Desalination Sustainably Drought Proofing Australia

Chemical Panel Engineers Australia WA Division & The Institution of Chemical Engineers (WA)

Gary J. CrispGlobal Business Leader – Desalination: GHD

BSc. Civil Engineering, C Eng., MICE, CP Eng., FIE Aust., PMP

Auditorium, Engineers Australia 712 Murray Street, West Perth, WA

Monday, 14 March 2011

DesalinationSustainably Drought Proofing Australia

It’s not about water.

It’s about energy!

“Energy is eternal delight!”Energy is liberation.

William Blake, author, poet, visionary, 1757 – 1827

SOURCE

TRANSPORT

WTP DISTRIBUTION

WWTP

COLLECTION

USE

DISPOSAL/RECYCLE

0.05 0.050.03 0.01 0.05 0.050.3

2.5

4.5

0.6 0.51.60.5

5.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

kW

hr/

m3

Upper Bound

Lower Bound

Energy Use Across the Water Cycle (1kWh/m3 = 3.79 kWh/kgal - 4 kWh/m3 = 15.14 kWh/kgal)

California State Water Project = 2.5 kWh/m3 = 9.50 kWh/kgalGold Coast Desalination Plant = 3.23 kWh/m3 = 12.24 kWh/kgal

Presentation Overview

• Reverse Osmosis Basics Plus

• The Big Six

• The Sustainability of Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)

• Future RO Developments

• Conclusions

Desalination – Where Are We Today?

14,754 Desalination Plants Worldwide – 16,700 MGD14,754 Desalination Plants Worldwide – 16,700 MGD

Source : IDA Desalination Yearbook 2009-2010

Source: WDR, July 2010

Source: WDR, July 2010

Projected New Desalination Capacity

in 20106.8 GL/day

Projected New Desalination Capacity

in 20106.8 GL/day

Actual New Capacity in 2009

3.9 GL/day

Actual New Capacity in 2009

3.9 GL/day

Water Resource Cost Trends: US $/m3

Global Water Intelligence - October 2006

• Water from the oceans is still perceived as a ‘technology’ solution, but desalination should be

recognised as a ‘policy’ solution

Cost ($/m3)

Year

THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINEThe TRUE Value of WaterObtained with Minimal Environmental Impact

The Environmental

“Forgotten”

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Water Cost 0.90 $/m3

Membrane Separation - Filtration Spectrum

Courtesy of Osmonics

Reverse Osmosis

WaterWater MoleculeMoleculess

ProtozoaProtozoa

BacteriaBacteria

VirusVirusOrganicsOrganics

InorganicInorganicss

An RO Membrane is like a An RO Membrane is like a Microscopic Strainer that Microscopic Strainer that allows Water Molecules to allows Water Molecules to pass throughpass through

Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)

Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)

Osmotic Pressure vs Salinity

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TDS (1000 mg/L)

P O

sm

oti

c (

Ba

r)

Osmotic Pressure vs Salinity

0.77 bar per 1000 mg/L

Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)Specific Energy Consumption (SEC)

• Theoretical minimum SEC for seawater @ 35000 mg/L TDS is 0.75 kWhr/kL.

• (0.77 bar/1000 mg/L) x (35000 mg/L) = 27 bar = 2700 kPa (2700 kN/m2) required to overcome seawater osmotic pressure for water at 35000 mg/L.

• Therefore energy to desalinate 1 kL or 1 m3 of seawater @ 35000 mg/L = 2700 kN/m2 x 1 m3 = 2700 kN-m = 2700 kJ = 2700 x 2.778 x 10-4 kWh = 0.75 kWh (1 kN-m = I kJ = 1 kW second = 0. 0002778 = 2.778 x 10-4 kWhr)

• Therefore 2700 kilojoules = 0.75 kWh for 1kL results in an SEC of 0.75 kWh/kL.

0.2 µm

40 µm

120 µm

Polyamide

Polysulfone

Ultra thinBarrier Layer

MicroporousPolysulfoneSubstrate

ReinforcingPolyester

Fabric

Cross-Section TFC

Membrane arrangementMembrane element

Feed spacer

Permeate spacer

Membrane leaf

Reverse Osmosis Spiral Wound Membrane

The Desalination Process

Australia’s six big desalination plants

The Big

Gold Coast Desal Plant (operating)_•133 MLD capacity•25 km distribution pipeline

Sydney Desal Plant (operating)•250 MLD capacity•25 km distribution pipeline

Victorian Desal Plant (under const.)•450 MLD capacity•~84 km distribution pipeline

Perth 1 Desal Plant (operating)•144 MLD capacity•~11 km distribution pipeline

Perth 2 Desal Plant (under const)•150 MLD capacity•~26 + 80 km distribution pipeline

1143 mm

533 mm

787 mm

*Average annual rainfall

Adelaide Desal Plant (under const.)•300 MLD capacity•~11 km distribution pipeline

508 mm

Australia Rainfall and Seawater Desalination

Courtesy – Bob Yamanda - SDCWA

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth I) - 38 mgd (144 MLD)• Client: Water Corporation• Capacity: 38 mgd (144 MLD)• Plant Capital Cost: $266 million• Connecting System (IWSS): $51 million• Total Capital Cost: $317 million• Total Operating Cost: $16 million/year• Unit Cost: $1,172/AF (AU$1.00/m3)• Commissioning Completion: 2007• GHD Involvement: Production of Basis of Design and Basis of Construction

Documents, 3rd Party Review of Designs from both Competing Consortia, Durability Reviews During Design and Construction Phase, Integration Network Concept and Detailed Design including the largest Pumping Station in the Perth Integrated System, the Nicholson Road Pumping Station (10 MW). Seaglider Oceanographic Measurements

• Configuration: Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Travelling Band Screens, Dual Media Pressure Filtration, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation

• Seawater Feed Quality: 35000 – 38000 mg/L TDS• Product Water Quality: < 200 mg/L• Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 13.58 (13.18) kWh/kgal - 3.59 (3.48) kWh/m3)• Technology Contractor: Degremont (France/Spain)

• Delivery Method Competitive Alliance - DBO• Awards: GWI Membrane Desalination Plant of Year 2007

ERI Awarded GWI Environmental Contribution of the Year 2006

The Big Six – No. 1

Courtesy of Water Corporation

• Located in Kwinana

• 144 MLD Capacity: 50 GL/Y

• 24 MW Power Required

• 140 mg/L Product Water

• Commenced operation in Nov. ‘06

• Wind Power is used as offset

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant

6.5 ha


6.5 ha

3 ha

GROUNDWATER SOURCEGROUNDWATER SOURCE

SURFACE WATER SOURCESURFACE WATER SOURCE

AREA SERVEDAREA SERVED

TRUNK MAINSTRUNK MAINS

PERTHPERTH

Goldfields & Agricultural WS

MandurahMandurah

Integrated Water SupplyScheme

StirlingStirling

Sth DandalupSth Dandalup

SerpentineSerpentine

Nth DandalupNth Dandalup

MundaringMundaring

VictoriaVictoria

CanningCanning

WungongWungong

PinjarPinjar

WannerooWanneroo

LexiaLexia

MirrabookaMirrabooka

NeerabupNeerabup

Sth WhitfordsSth WhitfordsGwelupGwelup

JandakotJandakot

• Ground water north of Swan River• Dams south of Swan River• Transport over 115 miles between top & bottom

