Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Power in the 21 st Century: Status and Trends in Advanced Nuclear Technology Development

Department of Nuclear EnergyInternational Atomic Energy

Agency

Nuclear Power in the 21Nuclear Power in the 21stst Century: Status Century: Statusand Trends in Advanced Nuclear Technologyand Trends in Advanced Nuclear Technology

Development and ApplicationsDevelopment and Applications

Lecture presented at the Workshop on Nuclear Reaction Data and Lecture presented at the Workshop on Nuclear Reaction Data and Nuclear Reactors: Physics, Design and Safety Nuclear Reactors: Physics, Design and Safety

Trieste, ItalyTrieste, Italy18 March 200218 March 2002

Debu MajumdarDebu MajumdarNuclear Power Technology Development SectionNuclear Power Technology Development Section

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)Vienna, AustriaVienna, Austria


Agency

OutlineOutline IntroductionIntroduction

- IAEA- IAEA- Nuclear Energy Status- Nuclear Energy Status

Nuclear ReactorsNuclear Reactors- Basics- Basics- Challenge- Challenge

Evolutionary ReactorsEvolutionary Reactors Small and Medium ReactorsSmall and Medium Reactors Integral ReactorsIntegral Reactors Gas-cooled ReactorsGas-cooled Reactors Liquid Metal ReactorsLiquid Metal Reactors Thorium CycleThorium Cycle Generation IV International Forum – USDOEGeneration IV International Forum – USDOE INPRO – IAEAINPRO – IAEA Non-electric ApplicationNon-electric Application ConclusionConclusion


Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency

Membership:Membership: 130 countries; 130 countries;

Budget:Budget: US$ 229 million plus 87 US$ 229 million plus 87 million extra budgetary resources.million extra budgetary resources.

Personnel:Personnel: 2170 2170


Agency

The IAEA’s Statute includes the following The IAEA’s Statute includes the following functionsfunctions::

Article III-A.1: “TO ENCOURAGE AND ASSIST “TO ENCOURAGE AND ASSIST RESEARCH ON, AND DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH ON, AND DEVELOPMENT AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF, ATOMIC PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF, ATOMIC ENERGY FOR PEACEFUL USES ENERGY FOR PEACEFUL USES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD …”THROUGHOUT THE WORLD …”

Article III-A.3: “ TO FOSTER THE EXCHANGE “ TO FOSTER THE EXCHANGE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION ON PEACEFUL USES OF INFORMATION ON PEACEFUL USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY.”ATOMIC ENERGY.”


Agency

IAEA Principal IAEA Principal ActivitiesActivities

Verification of peaceful uses; Verification of peaceful uses;

Promotion of safetyPromotion of safety

Transfer of Nuclear Technology forTransfer of Nuclear Technology for peaceful purposespeaceful purposes


Agency

Global energy demandGlobal energy demand

Demand is estimated to triple in 50 yearsDemand is estimated to triple in 50 years

Current primary energy demand:Current primary energy demand: 54% developed countries54% developed countries

34% developing countries34% developing countries

By the year 2020:By the year 2020:

44% developed countries44% developed countries

45% developing countries45% developing countries


Agency

NUCLEAR CONTRIBUTION TO NUCLEAR CONTRIBUTION TO ELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY GENERATION

Thermal

Nuclear

Hydro

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

Year

2000 Share

Thermal

64.4 %

Nuclear16.1 %

Hydro19.1 %

Others0.4%

2000

Wor

ld's

Ele

ctri

city

Pro

duc

tion

(T

Wh)


Agency

NUCLEAR NUCLEAR PLANTS PLANTS

GENERATE GENERATE ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY

IN MANY IN MANY COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

Nuclear Share (%) Nuclear Share (%) of Electricity of Electricity GenerationGenerationin 2000in 2000

Global Nuclear Share:Global Nuclear Share:

~ 16%, 2450 TWh~ 16%, 2450 TWh

Note: The nuclear share of electricity supplied in Taiwan, China was 23.6% of the total.

