hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a317/P317 description, contents... · Web [email protected] 2 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho,

Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water Related Risks at the Basin ScaleEdited by Andreas Schumann & Markus Pahlow IAHS Publ. 317 (2007) ISBN 978-1-901502-29-9, 450 + xiv pp. Price £78.00

The International Commission on Water Resources Systems (ICWRS) of IAHS has, for many years, embraced Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) as the main topic for its research agenda. The need for integrated approaches to deal with complex water resources management issues in both the developed and developing world is well recognised, yet, in many places, IWRM is still only a concept and not established practice. This volume, comprised of peer-reviewed papers selected from the Third International Symposium on IWRM (September 2006, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany), accounts for the heterogeneity of world water problems by addressing the following important questions: What has to be integrated? How can it be accomplished? What are the options to balance the different views? This symposium strived to not only identify problems, but to provide practical solutions. The subject of how to cope with water-related vulnerability of societies formed the overarching theme. Together, the papers provide an excellent overview of current IWRM research worldwide.

Abstracts of the papers in this volume can be seen at:

www.iahs.infowith information about other IAHS

publications and IAHS activities

http://www.iahs.info/

Contents

Preface by Andreas Schumann & Markus Pahlow iii

Introductory Papers

Water: a global contest Alessandro Palmieri

From traditional to sustainable water management: new approaches and tools Ezio Todini

1 River Basin Interdependencies

Hydrological interdependencies of irrigation systems and river catchments Maurits Ertsen, Daniel Prieto & Nick Van De Giesen

3

Integrated river basin management in the catchment area of the Ruhr River Harro Bode & Michael Weyand

9

Moisture recycling over the Nile basin Y. A. Mohamed, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk & H. H. G. Savenije

18

Integrated water resources management in the Murray-Darling Basin: increasing demands on decreasing supplies Albert Van Dijk, Geoff Podger & Mac Kirby

24

Where has the Yellow River water gone? Hong Yang & Shaofeng Jia 31

2 Hydro-Ecological Aspects in Water Management

Development of a distributed hydrological model representing the relationship between the water cycle and human activities for whole river basin environmental assessment Tomoya Kawaguchi & Toshiharu Kojiri

41

Using economic valuation of environmental flows to integrate ecological aspects into water management Louise Korsgaard, Torkil Jønch-Clausen, Dan Rosbjerg & Jesper Sølver Schou

49

Application of a fuzzy logic approach for linking hydro-ecological simulation output to decision support Desmond Yaw Manful, Giselher Kaule & Nick Van De Giesen

54

Landscape dynamics, forest fragmentation and their relation to socio-economic history and biophysical attributes in the Colombian highlands Jose Arturo Restrepo

60

Water and tourism – simulating the tourist water use in the Upper Danube Catchment Area Mario Sax, Jürgen Schmude & Alexander Dingeldey

66

The relationship between native vegetation and in-stream salinity: an Australian case study Vincent Lawrence Versace, Daniel Ierodiaconou, Frank Stagnitti, Andrew John Hamilton, M. Todd Walter & Marc Leblanc

72

3 Chemical Loads of Water by Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Pesticides

Pesticide river contamination—identification of significant pressures in the context of the WFD Martin Bach, Björn Röpke & Hans-Georg Frede

79

Catchment modelling for quantification of Swedish nutrient transport to the sea and effects of measures Maja Brandt, Berit Arheimer & Lotta Andersson

84

Integrated assessment of potential impacts on water and soil related ecosystem services due to the European Common Agricultural Policy Lutz Breuer, Wolfgang Reiher, Thorsten Pohlert, Johan A. Huisman, Bernd Weinmann, Kellie B. Vaché, Martin Bach, Stefan Gäth & Hans-Georg Frede

90

EU-Project MoNit: a DSS to assess the impact of actions and changing frameworks on the nitrate load in the Upper Rhine Valley aquifer Markus Casper, Jost Grimm-Strele, Hendrik Lambrecht, Margarete Finck, Nina Graveline, Thomas Gudera, Stephanie Korte, Burkhard Schneider & Paul van Dijk

96

Modelling of nitrogen leaching based on collective intelligence Uwe Haberlandt & Sven Van Der Heijden

102

Integrating economic and ecological modelling in the Great Barrier Reef catchments Alexander Smajgl & Peter C. Gehrke

107

4 Erosion, Sedimentation and Reservoirs

Investigating erosion and sediment transport from headwaters to catchments to reduce reservoir siltation in drylands Axel Bronstert, Ramon J. Batalla, José C. de Araújo, Till Francke, Andreas Güntner, George Mamede & Eva Müller

119

Impounded rivers: aridification and geomorphological risks Carmen de Jong 123

Sediment dynamics from the drainage area into Lake Mladotice (western Czech Republic) in relation to flood events and under the influence of pre- to post-communist landscape changes Achim Schulte, Bohumir Jansky, Gerhard Daut, Ralf Irmler & Robert van Geldern

130

Global change scenarios in the prediction of reservoir sedimentation and water availability George Leite Mamede, José Carlos De Araújo & Axel Bronstert

137

5 Institutions in River Basin Management

Institutional and legal arrangements in the Nile River basin: suggestions for improvement of the current situation Khalid Mohamed El-Hassan Abdalla

145

Institutions for international river management – is integrated water resources management a viable concept? Ines Dombrowsky

151

Strengthening transboundary river basin institutions: a comparative learning from basin institutions in Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia Charles Hans Komakech, Frank G. W. Jaspers & Pieter van der Zaag

157

6 Regional Water Management

Integrated modelling of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources in a small-scale irrigation system in the Volta Basin, Africa Luna Bharati, Charles Rodgers, Serge Shumilov, Maria Plotnikova & Paul Vlek

167

Integrated water management for the Epitácio Pessoa Reservoir in the semi-arid region of Brazil Alain Marie Bernard Passerat De Silans, Wamberto Raimundo Da Silva Junior, Carmem Lúcia Moreira Gadelha, Hamilcar José Almeida Filgueira & Martim Assueros Gomes

173

Has traditional water management failed at Ljubljansko barje water resource? Miha Nartnik, Brigita Jamnik & Primož Auersperger

179

Status of water resources development and management in Yemen Abdulla Noman

186

Water distribution and resource management in the Shule River Basin Annette Oelert & Dan Rosbjerg

191

Exploratory modelling applied to Integrated Water Resources Management Luis Samaniego & András Bárdossy

197

Water management solutions for the Algarve River basin Cristina Silva & Rodrigo Maia

204

7 Impact Assessment

Coupled surface water/groundwater modelling for the management of soil salinity P. Brunner, W. Kinzelbach, W. P. Li & X. G. Dong

213

Can water stressed regions be characterised when there is sparse data? Jelle Buma, Caroline Sullivan, Neno Kukuric & Jasper Griffioen

219

The impact of pine plantations on water yield: a case study from the Ecuadorian Andes Wouter Buytaert, Rolando Célleri, Bert De Bièvre & Vicente Iñiguez

225

Effective impact assessment of development based programmes through quantification of livelihoods Pradeep P. Lodha & Ashvani K. Gosain

229

Optimization of cropped area, based on forecast streamflows (a case study: Soofichay irrigation systems) SaeEd Morid, Nazanin Shahkarami & Mohammad A. Rahimi Jamnani

235

8 Decision Support Tools

Using the contingent valuation method to inform sustainable wetland management: the case of the Akrotiri wetland in Cyprus Ekin Birol, Phoebe Koundouri & Yiannis Kountouris

243

TwoLe/P: a MODSS implementing PIP procedure for participatory water basin planning Andrea Castelletti, Francesca Pianosi, Valentina Sachero & Rodolfo Soncini Sessa

251

Urban flood plains – optimised management strategies in the face of conflicting ecological and socio-economic demands Thomas Hein, Alfred P. Blaschke, Gertrud Haidvogl, Severin Hohensinner, Walter Reckendorfer, Karl Reiter, Bernd Schuh & Gabriele Weigelhofer

258

A conceptual framework for the analysis of sustainable watershed management projects Subha Vishnudas, Hubert H. G. Savenije & Pieter Van Der Zaag

263

9 Global and Climatic Changes

Water resources management and water availability in the Elbe River basin under conditions of global change Stefan Kaden, Michael Kaltofen & Hagen Koch

273

From concept to practice – a tool for integrated water resources management under climate change Atef Kassem, Tamas Hamory & Maurice Sydor

278

Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Geum River Basin, Korea Young-Oh Kim, Hyung Il-Eum, Dae Il Jeong, Dong-Hyun Kang, Dong-Hyun Cha & Dong-Kyou Lee

283

10 Scales of Vulnerability Against Flooding

Reducing flood vulnerability: the model of resilience in Naga City, the Philippines Saut A. H. Sagala, Paul Hofstee & Nanette Kingma

291

Conditional Value-at-Risk analysis of flooding in the Lower Mekong Basin Brian Webby, Peter Adamson, John Boland, Phil Howlett & Andrew Metcalfe

297

11 Flood Risk Management at Different Scales

Operational flood protection management in the Ruhr River catchment basin in Germany: challenges and limitations Gerd Morgenschweis & Christian Heitefuss

305

Flood losses in private households: analysis of influencing factors and implications for flood loss modelling Annegret H. Thieken, Heidi Kreibich, Meike Müller, Matthias Nicklisch & Bruno Merz

312

12 Tools to Estimate and Reduce Flood Risk

Estimation of trends in rainfall extremes as important input parameters for flood risk assessment Susanne Bachner, Alice Kapala & Clemens Simmer

319

Database improvement for better land management and natural disaster prevention in a tropical watershed Jürgen Baumann, Isidro Gaytan, José Luis Arellano, Jose Luis Miranda & Juan Alberto Rodriguez

325

A new system for online flood forecasting – performance and implications Johannes Cullmann, Gerd. H. Schmitz & Wilfried Görner

330

Operational flood risk management based on ensemble predictions Jörg Dietrich, Frank Voss & Andreas Schumann

337

Automatic optimization offers new possibilities for cost-effective flood protection at urban rivers Lutz Feldmann & Jens Schramm

342

Flood vulnerability and preparedness: model approach to mitigate the risk for local communities Dagmar Haase & Carsten Bohn

347

Is hydrology reducing vulnerabilities? Andreas Schumann & Bastian Klein 354

Fuzzy reliability analysis of floods: an approach for integration of objective and subjective risks Slobodan P. Simonovic

362

HowisErft – a remote sensing based flood prediction and information system Tilo Keller, Oliver Buchholz, Ulrich Kern, Dirk Meetschen & Clemens Simmer

372

Combating flooding together Irina Krasovskaia, Lars Gottschalk, Hallvard Berg, Alison Mcerlain, Denys Ngu & Timm Ruben Geissler

377

Main factors influencing the economic flood damage of companies Heidi Kreibich, Meike Müller, Annegret Thieken & Bruno Merz

384

A European framework of integration for flood risk management Jochen Schanze

389

Sustainable methods for reducing communities’ vulnerability to flooding in Mozambique Darren Lumbroso, David Ramsbottom & Mathias Spaliveiro

394

NOAH, the right information at the right time at the right place Erik Jan Langkamp, Ludolph Wentholt, Bob Pengel, Reinhart Vogt, Sebastian Schnitzler & Kees de Gooijer

400

13 Hydraulic Structures Mitigating Flood Risk

Risk assessment for hydraulic structures: procedure and application Daniel Bachmann, Gesa Kutschera, Maren Niemeyer, Nils Peter Huber & Jürgen Köngeter

409

Constraints and methods of refurbishment measures for dikes Ronald Haselsteiner & Theodor Strobl

415

Flood relief project at Esch-sur-Sûre Philippe Lazaro & Guy Toussin 420

Reliability of coastal flood defences in Vietnam C. Mai Van, P. H. A. J. M. Van Gelder & J. K. Vrijling

424

The effects of Chao Phraya dam operation on the upstream flood inundation Sutham Visutimeteegorn, Kanchit Likitdecharote & Suphat Vongvisessomjai

432

Flood Protection vs Heritage Conservation? An integrated urban and landscape design approach for Grimma, Saxony Thomas Will & Heiko Lieske

441

Key word index 447

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water Related Risks at the Basin Scale (Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, Bochum, Germany, September 2006). IAHS Publ. 317, 2007, 3–8.