Harvey Dam and Wokalup Pipehead DamHarvey Dam and Wokalup Pipehead Dam

2002 Yarragadee Bores2002 Yarragadee Bores

Samson Pipehead DamSamson Pipehead Dam

2001 Yarragadee Expansion2001 Yarragadee Expansion

Harris PumpbackHarris Pumpback

PSDPPSDP

NicholsonNicholson RdRd PumpstnPumpstn


Seawater Intake

Pre-treatment

SWRO & BWRO

Remineralisation/Storage

Potable water pump station

Residuals Treatment

Brine discharge

HV substation

Admin/Lab

Chemical Storage

Aerial View of Desalination Plant

Raw Seawater screen and pump station

Brine discharge

Seawater Intake System – Inlet Structure

Courtesy of the Water Corporation




Seawater Intake System – Inlet Structure




Seawater Intake System – Pipes and Works

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Onshore Active Screening – Band Screen


Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Seawater Intake and Outlet Works


Perth Seawater Desalination PlantSingle Stage Dual Media Pressure Filtration and Cartridge Filters


Each Pump Equivalent to 15 Toyota Lexus GX

Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i

0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each.*

*Red Book (Australia) specifications

High Pressure Pumps 2.6 MW Each (6 in total)


PRETREATED WATER

PRODUCTIONHP Pump

Energy Recovery System

(12 x 16 in Parallel)

REJECT

(Common By-pass)

2nd Stage

1st Stage

1ST PASS FEEDING (recycling)

First Pass Second Pass

MDJV in Alliance with Water Corporation

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Reverse Osmosis Process Flow – Operating Principals & Arrangement

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Circulation Pumps 134 kW each (12 in total)


Each Pump Equivalent to 1 Toyota RAV 4 5st

4dr Man 4x4 2.0i0.132 MW @ 5200rpm

each.**Red Book (Australia) specifications

Perth Seawater Desalination Project (PSDP) First Pass Reverse Osmosis Racks

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant RO Building Looking South – 2nd Pass RO


Each Rack Equivalent to 8 Ford Escape

Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 3.0i

0.152 MW @ 4750rpm each.*

*Red Book (Australia) specifications

Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.2 MW each (12 in total)



Perth Seawater Desalination Project PX Process

Perth Seawater Desalination Project Beyond Tomorrow

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Potabilization System and Drinking Water Storage Tank


Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Drinking Water Transfer Pump Station


Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Concentrate Discharge


Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Concentrate Discharge



Perth Seawater Desalination Project Long Term Monitoring Macrobenthic

To monitor the response of the sediment fauna over several years

Benthic macrofauna pilot survey – complete

Benthic macrofauna comprehensive baseline survey – commenced March 2006

Annual monitoring (for three years initially)

Brine Discharge SystemPerth Seawater Desalination Plant

50 m limit for mixing zone

30 m mixing zone – achieve 42 x dilution

20 diffuser ports at 5 m spacing

3 Ha

Outfall pipeline


Initial mixing zone

= 100 metres

45x dilution

farfield

diffuser


Seawater Concentrate - Salinity

water surface

Perth Seawater Desalination Project Baseline DO

Perth Seawater Desalination PlantReal Time Monitoring


Rhodamine Dye Test


These tests proved the Mathematical / Computer Model

analyses.


Note the marine growth on the diffuser ports.


Under the Surface

Sustainable Power - Wind Energy for PSDP

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (tonnes per annum)

EnergyOption

Grid GasRenewable or Sequestration

24 MW (21.1 MW average - 185 GW hrs/annum)

231,000 85,000 0

Stanwell/Griffin Joint Venture - Emu Downs wind generation facility – 100 Miles North of Perth

Water Corporation is purchasing 68 percent of the energy output


Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Stanwell/Griffin Joint Venture - Emu Downs wind generation facility – at Badgingarra200 north of PerthWater Corporation is purchasing 66 percent of the energy output24 MW (185 GW hrs/annum)Opened on 12 November 2006

Perth Seawater Desalination PlantSustainable Power - Wind Energy

Perth Seawater Desalination PlantSustainable Power - Wind Energy

• Capacity = 80 MW• No. of Turbines = 48• Hub Height = 68 m• Blade Length = 41 m• Wind Farm Area = 45 km2

• Wind Farm (66%) = 31 km2



The Big Six – No. 1Perth Seawater Desalination Plant – Demonstration Plant

Perth Seawater Desalination Project Plant Load RequirementsSingle Source 132 kV supply from Western Power

Application Drives Serviced NumberDrive Size

Variable Speed Requirement

Voltage Selected

(kW)

Seawater Intake Switchboard

Seawater Intake Pumps 6 560 Yes 690 V

Main Switchboard RO Pass 1 HP pumps 6 2,500 No 11 kV

RO Pass 2 Switchboard RO Pass 2 HP pumps 6 630 Yes 690 V

RO Auxiliary Switch Board

RO Pass 1 HP Booster Pumps 12 110 Yes 415 V

Drinking Water Switchboard Drinking Water Pumps 4 560 Yes 416 V

Post Treatment Switchboard Minor Drives Only Yes 417 V

Perth Seawater Desalination Project Specific Energy Consumption of Components and Total

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant - Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) for Components of Plant

Total Potable Water

ProductionIntake

Pumping

Desal Plant Plus Pre-Treatment

Only Potable

Pumping Total Plant

Intake Pumping

Excluding Pre-Treatment

Potable Water

Pumping Desal Plant

Only Total Plant

ML kWh kWh kWh kWh kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL

144 7,228 501,271 7,988* 516,487 0.19 0.21* 3.48 3.60

*approx 7 miles of conveyance to Perth Integrated Water Supply System (IWSS)

• Capital

• Desalination Plant $290 million

• Connecting System (IWSS) $ 58 million

• Total $348 million

• Operating and Maintenance

• Desalination and transfer pumps+ membranes $ 17 million/year

• Unit Costs

• Total Unit Cost $ 1.00

• Fence Unit Cost $ 1.16

Perth Seawater Desalination ProjectCosts (2007)

Unprecedented marine monitoring programme included: • computer modelling for diffuser design and validation

• rhodamine dye tracer tests

• extensive far field dissolved oxygen tests

• a water quality monitoring programme

• diffuser performance monitoring programme

• WET testing

• Macrobenthic surveys.

All studies have proven that the PSDP is having negligible impact on

the surrounding environment.

Impacts on seawater habitat are limited by a validated diffuser design

and treatment of suspended solids.