Note: The nuclear share of electricity supplied in Taiwan, China was 23.6% of the total.


Agency

MANY MANY REACTORSREACTORS

ARE ARE OPERATINGOPERATING

IN THE WORLDIN THE WORLDNumber of Nuclear Number of Nuclear Reactors in Operation Reactors in Operation and under Constructionand under Constructionin 2000in 2000

In Operation:In Operation: 438 438 Total Capacity:Total Capacity: 351 351 GWeGWeUnder Construction:Under Construction: 3333Total Capacity:Total Capacity: 28.6 28.6 GWeGWeOperating Experience:Operating Experience: 9819 9819 RYsRYsNumber of Countries:Number of Countries: 3131(Including Taiwan, China)(Including Taiwan, China)

Note: Six reactors are in operation in Taiwan, China


Agency

Number of NPP under construction

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

3

4

4

8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Argentina

Czech

Romania

India

Iran

Russia

Slovakia

Japan

Korea Rep.

Ukraine

China

Nuclear Nuclear EnergyEnergy

PRIMARY COOLANTFUEL

Hot Source

Nuclear Reactions

Cold Fluid

Hot Fluid

Indirect Indirect CycleCycle

SECONDARY COOLANTPRIMARY

COOLANT

T1 T2

Gases: CompressorLiquids: Pumps

PRIMARY COOLANT

Direct Cycle

T1 T2


Agency

Reactor TypesReactor Types– PWRPWR

– CANDUCANDU

– BWRBWR

– MagnoxMagnox

– AGRAGR

– HTGRHTGR

– RBMKRBMK

– FRFR

TABLE 1: MAIN TYPES OF NUCLEAR POWER TABLE 1: MAIN TYPES OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTORSREACTORSReactor TypeReactor Type FuelFuel ModeratorModerator Coolant (pressure in bars)Coolant (pressure in bars) Steam generationSteam generation

PWRPWR uranium dioxideuranium dioxide

(approx. 3.2% U-235)(approx. 3.2% U-235)

ordinary ordinary waterwater

pressurized water (160 bars)pressurized water (160 bars) separate circuitseparate circuit

CANDUCANDU UUnenrichednenriched uranium dioxideuranium dioxide

(0.7% U-235(0.7% U-235))

heavy heavy waterwater

heavy water pumped at heavy water pumped at pressure (90 bars)pressure (90 bars)

separate circuitseparate circuit

BWRBWR uranium dioxideuranium dioxide

(2.6% U-235)(2.6% U-235)

ordinary ordinary waterwater

pressurized ordinary water which boils and pressurized ordinary water which boils and produces steam directly (70 bars)produces steam directly (70 bars)

MagnoxMagnox natural uraniumnatural uranium graphitegraphite carbon dioxide (40 bars)carbon dioxide (40 bars) separate circuitseparate circuit

AGRAGR uranium dioxideuranium dioxide

(2.3% U-235)(2.3% U-235)

graphitegraphite carbon dioxide (20 bars)carbon dioxide (20 bars) separate circuitseparate circuit

HTGRHTGR uranium dioxide in coated uranium dioxide in coated particle fuel (approx. 8-19%)particle fuel (approx. 8-19%)

graphitegraphite helium (approx. 60 bars)helium (approx. 60 bars) separate circuit separate circuit or direct helium or direct helium cyclecycle

RBMKRBMK uranium dioxide(2.uranium dioxide(2.44% U-% U-235235))

graphitegraphite pressurized ordinary water which boils and pressurized ordinary water which boils and produces steam directly (70 bars)produces steam directly (70 bars)

FRFR uranium/plutonium oxideuranium/plutonium oxide

(about 16-20%)(about 16-20%)

NoneNone liquid sodium at low pressure liquid sodium at low pressure (~5 bar)(~5 bar)

separate circuitseparate circuit


Agency

Nuclear Power ChallengesNuclear Power Challenges

Continuing to assure the highest level of safe Continuing to assure the highest level of safe operation of current plants,operation of current plants,

Implementing disposal of high level waste,Implementing disposal of high level waste, Achieving consensus on the effects of small Achieving consensus on the effects of small

doses of radiation,doses of radiation, Establishing a sound basis for defining the Establishing a sound basis for defining the

potential of nuclear power to contribute to potential of nuclear power to contribute to sustainable development.sustainable development.