Hydrological interdependencies of irrigation systems and river catchments

MAURITS ERTSEN1, DANIEL PRIETO2 & NICK VAN DE GIESEN1

1 Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, The [email protected]

2 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Santiago del Estero, Argentina

Abstract This paper discusses (re)distributing effects of small and large irrigation systems at the catchment scale. Scales of catchment and system, each with their own temporal and spatial properties, are to be integrated. To be able to quantify water fluxes in irrigation, water fluxes within the system at canal and field level need to be understood. Two cases are presented. The first case study on large-scale irrigation in Argentina shows how the properties of the system, expressed in a scattered pattern of water distribution within and along the borders of the irrigated area, influence the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration. The second case study, on small-scale sand dams in Kenya shows that the scales of catchment and system need to be linked to understand the dynamics of human intervention and hydrological behaviour of catchments. Key words Argentina; catchment scale; field scale; fluxes; irrigation; Kenya; redistribution effects; system scale


Integrated river basin management in the catchment area of the Ruhr River

HARRO BODE & MICHAEL WEYANDRuhr River Association, Kronprinzenstraße 37, D-45128 Essen, [email protected]

Abstract In Germany the Rhine-Ruhr region is one of the most populated and industrialized areas. Thus the rivers in that area are extremely affected by anthropogenic caused pressures. To meet the conflicts between the existing different water uses, a comprehensive and sustainable water resources management is necessary. Related to the catchment area of the Ruhr River, a tributary of the Rhine, this task is assigned to the Ruhr River Association. In the past the main topics of work had to meet the demands of human-related water issues. Nowadays the more environmentally focused-like thoughts of the European Water Framework Directive have to be included into planning concepts and programmes of measures as well. The application of such a watershed-wide approach makes it possible to meet, in close contact with the water management authorities concerned, many environmental targets in an economically very efficient way.Key words river basin management; Water Framework Directive; water quality management; water quantity management


mailto:[email protected]


Moisture recycling over the Nile basin

Y. A. MOHAMED1,2, B. J. J. M. VAN DEN HURK3 & H. H. G. SAVENIJE4

1 UNESCO-IHE, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The [email protected]

2 IWMI NBEA, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia3 KNMI, PO Box 201, 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands4 Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract At river basin scale, water resources system analysis should consider all components of the regional water cycle. Measurements and numerical experiments in hydroclimatology have confirmed both positive and negative land surface–climate feedbacks, of which moisture recycling is a prominent phenomenon at continental scales. Applying Budyko’s model, the mean annual moisture recycling over the Nile has been computed as 11%. The general characteristics of moisture recycling over the Nile have been compared to that of the Amazon and the Mississippi. Given the prognostic limitation of the recycling ratio, a regional climate model has been applied to simulate the two-way (land surface–atmosphere) interactions over the Nile Basin. The model has been used to evaluate the impact of draining the Sudd wetlands on the Nile regional hydroclimatology. The results from two model simulations are compared: the present climatology and a drained wetlands scenario. It is found that draining the wetlands has negligible impact on the regional water cycle, but a large and significant impact on the local climate.Key words evaporation; moisture recycling; Nile basin; regional climate model


Integrated water resources management in the Murray-Darling Basin: increasing demands on decreasing supplies

ALBERT VAN DIJK, GEOFF PODGER & MAC KIRBYCSIRO Water for a Healthy Country / CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australia Central Territory, [email protected]

Abstract The Murray-Darling Basin contains Australia’s most important surface water resource. Ecological damage and threatened water security have led to a cap on further diversions, presently amounting to ~45% of the total water resource. An increase in environmental flows representing 2% of the total resource is now sought to restore river health. At the same time, there are threats which may reduce water resources by 10–20% in 2020, including climate trends, afforestation, bush fire vegetation recovery, induced losses to groundwater, and reduced irrigation return flows further downstream. We outline the relative magnitude and characteristics of each threat, and highlight the need for improved observation networks, system-wide water accounting, integrated modelling, and institutional capacity to support future water management.Key words basin hydrology; environmental flows; integrated assessment; risk assessment; risks to water resources; system analysis; water resources; water security; water sharing



Where has the Yellow River water gone?

HONG YANG1 & SHAOFENG JIA2

1 Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, [email protected]

2 Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road 11, PO Box 100101, Beijing, China

Abstract Since the 1950s, the major gauging stations along the Yellow River have recorded a trend of decline in measured discharges. During the 1990s, the Yellow River once became a seasonal river and sent no water to the sea for several months in a year. This study investigates changes in the water resources availability and water use at different sections of the Yellow River, and in different economic sectors in the basin. The results show a decline in the natural runoff and an increase in the water use during the 1950s and 1990s. The low natural flow and the increase of the water use in the 1990s were important reasons for the seasonal dry up of the river. The study pinpoints the sections where the changes have been substantial and where the major water users have contributed to the changes. Some policy implications regarding the allocation of water resources are addressed.Key words consumptive water use; river basin water management; runoff; Yellow River


Development of a distributed hydrological model representing the relationship between the water cycle and human activities for whole river basin environmental assessment

TOMOYA KAWAGUCHI1 & TOSHIHARU KOJIRI2

1 Nihon Suido Consultants Co., Ltd., 6-22-1, Nishishinjyuku, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, [email protected]

2 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji-shi, Kyoto, Japan

Abstract This paper presents a study on possible effects of water facilities operation on flow behaviour, water temperature and water quality of water bodies by use of the distributed hydrological model developed specially for the whole river basin.Key words distributed hydrological model; environmental assessment; reservoir operation; water cycle; whole river basin


Using economic valuation of environmental


flows to integrate ecological aspects into water management

LOUISE KORSGAARD1,2,3, TORKIL JØNCH-CLAUSEN1, DAN ROSBJERG2 & JESPER SØLVER SCHOU3

1 DHI Water • Environment • Health, Agern Allé 5, DK-2750 Hørsholm, [email protected]

2 Institute of Environment and Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

3 National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark

Abstract This paper addresses the potential for using economic valuation of environmental flows to incorporate ecosystem services into decision-making in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). A water allocation decision support tool is presented that has been tested in East Rapti River basin, Nepal. The tool is based on a hydrological simulation model (MIKE BASIN) and allows various water allocation scenarios to be explored. Each water use, including water for ecosystems as represented by environmental flows, is linked to an economic value. In East Rapti River Basin the main ecosystem services supported by environmental flows are biodiversity conservation, recreation and tourism opportunities, fish production, and sediment flushing. These services are valued using a combination of market price methods and cost-based methods. Thus, the socio-economic and environmenttal implication of various water allocation scenarios can be evaluated. Key words decision support systems (DSS); East Rapti River; economic valuation; ecosystem services; environmental flows; Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)


Application of a fuzzy logic approach for linking hydro-ecological simulation output to decision support

DESMOND YAW MANFUL1, GISELHER KAULE1 &NICK VAN DE GIESEN2

1 Institute of Landscape Planning & Ecology, Universität Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, Stuttgart D-70174, Germany [email protected]

2 Water Resources Management, Technical University of Delft, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract Riverine ecosystems are critical habitats for a variety of threatened species. They are under continuous threat of destruction and are bedevilled with complex hydro-environmental problems. Mathematical models can serve as powerful tools in solving water resources problems. Most of the models available for water management are crisp, deterministic and precise in character. However, most water-related problems are neither crisp nor deterministic. Solutions to such problems require a cocktail of models along with expert knowledge, which is formulated with words. This paper is expected to help bridge the gap between simulation output and policy formulation by proposing a framework for the integration of linguistic guidelines and indicators, developed a priori, into a purely numerical hydro-ecological system. The paper also discusses limitations in the use of traditional numerical models to aid decision support and initiate policy. Principles of the LiNK algorithm concept are illustrated with an example of the impact of a


hydropower project on the habitat of endangered hippopotami in a protected park in Ghana, West Africa. Key words computing with words (CW); fuzzy logic; Ghana; Hippopotamus amphibius; hydro-ecological modelling; hydropower; policy development


Landscape dynamics, forest fragmentation and their relation to socio-economic history and biophysical attributes in the Colombian highlands

JOSE ARTURO RESTREPO 1,2

[email protected], [email protected] UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands2 Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Universidad Javeriana, Tr. 4 Nr 43-00 Bogotá, Colombia

Abstract The concepts of landscape ecology are analysed through scale, structure, function and change. These are useful when approached from a holistic perspective and offer an analytical tool for integrated watershed management using a geographic information system. This study seeks to understand, from a landscape ecology perspective, the severe water shortages in two sub-basin areas characterized by rugged mountainous terrain, extensive cloud cover, and dense vegetation. The landscape changes were analysed through interactions among temporal (1940–1993) and spatial patterns of land-cover, agrosystems, a half century of human history and biophysical attributes. The analysis illustrates how deforestation, religion, biophysical attributes, fragmentation, and their relation with socioeconomic history also influence the ecosystems of the northern Andes. Key words Colombia; deforestation rate; focal ecosystems; GIS modelling; invasive species; landscape ecology; religion; socio-economic history; spatio-temporal analysis; water shortages


Water and tourism – simulating the tourist water use in the Upper Danube catchment area

MARIO SAX, JÜRGEN SCHMUDE & ALEXANDER DINGELDEYUniversity of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, [email protected]

Abstract The GLOWA-Danube project is establishing a decision support system called DANUBIA, which is capable of simulating the water cycle and human water use in the Upper Danube catchment area. In this context the aim of the tourism research group is to simulate the water use of the tourism industry, whereby the spatial and temporal water demand of the tourist facilities is emphasized. The model is based on a multi-agent approach with agents representing geocoded tourist facilities (= actors). These actors are capable of daily decision-making based on the perception of the simulated environment. Modelling tourist water use from a micro


perspective makes it possible to display the variability of tourist water use on regional and local scales. The consideration of climate change and its effects on tourist water demand and the operability of tourist infra- and superstructure is also possible.Key words agent-based computer simulation; decision support system; tourist water use; Upper Danube catchment area

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water Related Risks at the Basin Scale (Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, Bochum, Germany, September 2006). IAHS Publ. 317, 2007 72–76.