Perth, Australia: Two-year Feed Back on Operation and Environmental Impact(Steve Christie – Water Corporation, Véronique Bonnélye - Degremont)

Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 35 mgd (133 MLD)

• Client: Water Secure - Queensland• Capacity: 36 mgd (133 MLD)• Plant Capital Cost: $745 million (tunnels $213 million)• Connecting System (IWSS): $198 million• Total Capital Cost: $943 million• Total Operating Cost: $32 million/year• Unit Cost: $2,932/AF ($2.03/m3)• Commissioning Completion: 2009• GHD Involvement: Owners Engineer Construction and Design Review,

Durability, 3rd Party Review, overall alliance project management from owners viewpoint, water quality (raw and product), instrumentation and commissioning, M&E Review, SCADA Review

• Configuration: Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Drum Screens, Dual Media Gravity Filtration, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation

• Seawater Feed Quality: 35000 – 38000 mg/L TDS• Product Water Quality: < 200 mg/L• Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.30 kWh/m3)

• Technology Contractor: Veolia (France)

• Delivery Method Alliance - DBO

• Awards: GWI Membrane Desalination Plant of Year 2008


Gold Coast Desalination Plant

• Located in Tugin

• 36 mgd Capacity: 38,427 AF/Y

• 22 MW Power Required

• 140 mg/L Product Water

• Commenced operation in Nov. ‘08

• Green Energy as offset

REVERSE OSMOSIS

RESIDUALS

REMINERALISATION

OUTFALL

PRETEATMENT

INTAKE

Po

ly

H2S

O4

Ch

lori

ne

H2S

O4

An

tisc

alan

t

SM

BS

An

tisc

alan

t

NaO

H

Lim

e

CO

2

Ch

lori

ne

Ch

lori

ne

SMBS

Po

ly

Fe 2

(SO

4)3

Po

ly

INTAKE TUNNEL

OUTFALL TUNNEL

SCREENS DUAL MEDIAFILTERS

THICKENER

2nd PASS RO

POTABLE WATER TANK

REMINERALISATIONTANK

1st PASS PERMEATE TANK

1st PASS RO

ERD

CARTRIDGEFILTERS

CENTRIFUGE

33

% B

yp

as

s L

ine

DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK

FILTERED SEAWATER

TANK

HP PUMPS

SEAWATER

FILTERED SEAWATER

BRINE

LOW SALINITY WATER

Ch

lori

ne

Ch

lori

ne

Fe 2

(SO

4)3

Seawater Intake& screen

Pre-treatment

SWRO & BWRO

Remineralisation/Storage

Potable water pump station

Residuals Treatment

Brine discharge shaft

HV substation

Admin/Lab Chemical

Storage

Aerial View of Desalination Plant

Twin 2.5 OD intake/outfall tunnels2.2 km & 2.0 km sized for 340 MLD

125 MLD Plant ave. 94% availability 133 MLD peak daily production

26 km 1.1 m distribution main 30 ML reservoir & pump station

Marine Tunnels

Marine Tunnels

10 m diameter & 70 m deep vertical shaft

Marine Tunnels

Specially built TBMs (75 m /week)

outlet

inlet

SEP supported by tug drawn barge- install inlet/outlet risers

Marine Tunnels

Intake riser 4 m from seabed 18 m water depth

Coarse screen 150 mm – vertical bars. Horizontal flow, low velocity to prevent entrainment <0.15 m/s

Seawater flows (340 MLD)

3mm fine screening – drum screens

Shock dosing of Hypochlorite

Monitoring of seawater quality EPA & process

Seawater Intake

Contra-shear Drum Screen

2.11 m

6.32 m

Seawater Intake - Coarse Screen

6 Months piloting of pretreatment

Chemical addition, two static mixers

Four flocculation tanks

18 dual media gravity filters

24 h filter run time

Pretreatment

Pretreatment

Filter backwash (5 mgd), neutralised CIP wastewater, lime sludge treated in Residuals Section

Wastewater is coagulated with ferric sulphate/polymer and clarified in lamella separator

Sludge (15% solids) dewatered by centrifuge and sent to isolated cell in landfill (max. 50 cubic metre)

Residuals

Filtered seawater split into 2 streams 45% to RO % 55% to ERD

RO booster pumps provide suction pressure for HP pumps & ERD booster pumps to feed ERD

Cartridge filters – 5 µm

Desalination Plant Feed

Four HP Torishima VSD pumps (5 MW feed) 9 SWRO trains through common HP manifold

9 trains at 100% capacity

Each SWRO train has Calder DWEER ERD

45% recovery

First Pass SWRO

4 x High Pressure Pumps 4.8 MW Each(Each equivalent to 28 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each - Red Book Specifications)

Desalination Plant Feed – 1st Pass

PRETREATED WATER

Operating Principles & Arrangement

PRODUCTION

3+1 HP Pumps

Energy Recovery System (1 per rack)

REJECT

(Common By-pass)

2nd Stage

1st Stage

1ST PASS FEEDING (recycling)

First Pass Second Pass (Partial Split)

Seawater Reverse Osmosis - ERD

CalderDWEER.exe

Energy Recovery Device - 1st Pass

Pressure Exchanger Rack 1.6 MW Each (9 racks in total) (Equivalent to 11 Mazda Tribute Wagon 4dr Auto 4sp 4x4 3.0i 0.152 MW @ 4750rpm each - Red Book Specifications)

Re-circulation Pumps 180 kW EachEquivalent to 11 Toyota Lexus GX Wagon 8st 4dr Man 6sp 4x4 4.0i 0.179 MW @ 5200rpm each - Red Book Specifications)

RO Building Pressure Vessel Racks - 1st Pass

Rear permeate from SWRO

3 trains at 100% capacity

85% recovery

Brine re-circulated back to filtered seawater tank

Total desalination energy consumption <3.4 kWh/m3

Second Pass SWRO

Carbon dioxide and lime water addition Chlorination Two 4 mg glass fused bolted steel tanks (5 h storage) to provide disinfection contact time and

for control Water quality monitoring TDS< 220 mg/L etc Ultimately Fluoridation.

Remineralisation and Storage

Brine (185 MLD) from first pass RO mixed with supernatant from residuals, sent back to

sea

Brine diluted and dispersed through 20 diffusers 60° to the horizon staggered on 306 yd

long diffuser manifold

Extensive modeling to ensure optimum mixing to background levels in near field

Mixing zone 120 m x 400 m

Brine Discharge

Diffuser

6.0 yd

6.5 yd

1200mm PE

Network Connection

4 potable water transfer pumps 26 km of 1.1 m pipeline 30 ML reservoir “Robina Mixing Reservoir” Desalinated water mixed with water from

Mudgeraba WTP Pump Station Tarrant drive

Courtesy of WaterSecure

Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)The Big Six – No. 2







My Office for 2 years


Gold Coast Desalination Plant - 36 mgd (133 MLD)



Minimal Drum Screen Screenings (note the “Wheelie Bin”) Drum Screen 1/8 inch (3mm) mesh

American Translation “Trash Can”



3 duty 1 standby High Pressure Pumps (4.8 MW each)

Gold Coast Desalination Plant Specific Energy Consumption of Components and Total

Gold Coast Desalination Plant - Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) for Components of Plant

Total Potable Water

ProductionIntake

Pumping

Desal Plant Plus Pre-Treatment

Only Potable

Pumping Total Plant

Intake Pumping

Including Pre-Treatment

Potable Water

Pumping Desal Plant

Only Total Plant

kgal kWh kWh kWh kWh kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL kWh/kL

36,137 20,941 463,590 47,725* 489,256 0.15 0.35* 3.05 3.54

*approx 26 km of conveyance to system with high static head


Why So Expensive?