The Challenges facing nuclear power include:


Agency

Nuclear Power ChallengesNuclear Power Challenges(Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Achieving further technological advances to assure that Achieving further technological advances to assure that future nuclear plants will be economically competitive with future nuclear plants will be economically competitive with fossil alternatives, especially in deregulated and privatised fossil alternatives, especially in deregulated and privatised electricity markets;electricity markets;

Developing economical small and medium sized reactor Developing economical small and medium sized reactor designs to provide the nuclear power option to developing designs to provide the nuclear power option to developing countries which have small electricity grids, and also for countries which have small electricity grids, and also for non-electric applications such as seawater desalination, and non-electric applications such as seawater desalination, and

Preserving intellectual capabilities in nuclear power Preserving intellectual capabilities in nuclear power technology.technology.

IAEA addresses all of these challenges in its programmatic activities.


Agency

To assure that nuclear power To assure that nuclear power remains a viable option, remains a viable option, considerable design and considerable design and

development is underway development is underway worldwideworldwide

New designs are being developed for all major New designs are being developed for all major lines (LWRs, HWRs, HTGRs, LMRs)lines (LWRs, HWRs, HTGRs, LMRs)

Common goalsCommon goals High availability, High availability, Competitive economicsCompetitive economics Compliance with stringent safety objectivesCompliance with stringent safety objectives

Expenditures are more than US$2B/year-Expenditures are more than US$2B/year-reflecting confidence in the future of nuclear reflecting confidence in the future of nuclear powerpower


Agency

Advanced Advanced DesignsDesigns Evolutionary designsEvolutionary designs which aim to achieve improvements over which aim to achieve improvements over

existing designs through small to moderate modificationsexisting designs through small to moderate modifications Innovative designsInnovative designs which incorporate radical conceptual changes which incorporate radical conceptual changes

in design approaches or system configuration and may require a in design approaches or system configuration and may require a prototype or demonstration plant as part of the development prototype or demonstration plant as part of the development programme.programme.

Innovative designs

Evolutionary designs

Engineering

Confirmatory testing

+ EngineeringC

ost o

f D

evel

opm

ent

Departure from Existing Designs

Prototypeand/or

Demonstration plant+

Confirmatory testing+

Engineering

Substantial R&D


Agency


Agency

SOME EVOLUTIONARY WATER COOLED SOME EVOLUTIONARY WATER COOLED REACTORS ARE STARTING OPERATION OR ARE REACTORS ARE STARTING OPERATION OR ARE UNDER CONSTRUCTION, OTHERS HAVE BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION, OTHERS HAVE BEEN CERTIFIED BY REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, CERTIFIED BY REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, AAND SOME ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT...ND SOME ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT...

• Evolutionary LWRsEvolutionary LWRs

USA/Japan: 1360 MWeUSA/Japan: 1360 MWe ABWRABWR (GE-Hitachi-Toshiba) and (GE-Hitachi-Toshiba) and 1700 MWe1700 MWe ABWR-IIABWR-II ((Japanese utilities, GE-Hitachi-Toshiba)Japanese utilities, GE-Hitachi-Toshiba); and 1530 MWe; and 1530 MWe APWR APWR (Mitsubishi-Westinghouse)(Mitsubishi-Westinghouse)