The relationship between native vegetation and in-stream salinity: an Australian case study

VINCENT LAWRENCE VERSACE1, DANIEL IERODIACONOU1, FRANK STAGNITTI1, ANDREW JOHN HAMILTON1, M. TODD WALTER2 & MARC LEBLANC3

1School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, PO Box 423, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, [email protected]

2Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, New York 14853-5701, USA3School of Geosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia

Abstract The Glenelg-Hopkins area is a large regional watershed (2.6 million ha) in southwest Victoria that has been extensively cleared for agriculture. In-stream electrical conductivity (EC) in relation to remnant native vegetation is examined from the headwaters to the upper extent of the estuary of the Glenelg River. Five water quality gauging stations were selected. Their contributing subcatchments represent a continuum of disturbance. Proportions of native vegetation ranged from ~100% at the headwaters of the river to ~30% at the furthest downstream gauge station. The relationship between remnant vegetation and in-stream EC was examined using aggregated and non-aggregated land use statistics over a period of 22 years from three land use maps. Increased proportions of native vegetation were significantly negatively correlated with in-stream EC and were consistent across all scenarios investigated. Key words dryland salinity, GIS, land cover, land degradation, land use, vegetation


Pesticide river contamination—identification of significant pressures in the context of the WFD

MARTIN BACH1, BJÖRN RÖPKE2 & HANS-GEORG FREDE1

1 Institute of Resources Management, University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, [email protected]

2 Bayer CropScience AG, D-40789 Monheim, Germany

Abstract The implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) demands the identification of the significance of point and non-point sources of pesticide contamination. The

model DRIPS (Drainage, Runoff and spray drift Input of Pesticides in Surface waters) offers a first approach to estimate pesticide input into surface waters by diffuse sources with a spatial resolution of 1 km2 for the territory of Germany. The tool calculates the quantity of pesticide input from non-point sources via surface runoff, tile drainage and spray drift. The resulting initial Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PEC surface water) of active ingredients (a.i.) can be retrieved considering the mean daily input of an a.i. into various types of river basins characterized by their daily discharge. DRIPS results as a contribution to River Basin Management Plans are to more or less accurately reproduce the current situation of surface water contamination, to evaluate the significance of input sources and to plan remediation measures.Key words Germany; model DRIPS; non-point source; pesticide; point source; pressure; river contamination


Catchment modelling for quantification of Swedish nutrient transport to the sea and effects of measures

MAJA BRANDT, BERIT ARHEIMER & LOTTA ANDERSSONThe Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrköping, [email protected]

Abstract Modelling techniques provide a way to synthesize and quantify the contributions from various nutrient sources. A hydrological-based model (HBV-NP) has been applied at different scales to investigate geographical distributions of the leaching pattern and explore the effects of countermeasures. Nutrient load has been modelled for the whole of Sweden (about 450 000 km2). Additionally, the model has been used to elaborate specific measure programmes to reach the Swedish nutrient goals for the river catchments Motala Stream (15 500 km2) and Rönneå (1900 km2), and for interactive modelling, based on a dialogue between various stakeholders and modellers at the local scale (350 km2). Key words catchment modelling; HBV-NP; nutrient transport; scenarios; source apportionment; Sweden; water framework directive


Integrated assessment of potential impacts on water and soil related ecosystem services due to the European Common Agricultural Policy

LUTZ BREUER1, WOLFGANG REIHER1, THORSTEN POHLERT1, JOHAN A. HUISMAN1, BERND WEINMANN2, KELLIE B. VACHÉ1, MARTIN BACH1, STEFAN GÄTH & HANS-GEORG FREDE1

1 Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392 Gießen, [email protected]


1 Department of Agricultural Business Administration, D-35390 Gießen, Germany

Abstract The Integrated Tools for Economic and Ecological Modelling (ITE2M) were applied to estimate soil and water related landscape services and their changes due to several reforms of the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the Dill catchment, Germany. The catchment is characterized by low agricultural production potential. Hence, the CAP reform provides new aspects of agricultural production in this region, as landscape services other than those that produce yield are now subsidized. As part of ITE2M, the agro-economic model ProLand was used to predict agricultural and forest production systems and their economic performances. The model accounts for different natural, technical, economic and political boundary conditions and delivers spatially differentiated land use maps that are used to calculate further landscape services. The eco-hydrological model SWAT simulates the effects of the CAP on water and nutrient fluxes. The ATOMIS model predicts the fate of heavy metals in top soils and compares them to respective thresholds for sustainable soil management. Key words ecosystem services; heavy metal; integrated modelling; land use change; nitrogen; water quality

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water Related Risks at the Basin Scale (Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, Bochum, Germany, September 2006). IAHS Publ. 317, 2007. 96–101.

EU-Project MoNit: a DSS to assess the impact of actions and changing frameworks on the nitrate load in the Upper Rhine Valley aquifer

MARKUS CASPER1, JOST GRIMM-STRELE2, HENDRIK LAMBRECHT2, MARGARETE FINCK5, NINA GRAVELINE4, THOMAS GUDERA2, STEPHANIE KORTE2, BURKHARD SCHNEIDER2 & PAUL VAN DIJK3

1 Universität Trier, Physische Geographie, D-54286 Trier, [email protected]

2 Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg, Karlsruhe, Germany3 Association pour la relance Agricole en Alsace, Schiltigheim, France4 BRGM, Montpellier, France5 Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum Augustenberg, Karlsruhe, Germany

Abstract The large groundwater aquifer in the Upper Rhine Valley shows a high nitrate load due to various reasons. To decrease the input of nitrate a series of regulations are currently in force, and first steps are being taken in the German as well as in the French part of the Upper Rhine Valley towards their implementation. Furthermore, changing directives within the agricultural sector will affect future management practices and consequently the nitrate input into the aquifer. Thus different working groups within the multi-national EU-INTERREG-III-project “MoNit—Modelling of the groundwater contamination by nitrate in the Upper Rhine Valley” developed a simulation tool that allows the assessment of future nitrate load in an integrative way, i.e. by tak-ing into account conditions at plot scale as well as socio-economic aspects and macro-scale transport processes. This tool allows well-founded evaluations of the efficiency of political decisions and helps to prioritise the steps to reduce the nitrate input. To achieve these aims five different models were coupled.Key words CAP; climatology; diffuse pollution; EU-Interreg; groundwater model; MoNit; nitrates; socio-economic model; sustainable management; Upper Rhine Valley; water resources


Modelling of nitrogen leaching based on collective intelligence

UWE HABERLANDT & SVEN VAN DER HEIJDENInstitute of Water Resources Management, University of Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, D-30167 Hannover, [email protected]

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility to predict nitrogen leaching from the “collective knowledge” available in the literature. Information about observed and modelled nitrogen leaching and influencing environmental and anthropogenic factors is collected from several published studies. Based on these data, fuzzy rules are defined, trained and validated for the prediction of mean annual nitrogen leaching. A multiple split sampling exercise shows good agreement between literature and simulated nitrogen loss encouraging the application of such a metamodel approach for decision support.Key words diffuse pollution; fuzzy rules; metamodel; nitrogen leaching; water quality


Integrating economic and ecological modelling in the Great Barrier Reef catchments

ALEXANDER SMAJGL & PETER C. GEHRKE1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Townsville, Australia

[email protected] CSIRO Land and Water, Indooroopilly, Australia

Abstract The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area faces threats from terrestrial runoff and climate change. The Reef Water Quality Protection Plan defined a political mandate by the Australian and Queensland governments to stop or reverse the decline in water quality entering the GBR lagoon by 2013. This paper documents modelling work which aims to support policy decisions that target water quality improvements. Integrated policy impact assessment models can operate on different scales, from catchments to farm scale. The term integration is used here to describe a quantitatively linking of bio-physical and socio-economic models in order to simulate the implications of incentive changes for land and water management along the coastal regions adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef. This paper demonstrates how for the purpose of disciplinary integration ecological food-web modelling is integrated in a general equilibrium model. Additionally to this methodological dimension a broader modelling framework is explained for a multi-scale impact assessment. Key words water management; integrated assessment; CGE and agent-based models


Investigating erosion and sediment transport

from headwaters to catchments to reduce reservoir siltation in drylands

AXEL BRONSTERT1, RAMON J. BATALLA2, JOSÉ C. DE ARAÚJO3, TILL FRANCKE1, ANDREAS GÜNTNER4, GEORGE MAMEDE1,3 & EVA MÜLLER1

1 Univ. of Potsdam, Dept for Geoecology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, [email protected]

2 Forestry and Technology Center of Catalonia & Univ. of Lleida, Dept. Env. and Soil Sci., E-25198 Lleida, Spain3 Univ. Federal do Ceará, Dept of Agricultural Engng, Campus do Pici, bloco 804, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil 4 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Section Engineering Hydrology, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany

Abstract Deposition in reservoirs threatens their reliability for water supply in dryland regions. We present a modelling scheme for the quantitative assessment of sediment mobilisation in catchments, transport in the river system, and retention in reservoirs, with a focus on meso-scale semi-arid catchments. An existing hydrological model tailored for specific semi-arid features is extended to represent erosion and sediment transport. Data sets from dryland catchments, rivers, and reservoirs in northeast Spain and northeast Brazil are used and expanded by own measurements. The first results concerning a representation of erosion-prone landscape units, the role of sediment transport in the river system, and the sedimentation in reservoirs are presented.Key words Brazil; dryland; erosion; reservoir sedimentation; sediment transport; Spain


Impounded rivers: aridification and geomorphological risks

CARMEN DE JONGThe Mountain Institute, University of Savoie, F-73376 Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, [email protected]