Wonthaggi Desalination Plant – Electricians $220,000/year

Connecting System (IWSS): $198 millionTotal Capital Cost: $943 millionTotal Operating Cost: $32 million/yearUnit Cost: $2.38/kL

• Client: Sydney Water – New South Wales• Capacity: 66 mgd (250 MLD) - expandable to 132 mgd (500 MLD)• Plant Capital Cost: $787 million (tunnels $189 million)• Connecting System: $410 million• Other: $246 million• Total Capital Cost: $1,443 million• Total Operating Cost: $37 million/year• Unit Cost: $1,950/AF ($1.74/m3)• Commissioning Completion: 2010• GHD Involvement: Feasibility Study, Preparation of Environmental Statement and

Secured Approvals. Prepared Reference Design and Basis of Design and Construct, Seawater quality sampling program, All Geotechnical Investigations (on & offshore), Pilot Plant Infrastructure Design and Facilitation, Procurement Method Evaluation, Tender Documentation, Tender Evaluation (Owners Engineer), Technical Advisor – Design Review of Contractors Design, Durability, Construction Surveillance & Commissioning Support, Marine & Estuarine Monitoring Program Management, Represented Owner’s Interest During Construction.

• Configuration: Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Drum Screens, Dual Media Gravity Filtration, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-

mineralisation• Seawater Feed Quality: 32000 – 41000 mg/L TDS• Product Water Quality: < 140 mg/L TDS• Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 14.76 kWh/kgal (3.9 kWh/m3)• Technology Contractor: Veolia (France)

• Delivery Method DBO• Awards: A Great Contender for 2011 GWI Award, Multiple Australian Awards

Sydney Desalination Plant - 66 mgd (250 MLD) – Expandable to 132 mgd (500 MLD)



Courtesy of Sydney Water

Sydney Desalination Plant - 66 mgd (250 MLD) – Expandable to 132 mgd (500 MLD)

• Client: South Australia Water• Capacity: 40 mgd + 40 mgd (150 MLD + 150 MLD)• Plant Capital Cost: $1,255 million (Estimated)• Connecting System (IWSS): $246 million (Estimated)• Total Capital Cost: $1,500 million• Total Operating Cost: $67 million/year (80 mgd)• Unit Cost: $3,033/AF ($2.70/m3) Estimated levelised cost• First Water: December 2012• GHD Involvement: Owners Engineer due diligence review during

project development phase, Environmental Impact Statement and Development

Approvals, Water Quality Integration Review and Ongoing Support.

• Configuration: Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, capacity to 72 mgd 2 Pass SWRO System, initial capacity 54

mgd Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation

• Seawater Feed Quality: 35000 – 38000 mg/L TDS• Product Water Quality: < 200 mg/L• Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 18.9 (17.0) kWh/kgal - 5 (4.5) kWh/ m3

• Technology Contractor: Acciona (Spain)

• Delivery Method BOOT

• Awards: Not Completed Yet

Adelaide Desalination Plants I and II – 40 + 40 mgd (150 MLD each)The Big Six – No. 4

Adelaide Desalination Plants I and II – 40 + 40 mgd (150 MLD each)The Big Six – No. 4

Courtesy of SA Water

Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II) - 40 mgd (150 MLD) to 80 mgd (300 MLD)• Client: Water Corporation of Western Australia• Capacity: 40 mgd (150 MLD) 1st Stage, 80 mgd (150 MLD) 2nd Stage • Plant Capital Cost: $640 million (Estimated with double intake/outfall)• Connecting System (IWSS): $98 million (Estimated)• Total Capital Cost: $738 million (Estimated)• Total Operating Cost: $29 million/year (Estimated)• Unit Cost: $2,042/AF ($1.81/m3) Estimated• Commissioning Completion: 2011• GHD Involvement: Alliance Team / Plant Engineering/ Bid (note, out of 8 expressions of

interest, which were reduced to two by the Water Corporation, the GHD – Acciona - United Utilities Team was one and did not win the Alliance Contract. It should be noted that Acciona using this design went on to win both Adelaide desalination plant projects from which GHD were excluded due to their partial owners role in this project and their Owners Engineer Role on Melbourne, for whom Acciona was also bidding, hence another set of consulting engineers was selected by the contractor). Seaglider Oceanographic Measurements

• Configuration: Open Intake, Diffuser Outfall, Travelling Band Screens, UF PVDF Pressure Filters, 5 Micron Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation

• Seawater Feed Quality: 35000 – 38000 mg/L TDS• Product Water Quality: < 200 mg/L• Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 16.04 (12.97) kWh/kgal - 4.24 (3.36) kWh/m3)

• Technology Contractor: Tecnicas Reunidas, Valoriza Agua (Spain)

• Delivery Method Competitive Alliance - DBO• Awards: Not Completed Yet


Southern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II)150 MLD (40 mgd) Expandable to 300 MLD (80 mgd)



The Big Six – No. 6The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd (450 MLD) to 160 mgd (600MLD)

• Client: Victorian Government• Capacity: 120 mgd (450 MLD) 1st Stage, 160 mgd 2nd Stage (600 MLD)• Plant Capital Cost: $1,840 million (Estimated) • Connecting System (50 Mile Pipeline): $820 million (Estimated) • Underground power connection $246 million (Estimated) • Total Capital Cost: $2,870 million• Total Operating Cost: $98 million/year (Estimated)• Unit Cost: $2,550/AF ($2.27/m3) Estimated• Commissioning Completion: 2011• GHD Involvement: Feasibility Study, Environment Effects Statement and

Approvals, Reference Design, Seawater quality sampling program, all geotechnical investigations (on & offshore), Pilot Plant facilities and support, Marine growth experiment, Management of Landowner Engagement, GIS & Mapping, Data Management, Tender Preparation and Evaluation, Design Review, Strategic Direction and Ongoing Support to Completion.

• Configuration: 4 m Dia. Undersea Inlet and Outlet Tunnels, Drum Screens,Dual Media Pressure Filtration, Cartridge Filtration, 2 Pass SWRO System, Lime and CO2 Re-mineralisation

• Seawater Feed Quality: 35 000 – 38 000 mg/L TDS• Product Water Quality: < 120 mg/L• Specific Energy Consumption (SEC): < 18.17 (15.90) kWh/kgal - 4.8 (4.2) kWh/ m3

• Technology Contractor: Degremont (France/Spain)

• Delivery Method PPP - BOO• Awards: Not Completed Yet

The Victorian Desalination Project - 120 mgd (450 MLD) then 160 mgd (600 MLD)


Courtesy of Victorian Government

SWRO will still become more efficient due to:

• New high rejection membranes

• Chlorine Tolerant Membranes

• New large diameter membranes

• New energy recovery devices

• Membrane pre-treatment advances

• New materials (more plastics and composites)

• Advanced pre-treatment and post treatment

Future Desalination Developments

• Non-chemical treatments for disinfection pre- and post treatment

• Changing of WHO Boron Guidelines to 2.4 mg/L from 0.5 mg/L

(hence only one pass required with a potential savings of 15%)

• Optimal Control Systems and Configurations

• Nano-technology and smart membranes

• Forward Osmosis

• High efficiency reverse osmosis (HERO) and Electro Dialysis

Reversal (EDR) may become the solution for inland towns where

groundwater sources are limited

Future Desalination Developments

Desalination – Key Trends?

• SWRO Desalination Technologies Dominate;

• Large - (over 50 MLD) and Mega - (over 360 MLD) Desalination Plants Are the Wave of the Future!

• Most Large Urban Coastal Centers Worldwide Have Established a Target to Produce 25 % of their Drinking Water from Desalination.

• R&D Activities are in 10-Year High – Expected to Yield Breakthroughs in Membrane and Desalination Technologies by 2012.

