran US embassy in Teheran (capital of Iran).(capital of Iran).

– Captured Captured 54 54 captives captives for for 444444 days. days.

Ronald Regan (1981-1989)

• Conservative!Conservative!

• Reganomics Reganomics / “Supply Side” economics / / “Supply Side” economics / “trickle down” theory – “trickle down” theory – reduce taxes on reduce taxes on weatlhyweatlhy, who will then create jobs for the , who will then create jobs for the rest of us.rest of us.

• Massive amounts of spending on the Massive amounts of spending on the militarymilitary – Strategic Defense Initiative ( – Strategic Defense Initiative (SDISDI) ) – protection against missiles.– protection against missiles.

Sandra Day O’Connor became the first woman to become a Supreme Court Justice in 1981

“I will appoint the first woman to the Court” – Reagan during Presidential election of 1980

Iran Contra Scandal

■ Administration officials Administration officials sold sold weapons to Iranweapons to Iran––an ––an enemy of the United enemy of the United States–– and then violated States–– and then violated more laws by using the more laws by using the profits profits from those arms from those arms sales to fund a sales to fund a rebellion in rebellion in Nicaragua Nicaragua fought by fought by rebels called the rebels called the Contras Contras (a Spanish nickname for (a Spanish nickname for “counter-revolutionaries”). “counter-revolutionaries”). Details of this scandal are Details of this scandal are still still largely unknown largely unknown to to the public.the public.

■ .

Collapse of the USSRCollapse of the USSR

■Reagan’s plan was to force the Reagan’s plan was to force the U.S.S.R. to keep up in an U.S.S.R. to keep up in an arm’s racearm’s race, , which would which would bankrupt bankrupt the Soviet the Soviet Union. We won because we could Union. We won because we could outspend themoutspend them..

■Michael Michael Gorbachev Gorbachev establishes better establishes better relations with the U.S.relations with the U.S.

■The The collapse of the Soviet Union collapse of the Soviet Union marks marks the end of the Cold War in 1991the end of the Cold War in 1991

In 1989, George H. W. Bush was elected president

In 1990, the United States led a war against Iraq after it invaded Kuwait

This conflict became known as the First Gulf War, codenamed Operation Desert Storm

The entire conflict lasted about 100 hours, until a ceasefire was agreed upon

Bill Clinton■ North American Free North American Free

Trade Agreement Trade Agreement (NAFTA)- this (NAFTA)- this created a created a free trade free trade zone between the zone between the U.S., Canada and U.S., Canada and MexicoMexico– Opponents believed Opponents believed

we would we would lose too lose too many jobs many jobs to Mexico.to Mexico.

– Supporters believed Supporters believed it would it would open up open up marketsmarkets..

Clinton’s impeachment

■ Cause of Cause of impeachment – impeachment – improper use of improper use of money from real money from real estate deal estate deal & & lying under oath lying under oath about scandal in about scandal in office.office.

■ AcquittedAcquitted by by SenateSenate.

George W. BushGeorge W. Bush

■2000 Election – Bush v. Gore

–Gore won popular vote, but Bush won Electoral vote.

9/11

■Response:

–Patriot Act – Made it easier to search private records.

–Department of Homeland Security – deals with terrorist threats and natural disasters.

Operation Enduring Freedom (2001)

Invasion of Afghanistan (whose Taliban controlled government had been harboring Al-Queda). Part of the

War on Terrorism

Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003)

■Invasion of Iraq (leader Sadaam Hussein) for having WMDs. Turns out, they didn’t have any.