Abstract Within Integrated Water Resources Management, river impoundment by large dams is rarely considered in terms of aridification and geomorphological risks. Since transdisciplinary impacts of dams are not analysed with holistic approaches a diversity of problems remains untouched. The lifetime of a dam progresses unavoidably from its juvenile into mature stage ending with its final decay. Impacts include those upstream, within and downstream of reservoirs and as far as terminal lakes and coasts. In semi-arid regions aridification downstream of dams is a major cause of salinization or total desiccation of inland wetlands, lakes and deltas. Geomorphological risks are a function of sediment transport, stability of reservoir slopes and sediment trapping within the reservoir. Reduction in reservoir capacity finally causes the reservoir to be abandoned. The environmental and economic costs of hydrological and geomorphological change such as channel incision, degradation of flood plains or loss of coastal beaches should be considered in future Integrated Water Resources Management programmes. Key words aridification; China; coastal; dams; geomorphological; Morocco; sedimentation; upstream–downstream



Sediment dynamics from the drainage area into Lake Mladotice (western Czech Republic) in relation to flood events and under the influence of pre- to post-communist landscape changes

ACHIM SCHULTE1, BOHUMIR JANSKY2, GERHARD DAUT3, RALF IRMLER3

& ROBERT VAN GELDERN4

1 Institute of Geographical Sciences, Dept of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, D-12249 Berlin, [email protected]

2 Charles University, Prague, Faculty of Science, Dept of Physical Geography and Geoecology, 128 43 Praha 2, Albertov 6, Czech Republic

3 Department of Geography, University of Jena, Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany4 Geochronology and Isotope Hydrology, Leibniz Institute for Applied Geosciences, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover,

Germany

Abstract In May 1872 a landslide occurred in the western Czech Republic, blocking the Mladoticky stream valley and creating Lake Mladotice. The 1952 and 1975 air photos document that collective farming had a great impact when balks and field terraces were removed and fields were made much larger. Because of this change in land use we expected higher soil erosion and a related increase in the sedimentation rate. Our analysis of the sedimentary record aims to identify the factors controlling sediment input, i.e. soil erosion, which is dependent on rainfall–runoff processes and land use in the drainage basin. The sediment stratigraphy, physics, chemistry, micropalaeontology, isotope content and thin sections yield a detailed temporal resolution of the sedimentation chronology. Surprisingly, the sedimentation rates only indicate a small increase from 2.2 cm/year (1954–1963) to 2.7 cm/year (1963–1978) to 2.5 (1978–1986) and 2.4 cm/year (1986–2003). Key words change in land use; Lake Mladotice; landslide; rainfall–runoff processes; sedimentation rates; soil erosion


Global change scenarios in the prediction of reservoir sedimentation and water availability

GEORGE LEITE MAMEDE1, JOSÉ CARLOS DE ARAÚJO2 & AXEL BRONSTERT1

1 Department of Geoecology, University of Potsdam, PO Box 60 15 53, 14415 Potsdam, [email protected]

2 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Ceará. Campus do Pici, Bloco 804, PO Box 60.451-970, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

Abstract The goal of this research is to analyse sedimentation and resulting water availability reduction in reservoirs from a tropical sub-humid environment, using the case study of the Acarape do Meio Reservoir, located in Ceará (Brazil). The simulation considers four reference


scenarios: two climatic and two macroeconomic. The lumped HIDROSED model was applied to the 208.2 km2 Acarape catchment for a simulation period of 50 years (2001–2050) to quantify sediment yield and deposition in the reservoir. The results show that reservoir sedimentation varies from 4.17 to 9.58 million tons, depending on the scenario. This implies a reduction of water availability (with 90% reliability level) ranging from 5.6 Mm3 year-1 to 0.4 Mm3 year-1 (38% to 3%, respectively) in five decades. The research concludes that the reservoir sedimentation processes are more strongly affected by soil use than by climatic changes.Key words Brazil; reservoir; scenarios; sedimentation; water availability


Institutional and legal arrangements in the Nile River basin: suggestions for improvement of the current situation

KHALID MOHAMED EL-HASSAN ABDALLA Omdurman Ahlia University, Faculty of Environmental Science, PO Box 8130, 12217 Khartoum, Sudan [email protected]

Abstract This study attempts to suggest improvements to the current situation of the Nile River Basin (NRB), regarding institutional and legal arrangements. To achieve this, a comparative study using information on the current situation in NRB and from other two similar river basins (Mekong and Incomati River basins) has been carried out to design a desired situation in the Nile using the IWRM approach. As a result, examining the current situation in the three river basins based on the general ideal criteria of IWRM indicated that the NRB lacks many of these criteria , which resulted in many environmental drawbacks. The following recommendations are suggested to form the desired situation in the NRB: creating a higher authority at the national level, and river commission(s) at regional level; signing multilateral, bilateral, or even trilateral treaties regarding water allocation and sustainable water utilization to reach a holistic convention(s) to cover the entire basin; creating a conflicts resolution mechanism and rooting the stakeholders’ participation, as well as adopting subsidiarity concept; and finally establishing financing institutions.Key words bilateral, trilateral, and multilateral treaties; conflict resolution mechanism; current situation; higher authority; ideal situation; institutional arrangements; integrated water resources management; legal framework; subsidiarity; water allocation


Institutions for international river management – is integrated water resources management a viable concept?

INES DOMBROWSKYUFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Economics, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318


Leipzig, [email protected]

Abstract In recent years, the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has been promoted as a strategy for sustainable resource use. IWRM has also been advocated for the management of international river basins. This paper asks to what extent this policy recommendation is in line with the incentives of riparian states and reflected by empirical evidence. It finds that if rational self-interested behaviour is assumed, cooperation and integration remains institutionally demanding. Experiences with international water management institutions show that the majority of these institutions are bilateral and narrow in scope. Overall, these findings indicate a gap between policy prescriptions and economic arguments and empirical findings. Searching for the expedient degree of integration in international water management is recommended.Key words Coase theorem; Integrated Water Resources Management; international river basins; membership; substantive scope


Strengthening transboundary river basin institutions: a comparative learning from basin institutions in Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia

CHARLES HANS KOMAKECH, FRANK G.W. JASPERS & PIETER VAN DER ZAAGUNESCO-IHE, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlandskomak1@unesco-org

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study carried out to identify key attributes of effective transboundary river basin institutions. Through a comprehensive literature review and a comparative assessment of five basin institutions from Southeast Asia (Mekong), Europe (Rhine) and Africa (Nile, Senegal and Incomati), generic attributes of effective river basin institutions were identified. From the study, it became apparent that an effective river basin institution develops through experimentation and innovation. Riparian governments would need to: form joint management institutions based on a shared vision for the future; align and harmonize national as well as regional policies and legislation; develop appropriate institutional capacity at the national and local level; set clear mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution; and develop appropriate mechanisms for joint data sharing, monitoring and information management. However, for each international basin, the optimal modes will depend on a mix of these factors, as well as basin cultures. Finally, moving toward regional integration may provide a window of opportunity to overcome some of the challenges of joint management institutions. Key words conflict; institutions; policy; regional integration; river basin; water resources management


Integrated modelling of conjunctive use of


surface and groundwater resources in a small-scale irrigation system in the Volta Basin, Africa

LUNA BHARATI1 , CHARLES RODGERS2, SERGE SHUMILOV3, MARIA PLOTNIKOVA2 & PAUL VLEK2

1 International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 127, Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte, Battaramulla, Sri [email protected]

2 Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn University, Walter-Flex str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany3 Department of Computer Science III, Bonn University, Römerstr. 164, 53117 Bonn, Germany

Abstract The Volta Basin covers 400 000 km2 of the West-African savanna. Agriculture is the dominant economic activity. Given the extremely unreliable rainfall, irrigation development is seen as an obvious strategy to increase agricultural production. Irrigation development is mainly linked to the construction of small and medium sized reservoirs. The potential use of groundwater for irrigation is a very important issue. In this study, we present an evaluation of the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in a representative small reservoir–irrigation system. The physical processes are modelled with WaSiM-ETH. The physical boundary conditions needed for the optimization model are then passed on to the optimization model written in GAMS, which then simulates the capture and utilization of runoff in small reservoirs. Water can be withdrawn for irrigation, or stored. Irrigation water can also be pumped from the underlying aquifer, and pumping costs are modelled as proportional to the distance to the water table.Key words decision support; groundwater resources; integrated modelling; irrigation; small reservoirs; Volta Basin


Integrated water management for the Epitácio Pessoa Reservoir in the semi-arid region of Brazil

ALAIN MARIE BERNARD PASSERAT DE SILANS, WAMBERTO RAIMUNDO DA SILVA JUNIOR, CARMEM LÚCIA MOREIRA GADELHA, HAMILCAR JOSÉ ALMEIDA FILGUEIRA & MARTIM ASSUEROS GOMESLaboratório de Recursos Hídricos e Engenharia Ambiental, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, PB, [email protected]

Abstract The Epitácio Pessoa Reservoir (538 hm3), in the semi-arid region of Brazil, is used for urban water supply, irrigation and fishing activities. In 1998 and 1999, due to a severe drought, irrigation and fishing activities were prohibited and urban supply was strongly restricted, resulting in dramatic social and economic consequences. A methodology has been developed to propose directives and regulations to improve the water management combining a strategic environmental evaluation with an improvement of socioeconomic development of the rural surrounding area. The methodology is based on three main points: (i) socioeconomic diagnosis; (ii) environmental diagnosis; and (iii) Causal Chain Analysis. The latter is initiated by the

building of “Causal Matrices”. The main problems are detected and classified with a priority concept. A trend attribute is also given by these problems. Then the causes of each main problem are analysed and clustered into technical, managerial, political and social, and cultural and economic types. A chain between one cultural and economic cause and one or more technical causes, through both other cause types, is drawn on the matrix, so it is easy to propose directives and actions to promote water management looking at integrated socioeconomic sustainable development. Key words causal matrices; chain analysis; Epitácio Pessoa Reservoir


Has traditional water management failed at Ljubljansko barje water resource?