• Large SWRO Projects Are Aiming at Sustainability – Green is In!

Year 2005-2010 The Five Lowest-Cost SWRO Projects Worldwide

SWRO Plant

Cost of Water

(US$/kL)

Power Use of RO System

(kWh/kL)

& TDS (ppt)

Sorek, Israel – 409 MLD

(startup – 2014)

0.53 2.59

(40 ppt)

Mactaa, Algeria – 719 MLD

(startup – 2013)

0.56 2.56

(39 ppt)

Tuas, Singapore – 136 MLD

(startup – 2007)

0.57 3.04

(34 ppt)

Tenes, Algeria – 200 MLD

(startup – 2011)

0.59 2.85

(38 ppt)

Hadera, Israel – 329 MLD

(startup – 2010)

0.60 2.67

(40 ppt)

Key Factors Affecting Costs• Source Water Quality - TDS, Temperature, Solids, Silt and Organics Content.

• Product Water Quality – TDS, Boron, Bromides, Disinfection Compatibility.

• Concentrate Disposal Method;

• Power Supply & Unit Power Costs;

• Project Risk Profile;

• Project Delivery Method & Financing;

• Other Factors:• Country (Australia is very expensive)

• Location (Remote is more expensive)

• Intake and Discharge System Type;

• Pretreatment & RO System Design;

• Plant Capacity Availability Target.

Reducing Power Use for SWRO Separation

- Still a Hair Rising Challenge?Lowest Theoretical Energy Use =0.75 kWh/kL (100 % Recovery)

Lowest Theoretical Energy Use @ 50 % Recovery =

1.09kWh/kL

ADC - Lowest Energy Use @ 42 % Recovery & 10.2 LMH =

1.59 kWh/kL

ADC – “Most Affordable Point” 48 % Recovery & 15.3 LMH =

2.01 kWh/kL

Low Bracket of Energy Use for Large SWRO Projects

(45-50 % Recovery & 14.3 to 16.3LMH) =

2.51 to 2.74 kWh/kL

Note: All Energy Use Values for Seawater @ TDS = 35 ppt & 25ºC

SWRO Power Consumption (July 1, 2001)

•

50 MGD SWRO Plant – Key Energy Uses

Intake – 5 % (0.19 kWh/kL)

Product Water Delivery 6 %

RO System – 71 %

Pretreatment – 11 %

(0.40 kWh/kL)

(2.54 kWh/kL)(0.20 kWh/kL)

Other Facilities7 %

(0.24 kWh/kL)

Total Energy Use 3.57 kWh/kgal

Optimizing RO System Performance

• Higher Productivity 8-inch RO Elements; • Large –Diameter RO Membranes; • Innovative RO System Configurations;•Pump-Center or Three -Center Designs;•Larger Energy Recovery Devices.

2008-11 Evolving SWRO Membrane Performance

• Larger Membrane Element Area: 37.2 vs. 41.9 m2 (440 ft2 vs. 400 ft2);

• Larger RO Element Productivity: 34 to 47 m3/day (9,000 to 12,500 gpd);

• Improved Salt Rejection: 99.7 to 99.8 %;

• Increased Boron Rejection: 90 to 93 %;

• Wider Membrane Spacers: 28 mil vs. 34 mil (mil thou – one thousandth of and inch)

2.6 MGD Power Seraja SWRO Plant, Singapore – 16-inch Elements

Large RO Elements – Key Manufacturers/Models

Source: IDA Journal, Vol. 2, 2010

Optimizing Performance by Redistributing Flux/Energy

Flux is Proportional to the Difference of the Feed and Permeate Pressures

Flux of First Element Can Be Reduced by:1.Increase in Permeate Pressure:•Permeate Pressure Control Valve;•Permeate Interconnector Disk (Acciona).

2. “Inter-stage” Design:Low Permeability/HighPermeability MembraneCombo.

3. Decrease in Feed Pressure:• Two Pass RO System w/ Interstage Booster Pump;• “Nano-Nano” Configuration.

Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov

Second (Brackish RO)

Pass

Second (Brackish RO)

Pass

Concentrate – Second Pass

Feed Seawater

Per

mea

teP

erm

eate

Conventional RO System Configuration(Perth Seawater Desalination Plant – Perth I)

Conventional RO System Configuration(Perth Seawater Desalination Plant – Perth I)

HP Pump Booster Pump

Concentrate – First Pass to ERDConcentrate – First Pass to ERD

First (SWRO) Pass


First (SWRO) Pass

Smaller Second

(Brackish RO) Pass

Smaller Second

(Brackish RO) Pass P

erm

eate

Per

mea

te

Smaller Booster Pump

Split “Regulated” First Pass RO System Configuration

(Gold Coast Desalination Plant)


(Gold Coast Desalination Plant)

20% to 40% of Total Permeate


HP Pump

Feed Seawater

Concentrate – First Pass to ERDConcentrate – First Pass to ERDConcentrate – First Pass to ERDConcentrate – First Pass to ERD


First (SWRO) Pass

Smaller Second

(Brackish RO) Pass

Smaller Second


erm

eate

Per

mea

te

Smaller Booster Pump


(Adelaide Desalination Plant)


(Adelaide Desalination Plant)



HP Pump

PlugPlug

Feed Seawater

Concentrate – First Pass to ERDConcentrate – First Pass to ERDConcentrate – First Pass to ERDConcentrate – First Pass to ERD


Internally Staged Design (1-1-5)

Element Flow at Standard Test Conditions

7,500 gpd 9,000 gpd 12,500 gpd

Compared to Standard SWRO Design, ISD SWRO Offers: - Higher average permeate flux with same lead element flux; - Good permeate quality; - Energy Savings - 5% - 10%.

Courtesy: Dow Filmtec


Low Productivity/High Salt Rejection Low Productivity/

High Salt Rejection High Productivity/

Low Salt Rejection High Productivity/

Low Salt Rejection

Second (Brackish RO) Pass

Second (Brackish RO) Pass

Concentrate – Second PassConcentrate – Second Pass

Feed Seawater

Per

mea

teP

erm

eate

HP PumpLower Feed

Pressure

Booster PumpBooster Pump

Concentrate to ERDConcentrate to ERD

Low Productivity/High Rejection

Low Productivity/High Rejection

High Productivity/Low Rejection

High Productivity/Low Rejection

Internally-Staged Design (ISD)Internally-Staged Design (ISD)


First SWRO PassFirst SWRO Pass

SmallestSecond

(Brackish RO) Pass

SmallestSecond


erm

eate

Per

mea

te

Smallest Booster Pump

ISD + Split “Regulated” RO System ConfigurationSouthern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II)

ISD + Split “Regulated” RO System ConfigurationSouthern Seawater Desalination Plant (Perth II)


Concentrate to ERDConcentrate to ERD

Feed Seawater

Concentrate – Second PassConcentrate – Second Pass

HP PumpLowest Feed

Pressure

HP PumpLowest Feed

Pressure


3-Center Design – Pump, Energy Recovery & RO Membrane Centers

Courtesy: IDE

Highly Efficient Energy Use

2.5 to 2.6 kWh/kgal

Highly Efficient Energy Use

2.5 to 2.6 kWh/kgal


Bigger Pumps Rule!Pump Efficiency Increases with Size

• Pump Efficiency ~

n x (Q/H)0.5x (1/H)0.25

Where:

n = pump speed (min -¹);

Q = nominal pump capacity (m³/s);

H = pump head (m).