USA: 600 MWeUSA: 600 MWe AP-600AP-600 and 1350 MWeand 1350 MWe System 80+System 80+ (Westinghouse) and(Westinghouse) and 1350 MWe1350 MWe ABWR ABWR (General Electric);(General Electric);

also: 1000 MWealso: 1000 MWe AP-1000AP-1000 (Westinghouse) and 1380 MWe(Westinghouse) and 1380 MWe ESBWRESBWR France/Germany: 1545 MWeFrance/Germany: 1545 MWe EPREPR and 1000 MWeand 1000 MWe SWR-1000SWR-1000 (Framatome ANP)(Framatome ANP) Rep. of Korea: 1000 MWeRep. of Korea: 1000 MWe KSNPKSNP++ and 1400 MWeand 1400 MWe APR-1400APR-1400 (KEPCO and (KEPCO and

Korean Industry)Korean Industry) Sweden: 1500 MWeSweden: 1500 MWe BWR90+BWR90+ (Westinghouse Atom )(Westinghouse Atom ) Russia:Russia: WWER-1000WWER-1000 (V-392);(V-392); WWER-1500;WWER-1500; andand WWER-640WWER-640 (V-407) (V-407)

(Gidropress and Atomenergoprojekt)(Gidropress and Atomenergoprojekt) China: 1000 MWeChina: 1000 MWe CNP-1000CNP-1000 (CNNC) and 600 MWe(CNNC) and 600 MWe AC-600AC-600 (NPIC)(NPIC)


Agency

SOME EVOLUTIONARY WATER COOLED REACTORS ARE SOME EVOLUTIONARY WATER COOLED REACTORS ARE STARTING OPERATION OR ARE UNDER CONSTRUCTION, STARTING OPERATION OR ARE UNDER CONSTRUCTION,

OTHERS HAVE BEEN CERTIFIED BY REGULATORY OTHERS HAVE BEEN CERTIFIED BY REGULATORY AUTHORITIES, AUTHORITIES,

AND SOME ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENTAND SOME ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT

• Evolutionary HWRsEvolutionary HWRs

–Canada: AECL’s evolutionary CANDU programmeCanada: AECL’s evolutionary CANDU programme• 700 MWe700 MWe CANDU-6CANDU-6

• 935 MWe935 MWe CANDU-9CANDU-9

• 400-650 MWe400-650 MWe Next Generation CANDU Next Generation CANDU

– India: Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Ltd.India: Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Ltd.

• 500 MWe500 MWe HWRHWR


Agency

Overview of Toshiba, Hitachi Overview of Toshiba, Hitachi and General Electric ABWRand General Electric ABWR

• Development started in 1970s (by design organizations and utilities, with Development started in 1970s (by design organizations and utilities, with support from government of Japan)support from government of Japan)

• strong application of “test before use”, even if features had been incorporated strong application of “test before use”, even if features had been incorporated in BWRs outside of Japanin BWRs outside of Japan

• Key developments: reactor internal pumps, improved control rod drives, re-Key developments: reactor internal pumps, improved control rod drives, re-inforced concrete containment, improved efficiency turbine, additional means inforced concrete containment, improved efficiency turbine, additional means of injecting water under accident conditions, advanced I&C and control roomof injecting water under accident conditions, advanced I&C and control room

• 2 ABWRs (1356 MWe) are operating: Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Unit 6 2 ABWRs (1356 MWe) are operating: Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Unit 6 (construction: 11/92-12/96); Unit 7 (construction: 7/93-7/97) (construction: 11/92-12/96); Unit 7 (construction: 7/93-7/97)

• 2 ABWRs are under construction (Hamaoka-5 and Shika-2) in Japan, and 8 2 ABWRs are under construction (Hamaoka-5 and Shika-2) in Japan, and 8 more are plannedmore are planned

• U.S. version was designed to meet EPRI URD and received U.S.NRC Design U.S. version was designed to meet EPRI URD and received U.S.NRC Design Certification (5/97)Certification (5/97)

• 2 units under construction in Taiwan, China2 units under construction in Taiwan, China


Agency

The ABWR reactor coolant The ABWR reactor coolant re-circulation pumping system is re-circulation pumping system is

simplersimpler

Documents

Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Power in the 21 st Century: Status and Trends in Advanced Nuclear Technology Development