MIHA NARTNIK, BRIGITA JAMNIK & PRIMOŽ AUERSPERGERJP Vodovod-Kanalizacija d.o.o., Vodovodna cesta 90, SI-1000 Ljubljana, [email protected]

Abstract The immediate southeastern and western vicinity of Ljubljana, the Slovenian capital, comprises the area of the Ljubljansko barje. The area is over 725 km2 and has rich natural (karst phenomena, swamp, lakes, many kinds of birds) and cultural (archaeological sites from prehistoric and Roman times) heritage, with its mountainous hinterland. Ljubljansko barje, with its three main aquifers, Holocene, upper and lower Pleistocene, is also an important source of natural pure drinking water. In spite of good surface protection of the lower gravel and karstic aquifer, the water resource is a vulnerable, especially shallow, Holocene aquifer. Various human activities on the surface can result in groundwater pollution. A vulnerable water source means a vulnerability of society, as polluted water may cause real health and other problems. One of the last events that confirmed the concern and the need for immediate changes in the water management happened in spring 2005. An unusually high concentration of trichloroethene (TCE) was detected in active shallow wells that were immediately shut down. None of the remediation measures were carried out. It is still an open question whether the non-active behaviour was the most appropriate solution during this event, and how to act properly on such occurrences from the environmental and socio-economic point of view.Key words Ljubljansko barje; trichloroethene (TCE); water management; water resource; vulnerability of society


Status of water resources development and management in Yemen

ABDULLA NOMANWEC, PO Box 14469, Sana’a University, Yemen Republic [email protected]

Abstract Yemen is facing one of the most complex development problems and its most serious


challenge, namely the problem of water resources scarcity and over-exploited aquifers. As a result, the water shortage is worsening one year after another, aggravated by the continued imbalance between annual recharge and the growing water demand. This has led to the alarming depletion of groundwater in a number of basins, wiping out agricultural production and investments in some of these areas. Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is generally seen as a solution to water management problems. In Europe, the European Water Framework Directive is a means to implement IWRM in order to improve the water quality of surface waters. In the water-scarce Republic of Yemen, IWRM is seen as a method to improve water use and thus to better balance water supply and demand. IWRM should, however, not be seen as a magic solution that creates more water. This paper focuses on the status of water resources and management in Yemen and implementation of IWRM approaches through a National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Plan (NWSSIP), which aims at streamlining the strategies and investments in all water related issues in the Republic of Yemen.Key words IWRM; NWSSIP; Yemen


Water distribution and resource management in the Shule River Basin

ANNETTE OELERT & DAN ROSBJERGInstitute of Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, [email protected]

Abstract The water cycle in arid areas of northwestern China is dominated by scarce precipitation, high potential evaporation, and a complex interaction of surface and groundwater. A sustainable water management is important to ensure a continued water supply for the increasing population and expanding agriculture. Inland rivers, representing the largest water resource in the region, are the main irrigation water source. The local characteristics of the water cycle, including climatic trends, are investigated spatially and temporally in a river basin, where the topography leads to strong climatic differences. Different possibilities for using the river as a source for water supply have been analysed, based on a simplified computer model. The average annual river discharge is found to be sufficient to cover the agricultural water demand; however, the analysis also shows that a sustainable management of the resource is highly needed.Key words arid hydrology; climatic trend; inland rivers hydrology; sustainable water resources management; water cycle modelling


Exploratory modelling applied to Integrated Water Resources Management

LUIS SAMANIEGO1 & ANDRÁS BÁRDOSSY2

1 UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, [email protected]


2 Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Germany

Abstract One of the most important activities related to water resources management consists of finding suitable development strategies for a given river basin. In this paper an exploratory modelling technique will be used instead of the standard scenario approach to assess the robustness of a proposed strategy. Preliminary tests of this technique in the Körsch River basin in Germany suggested that this approach poses many advantages if it is compared with the scenario approach, namely: (1) one can “stress test” a strategy and assess its inherent risk of failure; and (2) one can find events or parameter values under which a good strategy may fail. Key words exploratory modelling; risk; risk based strategic planning; uncertainty


Water management solutions for the Algarve River basin

CRISTINA SILVA & RODRIGO MAIAFaculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Secção de Hidráulica, Recursos Hídricos e Ambiente, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s.n., 4200-465 Porto, [email protected]

Abstract The major purpose of the paper is to draw attention to the importance of DSS (Decision Support System) application to the study of real alternative water resources management options in the Ribeiras do Algarve river basin, located in the south of Portugal. The intensified pressure on water resources associated with irrigated agriculture activities, golf courses and tourism development has led to a critical situation of conflicting interests in the region, mostly during summer months. Moreover, since 2003, the area has experienced a “severe drought period” during the dry season, showing the exhaustion of supply water sources and intensifying the need for the regional stakeholders to find and implement new alternatives. The paper presents results of the definition of new strategies for water resources management in the Algarve region, emphasizing urban water supply sectoral issues. Key words Algarve River Basin; water management solutions; WSM-DSS tool


Coupled surface water/groundwater modelling for the management of soil salinity

P. BRUNNER1, W. KINZELBACH1, W. P. LI2 & X. G. DONG3

1 Institut für Umweltingenieurwissenschaften (IFU), ETH Zurich 8093, [email protected]

2 Beijing Institute for Geo-Environmental Monitoring, No. 20 Dahuisi, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China 3 Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China

Abstract The paper focuses on the hydrological modelling of an agriculturally used basin in China. The field site, the semi-arid Yanqi basin, is located in Xinjiang Province, China, northeast


of the Tarim basin. The Yanqi basin has been one of the most productive agricultural areas in western China ever since irrigation channels were constructed in the second half of the 20th century. The application of river water for irrigation without adequate drainage has raised the groundwater table, causing significantly increased groundwater evaporation (phreatic evaporation). Salt stored for decades in the subsoil is dissolved as the groundwater table rises and accumulates at the soil surface as groundwater evaporates. However, alternatives to today’s management practices exist. A hydrological model simulating the water and salt balance of this region was constructed and verified by using spatially distributed input data. A general overview of the model set-up is given. The verification of the model with a remotely sensed map of phreatic evaporation is discussed in more detail. By using this model, several management scenarios have been developed and their influence on the water balance has been studied. Key words groundwater modelling; phreatic evaporation; remote sensing; soil salinity; stable isotopes


Can water stressed regions be characterised when there is sparse data?

JELLE BUMA1, CAROLINE SULLIVAN2, NENO KUKURIC1 & JASPER GRIFFIOEN1

1 TNO Built Environment and Geosciences / Geological Survey of the Netherlands, PO Box 80015, 3508 TA Utrecht, The [email protected]

2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK

Abstract In the identification of effective mitigation strategies to combat water stress, indicators for natural hydrological potential, water stress and mitigation measures are important. Ideally, such indicators should meet two conditions: (1) public availability (preferably in digital format), and (2) distinguishing capacity at the required scale of drainage sub-basins. However, water stress indicators tend to be available, if at all, only for large-scale administrative units (country or province), and there is a clear need to consider how water stress can be assessed in unmonitored regions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to define a simple approach for indicator mapping, using a few key indicators based on information from water management practices in eight selected test sites of the EU funded Aquastress project. Within this project, the approach outlined here will be tested and validated. Key words case based reasoning; indicators; mapping; scale; water stress


The impact of pine plantations on water yield: a case study from the Ecuadorian Andes

WOUTER BUYTAERT1,2, ROLANDO CÉLLERI2,3, BERT DE BIÈVRE2 & VICENTE IÑIGUEZ2

1 Environmental Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK

[email protected] Programa para el Manejo del Agua y del Suelo, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril s/n. Cuenca, Ecuador3 Hydraulics Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

Abstract The conversion of natural grasslands to both pine plantations and cultivation was studied in the South American tropical alpine ecosystem called páramo. Hydrological and meteorological data were collected from four microcatchments, each with predominant vegetation,. The water balance was analysed in order to obtain the evapotranspiration of each catchment. The natural grasslands catchments had the lowest evapotranspiration. Evaporation in the cultivated catchment was about 20–40% higher, compared to 40–70% in the pine catchment. Flow duration curves were derived from the discharge time series and used to assess differences in the hydrological response of the catchments. The cultivated catchment is characterized by a significantly faster hydrological response than the natural catchment. The flow duration curves show higher peak flows and lower base flows. In the pine catchment, both peak and base flow are drastically lower because of higher local consumption. In the past, pine plantations have been widely considered as a viable method to improve the economic return of the páramo. In view of the importance of the páramo as a water supplier, these activities might need to be re-evaluated.Key words Ecuador; evapotranspiration; hydrological response; land use changes; pine plantations


Effective impact assessment of development based programmes through quantification of livelihoods

PRADEEP P LODHA1 & ASHVANI K GOSAIN2

1 Civil Engineering Department, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad 380015, Gujarat, [email protected]

2 Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India

Abstract The qualitative assessment of livelihoods as a tool to analyse impacts of development-based programmes does not serve the purpose of evaluation and monitoring of such programmes, and fails to provide sustainable solutions. Qualitative methods are subjective and involve many uncertainties. In this paper a new technique to quantify livelihoods of watershed community based on the philosophy of the UNDP for assessment of human development is proposed. A new index called House Hold Development Index (HHDI) is constructed using socio-economic indicators like literacy, income, health, cattle holding, and land holding, and has been embedded into a management framework. Based on HHDI, specific derivative indices have been generated to address the issues of equity, development, and sustainability. The technique is employed on the Dudhi micro-watershed, which is located in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh in India.Key words development; equity; India; livelihood indices; quantification; sustainability; watershed management


Optimization of cropped area, based on forecast streamflows (a case study: Soofichay irrigation systems)


SAEED MORID1, NAZANIN SHAHKARAMI1 & MOHAMMAD A. RAHIMI JAMNANI2

1 College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, PO Box 14113-336, Tehran, [email protected]

2 Tehran AB-Khak Consulting Engineers, Karadj, Iran

Abstract An indication of cropped area according to available water resources in different conditions, and especially during drought spells, is of great importance. This paper is an attempt to fulfil this task using a proper approach for river flows forecasting and an optimization model. The first step is that the 6-month river flows were forecasted using artificial neural networks (ANNs). In the next step, the relationship between the first and second 6-month flows were analysed and calculated. However, the results showed that it is necessary to use different approaches for wet and dry years. Furthermore, the optimization model was set up to indicate areas of cultivation for the study area’s cropping pattern with respect to the forecast flows. The results showed that the applied methodology indicated optimum cropped area with respect to available water resources, and can be considered as a suitable method for drought mitigation plans. Key word Artificial Neural Networks; cropped area; drought; optimization model; Soofichay irrigation system


Using the contingent valuation method to inform sustainable wetland management: the case of the Akrotiri wetland in Cyprus

EKIN BIROL1, PHOEBE KOUNDOURI2 & YIANNIS KOUNTOURIS2

1 International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, [email protected]

2 DIEES, Athens University of Economics and Business, 76, Patission Street, Athens 104 34, Greece

Abstract Wetlands are a crucial component of water resources, providing several ecological functions and services, including flood attenuation, groundwater recharge and water quality maintenance, as well as conservation of biodiversity and provision of recreational activities. In Cyprus, an arid country with scarce water resources, wetlands have been degraded and drained due to the increasing intensity of agricultural production, water pollution, dam construction and the failure of existing national policies to efficiently and effectively manage them. In this paper it is stated that in order to be able to design and implement efficient and effective policies for sustainable wetland management, both the use and the non-use values generated by their several services and functions need to be realized and captured. This paper employs a non-market valuation method, namely a contingent valuation survey, to estimate the economic benefits generated by the Akrotiri wetland in Cyprus. The paper proposes how the results of this survey can be employed to design and implement efficient and effective wetland conservation policies, as a part of integrated water resource management in Cyprus, as required by the European Union’s Water Framework Directive.Key words contingent valuation; non-use value; use value; wetland