Pump Efficiency:

One Pump Per Train – 83 %;

One Pump Per 2 Trains – 85 %;

Three Pumps Per 16 Trains – 88 %.

Perth, Australia – 6 Pumps for 12 RO

Trains

Ashkelon, Israel –(3+1) 7,100-hp Pumps

per 16 RO Trains Courtesy - Nikolay Voutchkov

Radially Split Case Pumps

Occupy Less Space;

Easier to Maintain;

Less Vibrations;

Only One Mechanical Seal on the Drive End (Horizontally Split Case Pumps Have2 seals);

Internal Fiber-Composite Bearings (Water Lubricated) – vs. External Grease Lubricated;

Largest Pumps First Installed for Expansion of Dhekelia SWRO Plant (Cyprus) to 14 MGD;

Unit Capacity – 7 MGD (2,800 hp) – 87 % Efficiency.

Occupy Less Space;

Easier to Maintain;

Less Vibrations;

Only One Mechanical Seal on the Drive End (Horizontally Split Case Pumps Have2 seals);

Internal Fiber-Composite Bearings (Water Lubricated) – vs. External Grease Lubricated;

Largest Pumps First Installed for Expansion of Dhekelia SWRO Plant (Cyprus) to 14 MGD;

Unit Capacity – 7 MGD (2,800 hp) – 87 % Efficiency.


Energy Recovery Systems are Getting Bigger & More Efficient!

Pressure Exchangers Allow the Use of Larger Pumps/RO Trains

Pelton Wheel

Pressure ExchangerPressure Exchanger

Provides 40 - 42 % of the EnergyProvides 40 - 42 % of the Energy

Provides 2 %

of the EnergyProvides 2 %

of the Energy

Provides 44-46 % of

the EnergyProvides 44-46 % of

the Energy

ERI System – Current Status

• Largest In Operation - Hamma (Algeria) – 50 MGD

• Largest in Construction – Hadera (Israel) – 73 MGD;

• Base Unit – PX 220;

(0.37 MGD) in ops since 2002;

• 10 to 16 Units per RO Train

(2.5 – 4 MGD RO Train).

ERI – New Energy Recovery Equipment

• PX 260 - 18 % Larger Capacity than PX220;

- Wider Flow Paths to Higher Throughput @ Minimum Pressure Losses.

• Titan 1200 - 500% Larger Capacity than PX220;

- Similar Overall Energy Recovery (Slightly Lower Efficiency Compensated by Lower Mixing);

- Side-ported Design Allows to Maximize Flow Production.

• PX 300 (45 to 68 m3/hr) - 36 % Larger Capacity than PX220

- Reduced Cycle Speed - Less Mixing

than PX 220 and 260

- Quieter Unit

- Site-ported Housing

DWEER System – Current Status

Tuas, SingaporeTriple DWEER 1100

4 MGD SWRO Trains

• Used in Ashkelon, Gold Coast, Sorek, and Singapore.

• 1.34 MGD SWRO Train – One DWEER System – Model 1100;

• Ashkelon – 2 x 40 DWEER 2200 Systems;

• RO w/ DWEER – 0.5 to 0.7 kWh/M3 Less Energy than Pelton Wheel @

(45 % Recovery).

Calder AG (Flowserve) – ROVA 300

• Can Handle 6.8 MLD of Brine Flow (Three Times Bigger than Existing Units);

• Duplex Stainless Steel;

• New Seal Design Reduces Brine Mixing < 1.5 %.

• Currently Tested in Oman and Cayman Islands.

Calder AG (Flowserve) – DWEER GA

• 25 % Higher Capacity Than DWEER 1100;

• FRP Instead of Steel Vessels;

• New LinX Valve With Two Seal Rings for Lowest Leakage;

• Specific Power Consumption Losses Reduced by 26 %.

Hydraulic Turbocharger – Large Installations

(8.9 to 10.0 kWh/kgal)• 720 MLD Mactaa, Algeria – 2.6 kWh/kL

• 114 MLD Plant in Jebel Ali, UAE• 9 RO Trains;• 16 Single-stage HP RO Pumps;• Up to 525 psi (40 bar) of Boost;• HP RO Pumps Operating @ Full Flow @ ½

Pressure –

5-7 % Extra Efficiency.

• 150 MLD NEWater Ulu Pandan Plant, Singapore

• 720 MLD Mactaa, Algeria – 2.6 kWh/kL

• 114 MLD Plant in Jebel Ali, UAE• 9 RO Trains;• 16 Single-stage HP RO Pumps;• Up to 525 psi (40 bar) of Boost;• HP RO Pumps Operating @ Full Flow @ ½

Pressure –

5-7 % Extra Efficiency.

• 150 MLD NEWater Ulu Pandan Plant, Singapore

Pump Efficiency ~ n x (Q/H)0.5x (1/H)0.25

Pump Efficiency ~ n x (Q/H)0.5x (1/H)0.25

CALDER – DWEERPRESSURE EXCHANGER

CALDER - PELTON WHEEL IMPULSE TURBINE

KSB – SALTECPRESSURE EXCHANGER

ERI - PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER

PEI – TURBO BOOSTER

AXIAL PISTON PRESSURE EXCHANGER PUMP

Energy Recovery DevicesThe Sustainability of SWRO

IDE – IRIS PRESSURE EXCHANGER

ROVEX PRESSURE EXCHANGER

DYPREX PRESSURE EXCHANGER

ERI – TITAN PX PRESSURE EXCHANGER

FEDCO HYDRAULICPRESSURE BOOSTER


AQUALING – ORIGINAL RECUPERATOR PRESSURE EXCHANGER

AQUALING – NEW RECUPERATOR

PRESSURE EXCHANGER


Biofouling – Still the Key “Energy Chellenge” of SWRO Desalination

Membrane Pretreatment is Becoming More Popular for Large Plants!

• 300 MLD Adelaide SWRO Plant, Australia

– Disk Filters + Submersible UF;

– Largest SWRO Facility with Submerged Membrane Pretreatment. • 150+150 MLD Southern Seawater Desalination Plant, Australia

– Disk Filters + Pressure UF;

– Largest SWRO Facility with Pressure Membrane Pretreatment.• Where Membrane Pretreatment Has Worked Well? – for Source Waters

of Low Bio-fouling Potential:• Subsurface or Deep Open Ocean Intakes;• Plants w/ DAF or Other Pretreatment Ahead of UF/MF Membranes.

• Where Membrane Pretreatment Has Faced Challenges?• Shallow Open Intakes Exposed to Heavy Algal Blooms;• Systems Designed for Overly High Flux Rates Based on Short-term

Piloting.

New “Tools” for Combating Biofouling

• Wider Membrane Element Spacers;

• Lower Fouling Membrane Materials;

• Alternative Means of Controlling Biofouling:• Building Deeper Open Intakes (over 40 ft deep);• DAF Pretreatment;• Granular Media Bio-filtration;• Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation;• Continuous Membrane Cleaning;• Nutrient Balancing;• Membrane Bioreactors for SWRO Pretreatment.