TwoLe/P: a MODSS implementing PIP procedure for participatory water basin planning

ANDREA CASTELLETTI, FRANCESCA PIANOSI, VALENTINA SACHERO & RODOLFO SONCINI SESSADepartment of Electronics and Information, Politecnico di Milano, via Ponzio 34/5, I-20133 Milano, [email protected]

Abstract The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) sets out a detailed framework for the development of River Basin Management Plans and foresees the implementation of participatory processes within the decision-making procedure. The directive addresses public participation by the identification of three levels: Information, Consultation and Active Involvement. In spite of WFD guidelines (CIS WFD GD no. 8), gaps still exist between concept and practice. In order to ensure an equal and effective realization of participation on each level, specific methods and tools have to be identified and nested within the planning process. A Participatory and Integrated Planning procedure (PIP) has been developed and implemented within TwoLe/P, a MODSS supporting water resource planning at basin scale. A pilot application is being developed upon the basin of Como Lake and Adda River, in northern Italy. Results of the integration of participatory aspects in the MAVT-based decision-making model are shown, focusing on knowledge elicitation and evaluation of alternatives.Key words decision-making; evaluation; fuzzy utility; knowledge elicitation; participatory process; Water Frame Directive


Urban flood plains – optimised management strategies in the face of conflicting ecological and socio-economic demands

THOMAS HEIN1,2, ALFRED P. BLASCHKE3, GERTRUD HAIDVOGL2, SEVERIN HOHENSINNER2, WALTER RECKENDORFER4, KARL REITER4, BERND SCHUH5 & GABRIELE WEIGELHOFER1,4

1 Wasserkluster Lunz GmbH, Inter University Center for Water Research, 3293 Lunz am See, Austria [email protected]

2 Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, Department of Water – Atmosphere – Environment, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Max Emanuel-Strasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria

3 Institute for Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria.

4 Vienna Ecology Center, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria5 ÖIR - Austrian Institute for Regional Studies and Spatial Planning, Franz-Josefs-Kai 27, 1010 Vienna, Austria

Abstract Beside their ecological value, urban flood plains often provide a wide range of socio-

economic services, which may be in conflict with their ecological development. New management strategies are needed in order to protect these areas and preserve the potential for future socio-economic utilisations. The Lobau, an urban flood plain of the Danube within the city limits of Vienna, has undergone severe changes during the last 130 years. The aim of the project “Optima Lobau” is to identify the best-compromise solution for a sustainable management perspective for the Lobau, with the help of a multi-criteria decision aid system. Basically, scenarios are created to evaluate potential management approaches based on hydraulic engineering measures. Sub-scenarios are differentiated according to the maximum development of one dominating ecological and socio-economic demand and will be evaluated with the help of interlinked hydro-morphological, ecological and socio-economic models.Key words biodiversity; Danube River Basin; ecosystem functions; ecosystem modelling; ecosystem services; flood plain; multi criteria decision aid system; socioeconomic demands; sustainable management


A conceptual framework for the analysis of sustainable watershed management projects

SUBHA VISHNUDAS1, HUBERT. H. G. SAVENIJE1,2 & PIETER VAN DER ZAAG2,1

1 Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The [email protected]

2 UNESCO-IHE, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, The Netherlands

Abstract This paper presents an analytical framework that helps in understanding the different aspects and elements of sustainable watershed management and their interactions. For a watershed project to be sustainable, four groups of criteria should be considered related to natural resources, technology, institutions and economics, respectively. A suitable metaphor for these four elements is a chain of shackles, the chain being as strong as the weakest shackle. This framework has been illustrated with two case studies in Kerala, South India.Key words conceptual framework; India; sustainability; watershed


Water resources management and water availability in the Elbe River basin under conditions of global change

STEFAN KADEN1, MICHAEL KALTOFEN1 & HAGEN KOCH2

1 WASY GmbH, Institute for Water Resources Planning and Systems Research, Waltersdorfer Straße 105, D-12526 Berlin, [email protected]

2 Brandenburg Technical University, PO Box 10 13 44, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany

Abstract Global change poses a challenge to long term planning in water management. Plausible

and consistent scenarios are required, as well as an assessment of possible climatic, technological and social developments and their impact. These problems, and a possible adaptation strategy, are subjects of research within the GLOWA Elbe II project. One important component of this multi-disciplinary project is the analysis of conflicts related to water availability for the whole Elbe River basin (about 150 000 km2). A detailed water management model for the whole Elbe River basin, including the Czech part of the basin, has been developed. The amount of water use is partly determined by modules, which consider economic changes. The model also includes assessment functions providing results by monetary and non-monetary indicators. The simulation software used is the model WBalMo®. Key words global change; long term planning; modelling; water resources management


From concept to practice – a tool for integrated water resources management under climate change

ATEF KASSEM, TAMAS HAMORY & MAURICE SYDORSustainable Water Management Division, Environmental Stewardship Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents a practical approach to water management at the basin level, using a comprehensive simulation model that integrates water demand and basin supply for water budget assessment, and describes its application. The model uses socio-economic, physical and climatic data, as well as policy scenarios to forecast future multi-sectoral water demands. The vulnerability of the basin to any long term changes in the climate is determined through integrated analysis of the impact of climate change scenarios on both water demand and water supply. The paper illustrates the importance of accounting for climate variability, and shows how such a model can be applied to determine the potential risks or benefits posed by a changing climate, thus providing policy-makers with the necessary information upon which appropriate adaptation decisions can be made. Key words climate change; climate variability; irrigation; IWRM; risk; South Saskatchewan River basin; water demand forecasting


Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Geum River Basin, Korea

YOUNG-OH KIM1, HYUNG IL-EUM1, DAE IL JEONG1, DONG-HYUN KANG1, DONG-HYUN CHA2 & DONG-KYOU LEE2

1 School of Civil, Urban & Geosystem Engng, Seoul National University San 56-1 Shillim-dong Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, [email protected]

2 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University San 56-1 Shillim-dong Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-


747, Korea

Abstract Many countries are preparing national or regional river basin plans to mitigate the potential effects of climate change. This study applies a chained modelling procedure to evaluating climate change impacts on the Geum River Basin from 2030 to 2049. Six GCM-driven climate change scenarios are downscaled and input to the abcd monthly water balance model. A simulation model built in the STELLA environment is used to evaluate system sensitivity to changes in streamflow. Next, sampling stochastic dynamic programming is used to identify potential operational alternatives and carry out the survey to recommend the adaptations available in the basin.Key words abcd model; adaptations; climate change; GCM; Korea; SNURCM; vulnerability


Reducing flood vulnerability: the model of resilience in Naga City, the Philippines

SAUT A. H. SAGALA, PAUL HOFSTEE & NANETTE KINGMA International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), PO Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands [email protected]

Abstract This paper illustrates that different characteristics of resilience to a natural disaster affect the loss that a community sustains. Under the research project SLARIM (Strengthening Local Authorities in Risk Management); Naga City was selected as the case study that shows how people deal with floods. Naga Municipality has tried to diminish the impact of floods by reloca-ting people to higher land. This approach has been problematic because people do not have an opportunity to earn their livelihood in the new location. The findings show that people have prepared for floods by building with different kinds of construction materials, preparing places to store their belongings, and stocking up on food and necessary goods. The findings reveal different types of resilience. The paper concludes that resilience in Naga City provides a significant model to comprehend flood vulnerability, and therefore local resilience should be elaborated more in practice and disaster management.Key words disaster management; flood vulnerability; local community; natural hazards; Philippines; resilience


Conditional Value-at-Risk analysis of flooding in the Lower Mekong Basin

BRIAN WEBBY1, PETER ADAMSON1, JOHN BOLAND2, PHIL HOWLETT2 & ANDREW METCALFE1

1 The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, [email protected]

2 Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, The University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South



Australia 5095, Australia

Abstract In large monsoonal rivers like the Mekong the annual flood is at the core of the traditional socio-economic fabric of the riparian peoples. Great empires, like that of the Khmer in Cambodia during the Angkor period (800–1400 AD), had their economic base in agricultural productivity, which was achieved through efficient water management on the natural flood plain. Such riverine regions have historically been transformed throughout SE Asia into the most productive and densely populated landscapes of the subcontinent. Their prosperity is flood dependent, such that in this Asian context, flood risk and the associated loss is not the exclusive concern of extreme values above a critical threshold, but is also related to episodes that fall significantly below expectation. Here, we apply the concept of Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) to the assessment of financial loss in the agricultural sector in the Mekong Delta when the annual flood hydrograph departs significantly from its average. CVaR is used to identify the budget required for insurance policies covering potential crop losses—a basis for rural income stabilisation in the Delta. Key words Conditional Value-at-Risk; flood benefits; flood costs; Lower Mekong Basin


Operational flood protection management in the Ruhr River catchment basin in Germany: challenges and limitations

GERD MORGENSCHWEIS & CHRISTIAN HEITEFUSS Ruhrverband (Ruhr River Association), Reservoir Division, Kronprinzenstr. 37, D-45128 Essen, [email protected]

Abstract The Ruhr River Association (in German: Ruhrverband) successfully operates a flood management system using the retention capacity of the reservoirs in the Ruhr catchment basin to avoid flooding in the cities along the rivers Ruhr and Lenne. Nevertheless, additional model calculations have revealed that the flood protection effect of the existing reservoir system is limited to floods with a return period of 50 years or less. For this reason, flood action plans have been developed in order to assess the risk of flooding with return periods of 100 years and more. As part of these flood action plans, so-called focal points were identified, the flood damage potential was determined, and flood mitigation measures were proposed. By presenting the experience gained with the use of a reservoir system to achieve flood control in the catchment basin of the Ruhr River, the paper shows both the possibilities and limitations of such a system.Key words flood action plan; flood forecasting; flood protection; flood risk; hydrological models; operational flood control; water management


Flood losses in private households: analysis of influencing factors and implications for flood loss modelling

ANNEGRET H. THIEKEN1, HEIDI KREIBICH1, MEIKE MÜLLER2, MATTHIAS NICKLISCH1 & BRUNO MERZ1

1 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Engineering Hydrology Section, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, [email protected]

2 Deutsche Rückversicherung AG, Hansaallee 176, D-40549 Düsseldorf, Germany

Abstract Little is known about the factors that influence flood losses. Therefore, computer-aided telephone interviews were undertaken in 1697 private households in Germany after a severe flood in August 2002. Besides flood losses to buildings and household contents a variety of factors were addressed. In this paper, variables describing the flood impact (i.e. water level, flow velocity, flood duration and contamination of the flood water) and their effects on flood damage are analysed by cluster analysis. The analysis revealed several combinations of impact variables that caused high flood losses.Key words Elbe; flood damage; flow velocity; Germany; hydrological impact; private households


Estimation of trends in rainfall extremes as important input parameters for flood risk assessment

SUSANNE BACHNER, ALICE KAPALA & CLEMENS SIMMERMeteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 20, D-53121 Bonn, [email protected]

Abstract Different statistical characteristics of daily precipitation and discharge data covering the 20th century are investigated with regard to their long term behaviour. Trend analysis, extreme value statistics and wavelet analysis are used in order to examine different aspects of the temporal variability of precipitation characteristics. There is a tendency of increasing extremes in both rainfall and runoff, but this is only valid for a few stations and precipitation indices. Common temporal scales of variability in both parameters are detected by applying cross wavelet spectra with complex phase relations.Key words daily precipitation and discharge data; extremes; Germany; return values; trend and wavelet analysis


Database improvement for better land management and natural disaster prevention in a tropical watershed

JÜRGEN BAUMANN1, ISIDRO GAYTAN1, JOSÉ LUIS ARELLANO1, JOSE

LUIS MIRANDA1 & JUAN ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ2

1 National Water Commission, Av. Insurgentes Sur 2416, Col. Copilco El Bajo, 04340 México, DF, [email protected]

2 Autonoumus University of State of Chiapas, Faculty for Agricultural Sciences, Campus IV, Estación Huehuetán, 30660 Huehuetán, Mexico

Abstract The Tropical Pacific Coastal Region of the Chiapas State in Mexico is frequently affected by highly erosive rainstorms and rainfall accumulations. A broad database of rainfall intensity and erosivity characteristics and hydrological responses of four micro-catchments under different land-use systems were obtained during a six-year investigation period in the Huehuetán watershed. Overall classification of rainfall data showed that highly erosive single rainstorms contribute considerably to annual rainfall. Major soil types present a great heterogeneity of physical conditions, and soil texture is an important factor for determining runoff behaviour. The effect of slope was compared in two adjacent micro-catchments under coffee production systems. Rainfall erosivity–runoff equations were established for the catchments. The database and the results will allow for the calibration and use of hydrological and erosion models as planning tools for land-use and disaster prevention measures in the tropical watersheds at the Coastal Region. Key words rainfall erosivity; runoff coefficient; small catchments; slope gradient; soil heterogeneity; tropical watersheds


A new system for online flood forecasting – performance and implications

JOHANNES CULLMANN, GERD. H. SCHMITZ & WILFRIED GÖRNERInstitute of Hydrology and Meteorology, University of Technology, Würzburger Str. 46, Dresden, [email protected]

Abstract Flood forecasting, as well as flood risk management at the operational level, become more and more relevant. The required reliability and robustness for operational flood warning systems, which up to now present the basic problems, are accounted for by the PAI-OFF (Process Modelling and Artificial Intelligence for Online Flood Forecasting) approach. It is based on the operational advantages of artificial neural networks. The system integrates all available physical information with the aid of a training procedure, originating from a physically based hydrological model. The forecast reliability of the new approach strongly depends on the catchment models’ ability to realistically portray the flood relevant processes. In this paper we present two different approaches for modelling flood peaks with WaSiM-ETH, focusing on the parameterisation strategy. In order to improve model efficiency we propose a dual parameterisation methodology. This approach allows for setting model parameters according to the dominant controls of floods of different magnitudes. Results from the study are demonstrated for a catchment in the Erzgebirge (Ore-mountains) in East Germany (1700 km2). Online flood forecasting of the Zschopau River at the gauge Kriebstein is validated using PAI-OFF to predict the 2002 extreme flood event. This data did not feature in the training process of the PAI-OFF-PoNN (Polynomial Neural Network) forecast tool. The computational efficiency, together with the convincing agreement between the predicted and observed flood hydrographs, underlines the potential of the new PAI-OFF methodology in the context of operational online forecasting.Key words artificial neural networks; model parameterisation; online-flood forecasting; process modelling

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water Related Risks at the Basin Scale (Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, Bochum, Germany, September 2006).

IAHS Publ. 317, 2007, 337–341.

Operational flood risk management based on ensemble predictions

JÖRG DIETRICH, FRANK VOSS & ANDREAS SCHUMANNInstitute of Hydrology, Water Resources Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, [email protected]

Abstract Flood forecasts are essential to issue reliable flood warnings and to initiate flood control measures on time. However, these forecasts comprise different uncertainties. Ensemble forecasts are means of describing different scenarios of the potential future development assuming different initial conditions, different model physics, or even different models. Hence they contribute to the estimation of the hydro-meteorological forecast uncertainty. This paper presents a methodology that is designed to support decision makers in issuing flood alerts, which are based on a probabilistic evaluation of flood forecast ensembles. First results from a case study at the mountainous Mulde catchment are shown using COSMO-LEPS meteorological ensemble forecasts for the extreme flood event in 2002. The rainfall–runoff model ArcEGMO was used to simulate discharge forecast ensembles.Key words ensemble forecasting; flood management; hydrological modelling; risk assessment


Automatic optimization offers new possibilities for cost-effective flood protection at urban rivers

LUTZ FELDMANN1 & JENS SCHRAMM2

1 Ingenieurbüro Feldmann GmbH, Talstraße 12, D-51588 Nümbrecht, [email protected]

2 DDC Dorsch Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Löscherstraße 16, D-01309 Dresden, Germany

Abstract Flood protection is a major expense, and therefore a burden on public budgets which requires that financial resources are applied most efficiently. Designing large-scale flood protection for urban rivers is a complex task with many constraints, which makes finding economical solutions time-consuming and therefore costly. This paper introduces a planning tool which computes the most cost-efficient solution for a defined extent of flood protection. The automatic optimization process is controlled by evolutionary strategies. It is shown that, compared to manually designed solutions, the optimization system helps to reduce costs for flood protection by up to 20%. Furthermore, this approach allows a detailed analysis of applied boundary conditions such as discharge and freeboard. The sensitivity of these boundary conditions on flood-protection costs can be determined, which is vital for efficiently applying financial resources.Key words automatic optimization; cost functions; evolutionary strategies; financial resources; flood protection; river

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reducing the Vulnerability of Societies to Water Related Risks at the Basin Scale (Proceedings of the third

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management, Bochum, Germany, September 2006). IAHS Publ. 317, 2007, 347–353.

Flood vulnerability and preparedness: model approach to mitigate the risk for local communities

DAGMAR HAASE & CARSTEN BOHNDepartment of Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ – Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Germany [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents an approach, model components and methodologies to conceptualise and assess local flood vulnerability. In doing so, it is the major objective to increase the adaptive capacity of local communities against floods. Empirical evidence is taken from the Mulde River, Germany, and will be transferred to the transboundary Tisza River (Hungary, Ukraine). The conceptual model presented in the paper incorporates variables such as preparedness or risk awareness based on improved information on increasing flood frequency or discharge to demonstrate how to structure and mobilise autochthon capacities of households and communities to cope with floods. For the quantification of the causal-feedback-loops we use empiric data.Key words adaptive capacity; flood preparedness mental and concept models; transboundary river basin management; vulnerability


Is hydrology reducing vulnerabilities?

ANDREAS SCHUMANN & BASTIAN KLEINInstitute of Hydrology, Water Resources Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, [email protected]

Abstract Risks depend on hazards and vulnerabilities against them. Hydrology is very much focused on the characterization of hazards. The susceptibility to these hazards strongly depends on the understanding and assessment of hydrological phenomena. Here hydrologists are challenged to provide the necessary information to the public. However, hydrology often fails to communicate with stakeholders and affected people about hazards. One problem of these communications is the insufficient consideration of the differences between aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties. In this contribution these differences are discussed. Some examples of ways to reduce epistemic uncertainties are presented.Key words design floods operational flood management; flood risks; flood statistics; uncertainties; vulnerability


Fuzzy reliability analysis of floods: an approach

for integration of objective and subjective risks

SLOBODAN P. SIMONOVICDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada [email protected]

Abstract Flood disaster risk reductions are attempted on the basis of a number of different conceptual approaches to risk. Flood disaster risk management is considered in this work as a decision problem. This paper presents a framework for flood disaster risk reduction, conceptualizes risk measures, develops operational definitions of the risk measures, implements the framework in the form of a computerized risk assessment tool, and applies the disaster risk assessment tool to the analysis of flood risk.Key words flood management; fuzzy reliability analysis; risk


HowisErft – a remote sensing based flood prediction and information system

TILO KELLER1, OLIVER BUCHHOLZ2, ULRICH KERN1, DIRK MEETSCHEN3

& CLEMENS SIMMER3

1 Erftverband, Paffendorfer Weg 42, D-50126 Bergheim, [email protected]

2 Hydrotec Ingenieurgesellschaft für Wasser und Umwelt mbH, Bachstr. 62-64, D-52066 Aachen, Germany3 Meteorologisches Institut, Auf dem Hügel 20, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

Abstract HowisErft aims at the extension of the existing flood alert system of the 1800 km2

catchment of the River Erft, Germany, to an integrated flood prediction and information system. HowisErft is based on real-time acquisition and processing of high resolution precipitation data from the X-band radar of the Meteorological Institute of the University of Bonn, the raingauge network of the Erftverband, as well as radar and forecasting data of the German Weather Service (DWD). This data is used as input for an online operated rainfall–runoff model. The results of the hydrological simulations, in conjunction with offline geographic data such as flood risk maps, provide fundamental information for an early warning system and flood management. This information will be made available by user oriented web-pages and additional information channels. Key words Erft; flood prediction; parameter estimation; radar hydrology


Combating flooding together


IRINA KRASOVSKAIA1, LARS GOTTSCHALK1, HALLVARD BERG2, ALISON MCERLAIN3, DENYS NGU3 & TIMM RUBEN GEISSLER4

1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1047 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway [email protected]

2 Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, NVE, PO Box 5091, Maj., N-0301 Oslo, Norway3 Norfolk County Council, Department of Planning & Transportation, County Hall, Martineau Lane, Norwich NR1 2SG,

UK4 Technische Universität Hamburg, Wasserbau, 3-11, Denickestrasse 22, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany

Abstract Floods are natural phenomena and are only a threat with respect to human society. Knowledge of perception of flood hazard by laymen and professionals is indispensable to define a level of social and economic tolerance to flooding. Flood perception studies usually focus on perception by laymen, while perception of decision-makers is still poorly investigated. A comparative study of perceptions by the population and decision-makers in flood prone areas of the North Sea Region of Europe was carried out. The views of nearly 4000 laymen addressed by the poll were compared with those of decision-makers at national expert panels, revealing that consensus on tolerable risk is still a long way off. At the finalizing international panel a dialogue between laymen and decision-makers was promoted in search of consensus. The important results of this dialogue are: promotion of public participation, raising public awareness and responsibility taking, and the holistic approach.Key words consensus; expert panels; flooding; North Sea Region; perceptions; poll