“The Best” of Seawater DesalinationPresent Status & Future Forecasts

Parameter Today Within 5 Years Within 20 Years

Cost of Water (2010 US$/kgal)

US$2.0-3.0 US$1.5-2.5 US$1.0-1.5

Construction Cost(Million US$/kL/day)

1200-2150 1060-1720 530-930

Power Use of SWRO System (kWh/kL)

2.5-2.8 2.1-2.6 1.3-1.7

Membrane Productivity(gallons/day/membrane)

24-47 34-57 95-151

Membrane Useful Life(years)

5-7 7-10 10-15

Plant Recovery Ratio (%) 45-50 50-55 55-65

Selected TariffsCity Combined Tariff Average Domestic use

(L/head/day)Adelaide $3.60/m3 605Brisbane $4.85/m3 605Chicago $0.99/m3 616Copenhagen $8.00/m3 114Los Angeles $2.49/m3 606Melbourne $4.36/m3 606San Diego $4.93/m3 616Sydney $5.03/m3 606

Costs in US$ per cubic metre of water = Water + Wastewater fixed costs +Water Variable costsWastewater variable costsTotal Sales Tax

Summary of key data from the 2010 GWI Global Water Tariff Survey

The Sustainability of SWRO

In 1896 the worlds largest desalination plant was built in Western Australia at Coolgardie

Mammoth Water Condenser, Coolgardie Water Distillery, 132,000 gpd

The ultimate in un-sustainability


It’s not about water.It’s about energy!

Theoretical minimum SEC for seawater @ 35000 mg/L TDS is 2.83 kWh/kgal (0.748 kWhr/m3 ) To convey 1 kgal of untreated water horizontally over 260 miles uses 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3)

The Sustainability of SWROAffordable Desalination Collaboration (ADC)

Gold Coast Desalination Plant produces high quality water locally at 12.38 kWh/kgal (3.3 kWh/m3)

Responding to the Clear Trend of Global Warming!

The total Energy Needed to Operate All

California Desalination Projects (1514 MLD)

Will Result in 0.03 – 0.04 % Increase in the Current California Water Sector Energy Demand.

Process Electrical Thermal Total(kWh/m3) (kWh/m3) (kWh/m3)

MSF 3.2 – 3.7 9.8 – 6.8 13.0 – 10.5

MED 2.5 - 2.9 6.6 - 4.5 9.0 – 7.4

METC 2.0 - 2.5 12.0 - 6.5 14.0 - 9.0

MVC 8.0 - 17.0 N/A N/A

SWRO 3.3 - 8.5 N/A 3.3 - 8.5

BWRO 1.0 - 2.5 N/A 1.0 - 2.5

Waste Water Reuse 1.0 - 2.5 N/A 1.0 - 2.5

Conventional 0.2 – 1.0 N/A 0.2 – 1.0

Water piped > 250 Miles 3.3 N/A 3.3

Specific Energy Consumption for Different Water SourcesThe Sustainability of SWRO

Unit Costs of Carbon Footprint Reduction Alternatives

CF Reduction Alternative Unit Cost of Carbon Footprint Reduction

(US$/tons CO2 reduced)

1. Collocation & Energy Efficient Technology US$20/ton CO2

2. CO2 Use for Water Production US$70/ton CO2

3. Purchase of Carbon Credits US$100/ton CO2

4. Re-forestation US$200/ton CO2

5. CO2 Sequestration in Coastal Wetlands US$400/ton CO2

6. Solar Panels US$1,900/ton CO2

7. Green Building Design US$3,400/ton CO2

$0.62$1.07 $1.16

$5.10

0.51.0

<3.5 and reducing

to 3.3 by 2010

12.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Current metro bulkwater

South WestYarragadee

SeawaterDesalination

KimberleyPipeline

Unit cost ($/m3)

Power (kWh/m3)

To convey 1 kL over 370 miles uses 3.3 kWh/m3

Water Source Comparison (including another unsustainable concept)


Old Fridge Energy Requirement = 1300 kWh/Year

Efficient Desalination Plant (SEC) Specific Energy Consumption = 15.52 kWhr/kgal (4.1 kWh/m3 )Total

Equivalent Annual Water Production = 84000 gallons /year (317 m3/year)

Garage Fridge = A single total domestic water use per year inside and outside

Reverse Cycle Air 8 kW @ 4 h/day in Winter and Summer (6 months)= 5760 kW/h (Water for 4.5 homes)

Energy ComparisonThe Sustainability of SWRO

Energy Comparison – The MacMansionThe Sustainability of SWRO

Temperature under black roof 61°C.

Radiated heat 26 °C inside house

Temperature under reflective roof 31°C.

Radiated Heat 39 °C inside house.


If you look at all the energy requirements of new homes (City Beach 8858

kW/hr per year average per home) you would not believe there is a

greenhouse gas emission issue.

Some Big Mac’s (supersized) have up to 15 kW air conditioning systems.

To add insult to injury, the latest fashion is a black roof with no eaves –

additional air conditioning required (high calories – just like the Big Mac

supersized).

Reverse Cycle Air 15 kW @ 4 hr/day in Winter and Summer (6 months) =

10800 kW/h (SWRO water for 8.5 homes

I did not see one black roof on the Canary Islands (and I do not think it

was just because the islanders have aesthetic appreciation).


The West Australian Tuesday March 8 2007

Record heat ruins fruit, drains power

Western Power claimed it coped with the increased demand despite using temporary generators as power consumption hit a peak of 3574MW at 4.55 pm, beating Tuesday’s high of 3533 MW.

The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant uses 0.67% of this energy, whilst Perth was using over 30% of the energy for air-conditioning. Note the new umbilical cords to ensure that the

black roof keeps the Big Mac cool inside

How Many Jumbos?

So…

=

+++

++

The Sustainability of SWROEnergy Comparisons

or, how many PSDP’s?


=

+

+

and the answer is!

+

+Taking Off Power = 77 MW Cruising Power = 65 MWFull Power of One Engine = 26 MWFull Power Requirement PSDP = 24 MW


Water for 405,000 homes (Aus) 300,000 homes (USA) or a total 116,000 passengers transported in one year assuming Jumbo is always full, and Jumbo’s cannot use renewable energy.

=

One Jumbo Jet

How Many Queen Mary II’s?

So…

=

+++

++


or, how many PSDP’s?

The Sustainability of SWROEnergy Comparisons =

+

+

+

and the answer is!

Guest Capacity: • 3,056 maximum capacity (Incl. third and fourth berths)Crew: •1,253 Power: •118 MW, gas turbine/diesel electric plant

= Power for Water for 1.7 Million People

The Sustainability of SWROEnergy Comparisons =

+

+

+

Serpentine Dam - Streamflow

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

200.0

1911

1914

1917

1920

1923

1926

1929

1932

1935

1938

1941

1944

1947

1950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

An

nu

al S

tre

am

flo

w (

GL

)

Streamflow Longterm average(62 GL) moving average1975 to 1994 MAF (37 GL) 1997 to 2004 MAF(24 GL) 2001 to 2005 MAF(19 GL)

Catchment Area 664 km2

Note: years are water years May to April


Surface Water Source – Serpentine DamNot So Sustainable

• Constructed from 1957 to 1961

• Catchment area = 664 km2 (vs. 31 km2)

• Surface area at FSL = 1067 ha (vs. 9.5 ha)

• No in-stream flow allocations

• Yield estimated in early 50s @ 50 million m3/year - 98% reliability

• PSDP yield: 50 million m3/year + @ 100% reliability - 0% failure

• Yield in 2006 was 5 million m3/year ; a 90% reduction

• Desalination 0% failure = 50 million m3/year - 100% reliability

Footprint Comparison – Serpentine Dam

Seawater Desalination vs. Surface Water Source

Where Future Cost Savings Will Come From?

Main Areas Expected to Yield Cost Savings in the Next 5 Years (20 % Cost Reduction Target)

• Improvements in Membrane Element Productivity:• Polymetric Membranes (Incorporation of Nano-particles Into

Membrane Polymer Matrix); • Carbon Nanotube Membranes.

• Increased Membrane Useful Life and Reduced Fouling:• Smoother Membrane Surface • Increased Membrane Material Longevity;• Use of Systems for Continuous RO Membrane Cleaning;• UF/MF Membrane Pretreatment.

• Commercial Forward Osmosis Systems;

• Larger RO Elements, Trains and Equipment;

• New configurations and control systems;

• New Materials (especially pipework), more HDPE and FRP.

Nano-Structured SWRO Membranes

Potential toReduce 60 to 80 %of Energy Costs &15 to 25 % of Cost

of Water

Source: OASYS

Harnessing Osmotic Power

Source: StatkraftSource: Statkraft

Osmotic Power – A Competitive Energy Source

Source: StatkraftSource: Statkraft

Desalination Energy Use Factors

1. SWRO reflects the “true benchmark value of water”, the “triple bottom line” as environmental, social and financial costs are all included in the unit cost of water. No conventional source adequately caters for environmental costs.

2. SWRO is drought free and provides a totally new (original) source, contrary to recycling.

3. SWRO does not disturb rivers, estuaries, delta’s, the sea and associated habitat (fish, siltation, stagnation and in-stream flows). Dams result in the sea getting saltier in confined gulfs e.g. Arabian Gulf. Even semi – confined Cockburn Sound in Perth has not shown any signs of salinity increase after 3 years of operation (DB09-278 Perth, Australia: Two-year Feed Back on Operation and Environmental Impact).

4. SWRO does not disturb aquifers and associated habitat (water table, seawater intrusion, springs, acid sulphate soils and stygofauna).

5. SWRO brine discharges and residuals can be environmentally managed (this has been proven beyond any doubt in Perth (DB09-278).

6. SWRO is efficient and becoming more efficient with constant advances.

Why SWRO is Sustainable & the Future Solution

7. SWRO submerged intakes adequately designed, entrain negligible algae, zooplankton and no fish. Entrainment of sea life is minimal with well designed submerged open intakes with low velocity. Only some algae and zooplankton (and no fish) in minuscule quantities are entrained. Proven by Perth and Gold Coast Desalination Plants.

8. SWRO can use wind or any renewable energy to ensure no emissions.

9. SWRO has the smallest environmental and terrestrial footprint of any source (Perth 16 acres Land + 6 acres Sea + wind farm 12 miles2 for 17% of the city’s water).

10. SWRO can be located near to where it is needed.

11. SWRO need not utilise long pipelines/canals (no need for millions of tons of steel, cement or massive excavations – such as required when “bringing water down from the north” and using 4.5 times less energy).

12. SWRO results in minimal greenhouse gas production during the manufacture of components.

13. SWRO results in minimal greenhouse gas production during the construction of the plant.


14. The deployment of SWRO plants on coasts ensures that there is a water catchment plan in place (for water quality purposes), ensuring the highest degree of ocean protection.

15. SWRO results in zero evaporation, siltation or salt build-up in dams (e.g. Wellington Dam, WA).

16. SWRO water quality is not affected by bush fires, first rain or activities in catchments which can affect water quality and future run-off (e.g. Melbourne).

17. SWRO could ultimately be partially powered by osmotic power (a new form of renewable energy). Locate SWRO Plants adjacent to WWT Plants.

18. SWRO can utilise greenhouse off–sets from renewable energy development from anywhere in the world, after all climate change is a global issue.

19. SWRO can be provided at guaranteed full capacity within two years of environmental clearances being obtained.

20. The future development potential of SWRO is still amazing (especially membranes, materials, control systems and logic and energy reduction).


Concluding Remarks

• The Ocean Is Becoming One of the Key Sources of Reliable and Draught-Proof Coastal Water Supply in the Next 10 Years;

• Seawater Desalination is Economical Today and Will Become Even More Cost-Competitive in the Future;

• The Future of Seawater Desalination Is Bright – 20% Cost of Water Reduction in the Next 5 Years;

• Long-term Investment In Research and Development Has the Potential to Reduce the Cost of Desalinated Water by 80 % In the Next 20 Years.

“I have said that I thought if we could ever competitively get fresh water from saltwater…that it would be in the long range interests of humanity which would really dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.”

John F. Kennedy, September 22, 1961“If we could produce clean unlimited energy at a viable cost, that would indeed be a great service to humanity and would dwarf any other scientific accomplishment.”

Gary J. Crisp, 2006


AwardedGWI World Membrane Desalination

Plant of the Year 2007

ERI Awarded GWI Environmental

Contribution of the Year 2007

Courtesy of Water Corporation Courtesy of ERI

Gold Coast Desalination Plant

AwardedGWI World Membrane Desalination

Plant of the Year 2009


International Desalination Association

Awarded 2011 World Congress - to

Perth Western Australia

See You There!

Questions?Thank you.

Pseudo Greenies and Nimby’s

• BBC News Program – Can be down loaded onto i-pod• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4627237.stm

• Most Energy Originates from the Sun• Coal Visual, CO2, acid rain, mercury.• Hydro Carbons Visual, CO2.• Wind Visual, Noise, Birds.• Wave Visual, terrestrial.• Solar Visual.• Hydro Visual, terrestrial, fauna and flora.

• Energy Independent of the Sun• Nuclear Fission Visual, Slow Radioactive Decay Period,

Meltdown potential, Waste Disposal is Big Issue.• Nuclear Fusion Visual, Fast Radioactive Decay Period, No

Meltdown, Potential, Waste Disposal is not a Big Issue.

• Tidal Visual, terrestrial.• Geothermal Visual.

Fuelling the Future

Nuclear Fusion (Hans Bethe) 1938

Fusion works on the principle that energy can be released by forcing

together atomic nuclei rather than by splitting them.

A decision was made (June 2005) to site the $16bn ITER

(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) nuclear fusion

reactor at Cadarache in France.

ITER is an experimental reactor that will attempt to reproduce on

Earth the nuclear reactions that power the Sun and other stars.

Goal of ITER is to produce 500 MW of Fusion Power, with and input

of 50 MW of Power.

Not Expected to be in commercial operation before 2040.

Nuclear Fusion (Hans Bethe) 1938

Project estimated to cost $15bn and will run for 35 years

It will produce the first sustained fusion reactions

Final stage before full prototype of commercial reactor is built

Temperatures to produce fusion need to be above 100 million

degrees Celsius, contained in a magnetic bottle (Tokamak)

Nuclear Fission (Otto Hahn, Leis Meitner and Fritz Strassmann) 1938

Nuclear Fission works on the principle splitting atoms.

Fission reactions drive existing nuclear power stations.

Limited uranium available.

Difficult to handle, transfer and store nuclear waste.