Main factors influencing the economic flood damage of companies

HEIDI KREIBICH1, MEIKE MÜLLER2, ANNEGRET THIEKEN1 & BRUNO MERZ1

1 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Section Engineering Hydrology, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, [email protected]

2 Deutsche Rückversicherung AG, Hansaallee 177, D-40549 Düsseldorf, Germany

Abstract Flood risk analyses, including damage assessments, are gaining more and more attention in flood risk management. To improve the knowledge about flood damage of companies and damage-influencing factors, 415 companies affected by the severe flood event of the River Elbe and its tributaries in August 2002 were questioned. The mean total damage amounted to 1.1 million €, the median to 0.2 million €, i.e. the mean was dominated by a few companies with very high damage. Flood characteristics, mainly the water level, were causing significant differences of the total flood damage. However, the extreme values of very high damage were mainly influenced by company characteristics. Especially large enterprises with high assets suffered from very high flood damage of more than 2 million €. Key words damage assessment; enterprises; flood impact; Germany; telephone interviews; vulnerability


A European framework of integration for flood

risk management

JOCHEN SCHANZELeibniz Institute of Ecological and Regional Development (IOER), Weberplatz 1, D-01217 Dresden, [email protected]

Abstract This paper presents basic ideas of a theoretical and methodological framework of integration for flood risk management which has been developed for the European Community, particularly by the Integrated Project FLOODsite of the 6th EU Framework Programme.Key words decision making; DSS; flood risk management; flood risk system; model system; risk analysis; risk assessment; risk reduction; strategic planning


Sustainable methods for reducing communities’ vulnerability to flooding in Mozambique

DARREN LUMBROSO1, DAVID RAMSBOTTOM1 & MATHIAS SPALIVEIRO2

1 HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, [email protected]

2 United Nations (UN) Human Settlements Programme, PO Box 159, Maputo, Mozambique

Abstract In 2000 Mozambique was hit by widespread floods that affected two million people and cost approximately 20% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. A cost–benefit analysis of structural vs non-structural measures has indicated that in Mozambique a structural approach to flood management cannot be justified. As a consequence flood mitigation measures need to focus on non-structural solutions, such as reducing vulnerability to flooding and improving preparedness. This paper details the development of sustainable flood mitigations strategies, and the production of awareness raising and educational tools to reduce poor communities’ vulnerability to flooding. The tools, which were developed in partnership with local stakeholders, include a Source Book on sustainable flood mitigation strategies, a series of posters, together with a manual and card game aimed at improving flood preparedness amongst school children. These tools were piloted in partnership with three communities in the Limpopo River basin. Key words flood; Mozambique; reducing vulnerability; sustainable flood mitigation strategies


NOAH, the right information at the right time at the right place

ERIK JAN LANGKAMP1, LUDOLPH WENTHOLT1, BOB PENGEL1, REINHART VOGT2, SEBASTIAN SCHNITZLER3 & KEES DE GOOIJER1

1 STOWA, PO Box 8090, NL-3503 RB Utrecht, The [email protected]

2 Hochwasserschutzzentrale Köln, Willy-Brandt-Platz 2, D-50679 Köln, Germany3 Regierungspräsidium Karlsruhe, Schlossplatz 4-6 D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany

Abstract In the Interreg IIIb funded project NOAH, project partners from The Netherlands and Germany joined forces to improve information transfer during high water events along rivers. The main objectives were development and implementation of an automated high water information system called FLIWAS and involving the general public in flood issues by means of High Water Partnerships. The execution of the project itself has already increased common understanding on functionality within the partnership. The building process of FLIWAS is now well underway; delivery was delayed and was re-planned for early 2007. The added value of the project for flood and emergency management will be demonstrated during a multi-disciplinary international full-scale exercise along the rivers Rhine and Maas. The project has received positive feedback from the field and is currently looking to broaden the scope, especially in relation to coastal floods. Funding options are being actively pursued.Key words NOAH; FLIWAS; flood information; emergency planning; flood response; evacuation


Risk assessment for hydraulic structures: procedure and application

DANIEL BACHMANN, GESA KUTSCHERA, MAREN NIEMEYER, NILS PETER HUBER & JÜRGEN KÖNGETERInstitute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, D-52056 Aachen, [email protected]

Abstract RAPID (Risk Assessment: Probability, Inundation, Damage) is a tool for the determination, evaluation and mitigation of hazards associated with hydraulic structures. The risk is commonly defined as the product of the failure probability and the resulting damage. The RAPID procedure is divided into three steps: risk analysis, risk assessment and risk management. Within the risk analysis, vulnerability investigations are carried out for the hydraulic structures under study. Failure mechanisms for these structures are derived and the probability of failure is calculated. The failure of the structure results in a flood wave with high kinetic energy. The damage to man, economy and environment has to be evaluated. The risk analysis is completed with the determination of the risk. Within the second step (risk assessment) the evaluated risk is analysed for acceptance of the affected parties. If the risk is not acceptable, technical, organizational or administrative reduction measures have to be analysed and implemented in the risk management. The procedure sequence of RAPID is explained stepwise in general, as well as by means of an application example for an area situated on the right bank of the Rhine River, where subsidence due to mining activities occurs.Key words damage potential; dike failure; failure probability; inundation; risk assessment


Constraints and methods of refurbishment measures for dikes

RONALD HASELSTEINER & THEODOR STROBLInstitute of Hydraulic and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität München, Arcisstraße 21, D-80290 Munich, [email protected]

Abstract This article clearly and briefly summarizes current requirements and technical methods for dike refurbishment measures. It is based upon a research and development project lasting two and a half years, which broadly examined the topic “Refurbishment of Flood Protection Dikes”. The engineer’s task is to choose the most appropriate method of refurbishing for adapting dikes to comply with national technical standards, taking into consideration the dominant constraints. Standards such as those described in DIN 19712 (1997) provide a degree of protection dependent on the potential for damage within the flood plain. Dikes in Germany are usually designed to support water levels in excess of the design water level up to crest level. Constraints include not only technical challenges relating to existing older dikes, such as, monitoring and maintenance, but also environmental, landscape and townscape issues as well as being subject to public law.Key words dike; geosynthetics; levee; refurbishment; sealing


Flood relief project at Esch-sur-Sûre

PHILIPPE LAZARO1 & GUY TOUSSIN2

1 Lombardi Engineering Ltd, Via R. Simen 19, CH-6648 Minusio, [email protected]

2 Le Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, Ministère des Travaux Publics, Administration des Ponts et Chaussées, Division des Ouvrages d'Art, 43 Bv. G.-D. Charlotte, 1331 Luxembourg

Abstract Following extensive flooding at Esch-sur-Sûre (Luxembourg) in 1993 and 1995, the Administration des Ponts et Chaussées appointed Lombardi Engineering Ltd (Switzerland) to carry out the prefeasibility and feasibility studies for a flood relief tunnel at Esch-sur-Sûre and a new spillway for the dam located on the River Sûre, 1.2 km upstream of the town. The 142 m long flood relief tunnel will cut a 900 m long meander of the River Sûre in order to protect the town from further damage due to floods, up to a maximum return period of 50 years. The construction of a new spillway on the left bank of the Esch-sur-Sûre dam with a discharge capacity of 400 m3/s will increase the dam safety in case of floods.Key words flood relief tunnel; flood risk management


Reliability of coastal flood defences in Vietnam



C. MAI VAN1,2, P. H. A. J. M. VAN GELDER1 & J. K. VRIJLING1 1 Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA DELFT, The Netherlands

[email protected] Water Resources University of Vietnam, 175 Tayson, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract This research aims at investigating the safety aspects of coastal flood defences in Vietnam, a country which has coastlines of about 3000 kilometres long, with low lying deltaic coastal areas, which are mainly protected by sea dikes. The sea dikes in particular are threatened because of the combined occurrence of severe storm surges from the sea and its high tides. An accurate assessment of the safety of the existing coastal defence system is therefore important. Application of modern probabilistic techniques for safety assessment of coastal flood defences is investigated. Subsequently, determination of the accepted risk level in the coastal areas is discussed. The reliability and risk-based optimal design for improvement of the Vietnamese coastal flood defence system is presented. Key words coastal defences; flood defences; probabilistic design; reliability of coastal structures; risk analysis; sea dikes


The effects of Chao Phraya dam operation on the upstream flood inundation

SUTHAM VISUTIMETEEGORN1, KANCHIT LIKITDECHAROTE1 & SUPHAT VONGVISESSOMJAI2

1 Department of Water Resources Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, [email protected]

2 Team Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd, Nuanjan, Buengkum, Bangkok 10230, Thailand

Abstract During floods, the operation of Chao Phraya dam to control downstream water discharge causes flood inundation in the upstream areas. The purposes of this research are to study the effects of Chao Phraya dam on the upstream flood, and to find new flood mitigation measures using hydrodynamic models. The results show Manning’s n-value in the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries are 0.033–0.045 in main channels and 0.050–0.070 in flood plain areas. The discharge coefficient of the gates of Chao Phraya dam is 0.6. The backwater from the operation of Chao Praya dam affects water level as far as 110 km upstream. New concepts of water diversion can mitigate the flood inundation and have no effect on the floating rice fields. The harmonious operation of Chao Phraya dam, the regulators, and the upper reservoirs will mitigate the flood inundation efficiently.Key words backwater; Chao Phraya River; diversion dam; flood inundation; gate operation; hydraulics; hydrodynamic model


Flood Protection vs Heritage Conservation? An integrated urban and landscape design

approach for Grimma, Saxony

THOMAS WILL1 & HEIKO LIESKE2

1 Technische Universität Dresden, Professur für Denkmalpflege und Entwerfen, D-01062 Dresden, [email protected]

2 Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Landschaftsarchitektur, D-01062 Dresden, Germany

Abstract During the August flood of 2002, Grimma was one of the worst affected towns in Saxony. The old town was completely flooded and about 700 houses were damaged or destroyed. An initial proposal for future protection of the city called for a 1200 m long, about 3 m high, concrete wall, blocking the city from the river. Alerted by the following controversial discussion, the authority in charge is now pursuing a comprehensive and integrated approach. Our team, called in for consultation, is engaged in bringing together interdisciplinary expertise for a flood protection system tailored to the special needs of Grimma, i.e. integrating flood control structures with the rich cultural heritage, the unique landscape, and urban design. The approach departs from conventional engineering procedures by involving experts and local citizens in stakeholder meetings that explore various options and visualize their consequences.Key words architectural heritage; conservation; disaster; flood control; flood protection; Grimma; integrated approach; landscape; prevention; urban design

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hydrologie.orghydrologie.org/redbooks/a317/P317 description, contents... · Web [email protected] 2 Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho,