Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering files/III-II UEE CF.pdf · 12 Soft Copy of Notes/Ppt/Slides √ 13 Sessional Question Paper and Scheme of Evaluation √ 14 Best,

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Course Tittle: ______Utilization Of Electrical Energy___________ Following documents are available in Course File.

S.No. Points Yes No

1 Institute and Department Vision and Mission Statements √

2 PEO & PO Mapping √

3 Academic Calendar √

4 Subject Allocation Sheet √

5 Class Time Table, Individual Timetable (Single Sheet) √

6 Syllabus Copy √

7 Course Handout √

8 CO-PO Mapping √

9 CO-Cognitive Level Mapping √

10 Lecture Notes √

11 Tutorial Sheets With Solution √

12 Soft Copy of Notes/Ppt/Slides √

13 Sessional Question Paper and Scheme of Evaluation √

14 Best, Average and Weak Answer Scripts for Each Sessional Exam. (Photocopies)

√

15 Assignment Questions and Solutions √

16 Previous University Question Papers √

17 Result Analysis √

18 Feedback From Students √

19 Course Exit Survey √

20 CO Attainment for All Mids. √

21 Remedial Action. √

Course Instructor / Course Coordinator Course Instructor / Course Coordinator (Name) (Signature)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Vision of the Institute

To be among the best of the institutions for engineers and technologists with attitudes, skills and

knowledge and to become an epicentre of creative solutions.

Mission of the Institute

To achieve and impart quality education with an emphasis on practical skills and social

relevance.

Vision of the Department

To impart technical knowledge and skills required to succeed in life, career and help society to

achieve self sufficiency.

Mission of the Department

To become an internationally leading department for higher learning.

To build upon the culture and values of universal science and contemporary education.

To be a centre of research and education generating knowledge and technologies which

lay groundwork in shaping the future in the fields of electrical and

electronics engineering.

To develop partnership with industrial, R&D and government agencies and actively

participate in conferences, technical and community activities.


Programme Educational Objectives (B.Tech. – EEE)

This programme is meant to prepare our students to professionally thrive and to lead.

During their progression:

Graduates will be able to

PEO 1: Have a successful technical or professional careers, including supportive and leadership

roles on multidisciplinary teams.

PEO 2: Acquire, use and develop skills as required for effective professional practices.

PEO 3: Able to attain holistic education that is an essential prerequisite for being a responsible

member of society.

PEO 4: Engage in life-long learning, to remain abreast in their profession and be leaders in our

technologically vibrant society.

Programme Outcomes (B.Tech. – EEE)

At the end of the Programme, a graduate will have the ability to

PO 1: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering.

PO 2: Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.

PO 3: Design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints

such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,

manufacturability, and sustainability.

PO 4: Function on multi-disciplinary teams.

PO 5: Identify, formulates, and solves engineering problems.

PO 6: Understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.

PO 7: Communicate effectively.

PO 8: Broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global,

economic, environmental, and societal context.

PO 9: Recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning.

PO 10: Knowledge of contemporary issues.

PO 11: Utilize experimental, statistical and computational methods and tools necessary for

engineering practice.

PO 12: Demonstrate an ability to design electrical and electronic circuits, power electronics, power

systems; electrical machines analyze and interpret data and also an ability to design digital

and analog systems and programming them.

PEOs & POs Mapping Programme Educational

Objectives (PEOs) Programme Outcomes (POs)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 M M - - H - - H H - H H 2 - - M M H H H - - - - H 3 - - - - H H M M M M H H 4 - - - M M H M H H - M H

* H: Strongly Correlating (3); M: Moderately Correlating (2)& L: Weakly Correlating (1)


GRIET/DAA/1H/G/18-19 05 May 2018

ACADEMIC CALENDAR

Academic Year 2018-19

III B.TECH – FIRST SEMESTER

S. No. EVENT PERIOD DURATION

1 1st Spell of Instructions 02-07-2018 to 01-09-2018 9 Weeks

2 1st Mid-term Examinations 03-09-2018 to 05-09-2018 3 Days 3 2nd Spell of Instructions 06-09-2018 to 24-10-2018 7 Weeks

4 2nd Mid-term Examinations 25-10-2018 to 27-10-2018 3 Days

5 Preparation 29-10-2018 to 06-11-2018 1 Week 3 Days

6 End Semester Examinations (Theory/

Practicals) Regular/Supplementary 08-11-2018 to 08-12-2018 4 Weeks 3 Days

7 Commencement of Second Semester,

A.Y 2018-19

10-12-2018

III B.TECH – SECOND SEMESTER

S. No. EVENT PERIOD DURATION

1 1st Spell of Instruction 10-12-2018 to 02-02-2019 8 Weeks

2 1st Mid-term Examinations 04-02-2019 to 06-02-2019 3 Days

3 2nd Spell of Instruction 07-02-2019 to 06-04-2019 8 Weeks 3 Days

4 2nd Mid-term Examinations 08-04-2019 to 10-04-2019 3 Days

5 Preparation 11-04-2019 to 17-04-2019 1 Week

6 End Semester Examinations (Theory/

Practicals) Regular 18-04-2019 to 08-05-2019 3 Weeks

7 Supplementary and Summer Vacation 09-05-2019 to 22-06-2019 6 Weeks 3 Days 8 Commencement of First Semester,

A.Y 2019-20

24-06-2019

Copy to Director, Principal, Vice Principal, DOA, DOE, Balaji Kumar, DCGC, All HODs

(Dr. K. Anuradha)

Dean of Academic Affairs


SUBJECT ALLOCATION SHEET

2018-19 II sem Subject Allocation sheet

GRIET/EEE/05B/G/18-19 30.10.18

II YEAR(GR17) Section-A Section-B

Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis

Power Generation and Distrubution SN SN

AC Machines VVSM VVSM

Control Systems Dr DGP MS

Princeples of Digital Electronics PRK PRK

AC Machines Lab PPK/DSR PPK/DSR

Control Systems Lab MS/PSVD MS/PSVD

Analog and Digital Electronics Lab RAK/DKK RAK/DKK

Value Education and Ethics

Gender Sensitization Lab MS/PSVD MS/PSVD

III YEAR (GR15)

Computer Methods in Power systems VVRR/MP VVRR/MP

Switch Gear & Protection PSVD Dr JSD

Management Science

Utilization of Electrical Energy MRE MRE Non Conventional Sources of Energy Neural and Fuzzy Systems

Sensors&Transducers UVL UVL

Power Systems Lab GSR/YSV GSR/YSV

Advanced English Communications Skills Lab

Industry Oriented Mini Project Lab PPK/AVK/Dr JP MP/Dr JP

IV YEAR (GR15)

Programmable Logic Controllers PK

Flexible AC Transmission Systems Dr TSK

EHV AC Transmission

Power System Automation

Modern Power Electronics AVK

DSP Based Electromechanical Systems

Advaced Control Systems

Programmable Logic Controllers-Lab VVSM PK

Main Projects

RAK/Dr SVJK PK/VVRR


GRIET/PRIN/06/G/01/18-19

Wef : 10 Dec 2018

BTech - EEE - B III year - II Semester

DAY/ HOUR 9:00 - 9:45

9:45

-

10:30

10:30 -

11:15 11:15-

12:00

12:00-

12:30

12:30 -

1:20 1:20 - 2:10

2:10 -

3:00

Room No

MONDAY PS Lab(B1) /AECS Lab(B2)

BR

EA

K

UEE CMPS

Theory 4404

TUESDAY PS Lab(B2) /IOMP Lab(B1) CMPS S&T

Lab

4504/4407/

WEDNESDAY IOMP Lab(B2) / AECS Lab(B1) SGP CMPS

THURSDAY SGP UEE S&T MS

Class

Incharge: M Rekha

FRIDAY UEE CMPS S&T SGP

SATURDAY MS SGP UEE S&T

Subject Code Subject Name Faculty

Code Faculty name Almanac

CMPS Computer Methods in Power

systems VVRR/MP V Vijaya Rama Raju/M Prashanth 1st Spell of Instructions

10-12-2018 to

06-02-2019

SGP Switch Gear & Protection DrJSD

Dr J Sridevi 1st Mid-term Examinations

07-02-2019 to 09-02-2019

MS Management Science Dr MSRS

Dr M S R Sesha giri 2nd Spell of Instructions 11-02-2019 to

03-04-2019

UEE Utilization of Electrical Energy MRE

M Rekha 2nd Mid-term Examinations

04-04-2019 to 06-04-2019

S&T Sensors&Transducers UVL

U Vijaya Lakshmi Preparation 08-04-2019 to

17-04-2019

PS Lab Power Systems Lab GSR/YSV G Sandhya Rani/Y Satyavani End Semester Examinations (Theory/ Practicals) Regular

18-04-2019 to 08-05-2019 AECS Lab

Advanced English

Communications Skills Lab ES E Sailaja

IOMP Lab Industry Oriented Mini Project Lab

MP/Dr JP

M Prashanth/ Dr J Praveen Supplementary and Summer Vacation

09-05-2019-to 22-06-2019

Commencement of

Second Semester , AY 24/06/2019

GRIET/PRIN/06/G/01/18-19

Wef : 10 Dec 2018

BTech - EEE - A III year - II Semester

DAY/ HOUR 9:00

- 9:45

9:45 -

10:30

10:30

-

11:15 11:15-12:00

12:00-

12:30

12:30 -

1:20

1:20 -

2:10

2:10 -

3:00

Room No

MONDAY SGP CMPS

BR

EA

K

S&T UEE

Theory 4501

TUESDAY SGP S&T UEE CMPS

Lab

4504/4407/

WEDNESDAY MS UEE SGP S&T

THURSDAY IOMP Lab(A1) / AECS Lab(A2) CMPS S&T

Class

Incharge: M Rekha

FRIDAY PS Lab(A2) /AECS Lab(A1) MS UEE

SATURDAY IOMP Lab(A2) / PS Lab (A1) CMPS SGP

Subject Code Subject Name Faculty Code Faculty name Almanac

CLASS

TIME TABLE


CMPS Computer Methods in

Power systems VVRR/MP

V Vijaya Rama Raju/M Prashanth

1st Spell of Instructions 10-12-2018 to 06-02-

2019

SGP Switch Gear &

Protection PSVD P Srividya Devi

1st Mid-term Examinations

07-02-2019 to 09-02-

2019

MS Management Science Dr MSRS Dr M S R Sesha giri 2nd Spell of Instructions 11-02-2019 to 03-04-2019

UEE Utilization of Electrical Energy

MRE M Rekha 2nd Mid-term Examinations

04-04-2019 to 06-04-2019

S&T Sensors&Transducers UVL U Vijaya Lakshmi Preparation 08-04-2019 to 17-04-

2019

PS Lab Power Systems Lab GSR/YSV G Sandhya Rani/Y

Satyavani End Semester Examinations (Theory/ Practicals) Regular

18-04-2019 to 08-05-2019

AECS Lab Advanced English

Communications Skills Lab

ES E Sailaja

IOMP Lab Industry Oriented Mini

Project Lab

AVK/PPK/Dr JP

A Vinay Kumar/P Praveen Kumar/ Dr J

Praveen

Supplementary and Summer Vacation

09-05-2019-to 22-06-

2019

Commencement of

Second Semester , AY 24/06/2019


UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY (Professional Elective – II) Course Code: GR15A3023 L T P C

III Year II Sem 3 1 0 4

UNIT I ELECTRIC DRIVES Type of electric drives, choice of motor, starting and running characteristics, speed control, temperature rise, particular applications of electric drives, types of industrial loads, continuous, intermittent and variable loads, load equalization.

UNIT II ELECTRIC HEATING Advantages and methods of electric heating, resistance heating induction heating and dielectric heating . ELECTRIC WELDING Electric welding, resistance and arc welding , electric welding equipment, comparison between A.C and D.C Welding.

UNIT III ILLUMINATION Introduction, terms used in illumination, laws of illumination, polar curves, photometry, integrating sphere, sources of light., Various Illumination Methods: Discharge lamps, MV and SV lamps, comparison between tungsten filament lamps and fluorescent tubes, Basic principles of light control, Types and design of street lighting and flood lighting.

UNIT IV ELECTRIC TRACTION – I System of electric traction and track electrification, Review of existing electric traction systems in India, Special features of traction motor, methods of electric braking, plugging rheostatic braking and regenerative braking., Mechanics of train movement, Speed-time curves for different services, trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed time curves.

UNIT V ELECTRIC TRACTION-II Calculations of tractive effort, power, specific energy consumption for given run, effect of varying acceleration and braking retardation, adhesive weight and coefficient of adhesion. TEXT BOOKS: 1)J.B.Gupta ,Utilization of Electric Power & Electric Traction 2) Partab,Art & Science of Utilization of Electrical Energy Dhanpat Rai & Sons REFERENCES 1) N.V.Suryanarayana, Utilization of Electric Power including Electrical Drives & Electric Traction, New Age International(P) Limited, Publishers,1996. 2) C.L.Wadhwa, Generation, Distribution and Utilization of Electrical Energy, New Age International(P) Limited, Publishers, 1997.


COURSE SCHEDULE

Academic Year : 2018-2019

Semester : II

Name of the Program: B.Tech ……..…Electrical……..… Year: ……III………. Section: A&B

Course/Subject: …Utilization of Electrical Energy…Course Code: ..GR15A3023..

Name of the Faculty: …M.Rekha……………………..…………..Dept.: …EEE………

Designation: ASST.PROFESSOR

The Schedule for the whole Course / Subject is:

S. No.

Description

Total No.

Of Periods

1.

Electric Drives 16

2.

Electric Heating and Electric Welding 12

3.

Illumination 16

4.

Electric Traction-I 14

5.

Electric Traction-II 08

Total No. of Instructional periods available for the course: ..……66……. Hours / Periods


SCHEDULE OF INSTRUCTIONS

COURSE PLAN


Semester : II





Unit

No.

Lesson

No.

No. of

Periods

Topics / Sub-Topics

Objectives &

Outcomes

Nos.

References

(Text Book, Journal…)

Page Nos.: ____to ____

1 1 2 Types of Electric Drives and

choice of motor

Obj:1,2

Out:1,2

Utilization Of

Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:6

2 2 Starting and Running

Characteristics of DC motors

Obj:1,2

Out:1,2 Utilization Of

Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:20


Characteristics of AC Motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:26

4 2 Speed control of DC Motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:75

5 2 Speed control of AC Motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:82

6 2 Temperature Rise

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:126

7 2

Types Of Industrial loads-

Continuous , Intermittent and

variable loads

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:8

8 2 Particular applications Of electric

drives and Load Equalization

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:144

2

1 2

Advantages and Methods Of

Electric heating-Resistance

heating,

Obj:1,2,3,

Out:4 J.B.Gupta, Pg:243

2 2 Induction heating dielectric

heating

Obj:1,2,3,


3 2 Dielectric heating Obj:1,2,3,



4 2

Electric welding-Resistance

welding-types and applications

Obj:1,2,3,


5 2

Types of Arc welding and

applications

Obj:1,2,3,

Out:4 J.B.Gupta, Pg: 291

6 2 Comparision between AC and DC

welding

Obj:1,2,3,


3 1 2 Introduction and terms used in

illumination

Obj:1,2,3


2 2 Laws Of Illumination ,Polar

Curves

Obj:1,2,3,

Out:7 J.B.Gupta,

Pg:316,322

3 2 Photometry ,Various types of

photometric heads

Obj:1,2,3,


4 2

Sources of light,Comparision

between tungsten and filament

lamps

Obj:1,2,3,

Out:7 J.B.Gupta,

Pg:327,341

5 2 Filament lamps ,Florescent lamps Obj:1,2,3,


6 2 MV and SV Lamps Obj:1,2,3,


7 2

Basic Principles Of Light

control,Types and design of

lightning

Obj:1,2,3,


8 2 Street lighting and Flood lightning Obj:1,2,3,

Out:5,7 J.B.Gupta,

Pg:353,354

4 1 2 Track Electrification , Existing

Electric traction in India

Obj:1,2

Out:1,2 J.B.Gupta, Pg:420

2 Systems Of Electric Traction Obj:1,2


3 2 Special Features Of Electric

Traction motors

Obj:1,2


4 2

Methods Of Electric braking,

plugging ,rheostatic and

regenerative braking

Obj:1,2


5 2 Mechanism of train movement Obj:1,2

Out:1,2,3 J.B.Gupta, Pg:436

6 2

Speed time curves of different

services, Trapezoidal speed time

curve

Obj:1,2


7 2 Quadrilateral speed time curve Obj:1,2


5 1 2 Calculation of Tractive effort Obj:1,2


2 2 Specific energy consumption for a

given run

Obj:1,2


3 2 Effect Of Varying acceleration

and retardation

Obj:1,2


4 2 Adhesive weight and coefficient

Of adhesion

Obj:1,2




UNIT PLAN


Semester : II UNIT NO.: ………I………….





Lesson

No.

No. of

Periods

Topics / Sub-Topics

Objectives &

Outcomes

Nos.

References

(Text Book, Journal…)

1 2 Types of Electric Drives and

choice of motor

Obj:1,2

Out:1,2

Utilization Of

Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:6


Characteristics of DC motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:20


Characteristics of AC Motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:26

4 2 Speed control of DC Motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:75

5 Speed control of AC Motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:82

6 2 Temperature Rise

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:126

7 2

Types Of Industrial loads-

Continuous , Intermittent and

variable loads

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:8

8 2 Particular applications Of electric

drives and Load Equalization

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:144



UNIT PLAN


Semester : II UNIT NO.: ………II………….





Lesson

No.

No. of

Periods

Topics / Sub-Topics

Objectives &

Outcomes

Nos.

References

(Text Book,

Journal…)

___

1 2

Advantages and Methods Of

Electric heating-Resistance

heating,

Obj:1,2,3,

Out:4 Utilization Of

Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:243

2 2 Induction heating dielectric

heating

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:263

3 2 Dielectric heating

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:271

4 2

Electric welding-Resistance

welding-types and applications

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:282

5 2

Types of Arc welding and

applications

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg: 291

6 2 Comparision between AC and DC

welding

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:307



UNIT PLAN


Semester : II UNIT NO.: ……III……….





Lesson

No.

No. of

Periods

Topics / Sub-Topics

Objectives &

Outcomes

Nos.

References

(Text Book,

Journal…)

___

1 2 Introduction and terms used in

illumination

Obj:1,2,3


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:311

2 2 Laws Of Illumination ,Polar

Curves

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta,

Pg:316,322

3 2 Photometry ,Various types of

photometric heads

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:323

4 2

Sources of light,Comparision

between tungsten and filament

lamps

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta,

Pg:327,341

5 2 Filament lamps ,Florescent lamps

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:328

6 2 MV and SV Lamps

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:331

7 2

Basic Principles Of Light

control,Types and design of

lightning

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:344

8 2 Street lighting and Flood lightning

Obj:1,2,3,


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta,

Pg:353,354



UNIT PLAN


Semester : II UNIT NO.: ………IV……….





Lesson

No.

No. of

Periods

Topics / Sub-Topics

Objectives &

Outcomes

Nos.

References

(Text Book,

Journal…)

___

1 2 Track Electrification , Existing

Electric traction in India

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:420

2 Systems Of Electric Traction

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:417

3 2 Special Features Of Electric

Traction motors

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:459

4 2

Methods Of Electric braking,

plugging ,rheostatic and

regenerative braking

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:95

5 2 Mechanism of train movement

Obj:1,2

Out:1,2,3 Utilization Of

Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:436

6 2

Speed time curves of different

services, Trapezoidal speed time

curve

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:430

7 2 Quadrilateral speed time curve

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:432



UNIT PLAN


Semester : II UNIT NO.: ……V……….


Course/Subject: …Utilization of Electrical Energy…Course Code: .GR15A3023..



Lesson

No.

No. of

Periods

Topics / Sub-Topics

Objectives &

Outcomes

Nos.

References

(Text Book,

Journal…)

___

1 2 Calculation of Tractive effort

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:437

2 2 Specific energy consumption for a

given run

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:444

3 2 Effect Of Varying acceleration

and retardation

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:444

4 2 Adhesive weight and coefficient

Of adhesion

Obj:1,2


Electrical Energy

J.B.Gupta, Pg:451


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II

Name of the Program: B.Tech .Electrical… Year: ………III..………. Section: A&B

Course/Subject: Utilization Of Electrical Energy

Name of the Faculty: ……M.Rekha….……………Dept.:…EEE………….

Designation : ASST.PROFESSOR

Lesson No: …………………….1,2&3………….Duration of Lesson: . 90min……

Lesson Title: Types of drives and Operating Characteristics

INSTRUCTIONAL/LESSON OBJECTIVES:

On completion of this lesson the student shall be able to:

1. Know the various types of electrical drives

2. Starting and running Characteristics of DC Motors

3. Starting and running Characteristics of AC Motors

TEACHING AIDS : OHP PROJECTOR, WHITEBOARD, MARKER, DUSTER.

TEACHING POINTS :

5 min.: Taking attendance

15 min.: Recollecting the contents of previous class.

90 min.: Introduction to Electric drives

10min.: Doubts clarification and Review of the class.

Assignment / Questions: Explain about various types of drives with applications. (Obj;- 1,2Out;-

1,2)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: ………….4,5,6…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Speed control of AC and DC motors& Types of Industrial loads



1. Speed control of DC and AC motors

2. Temperature rise


TEACHING POINTS :


15 min.: Re collecting the contents of previous class.

90 min.: Speed control of AC and DC motors and different types of industrial loads.


Assignment / Questions: Explain about the temperature rise. (Obj;- 1,2Out;-1,2)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: ………….7&8…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Speed control of AC and DC motors& Types of Industrial loads



1. Types Of Industrial loads

2. Load Equalization


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Load equalization and types of industrial loads


Assignment / Questions: Explain about the different types of industrial loads. (Obj;- 1,2 Out;-1,2)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: 9,10,11…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Electric heating



1. Different methods of electric heating

2. Explain about Resistance, Induction and Dielectric heating


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Electric Heating


Assignment / Questions: Explain about the different types of Electric heating. (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-4)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: ….12,13,14…… .Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Electric Welding



1. Different methods of electric welding

2. Explain about Resistance and Arc welding


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Electric Welding


Assignment / Questions: Explain about the different types of Electric welding. (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-4)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: ……..15,16&17……….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Illumination



1. Explain about laws of Illumination

2. Different terms used in illumination

3. Explain about different photometric heads


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Introduction to Illumination & terms used in Illumination.


Assignment / Questions: Explain about the laws of Illumination. (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-5,7)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: …..18,19&20…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Terms used in Illumination



2. Explain about different sources Of Light.

4. Explain about tungsten and filament lamps.

5. Explain about florescent and gaseous discharge lamps.


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Different types of lamps.


Assignment / Questions: Explain about the laws of Illumination. (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-5,7)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: …..21,22&23…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Different Types Of lamps



3. Explain about different sources Of Light.

6. Explain about tungsten and filament lamps.

7. Explain about florescent and gaseous discharge lamps.


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Different types of lamps.


Assignment / Questions: Explain about different types of lamps.. (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-5,7)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: …..24&25…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Street lighting and flood lighting



1.Explain about basic principle of lighting

2.Discuss about Street lighting and flood lighting


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Street lighting and flood lighting


Assignment / Questions: Explain about basic principles of lighting (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-5,7)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: …..26,27,28&29…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Systems of electric traction and track electrification



1.Explain about different systems of traction

2.Discuss about track electrification


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Systems of electric traction and track electrification


Assignment / Questions: Explain about Systems of electric traction and track electrification

(Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-1,2)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: …..30,31,32…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Speed time curves



1.Explain about Mechanism of train movement

2.Discuss about Speed time curves


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Trapezoidal quadrilateral speed time curve


Assignment / Questions: Explain about speed time curves (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-1,2,3)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: …..33,34…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Tractive effort



1.Explain about tractive effort

2.Discuss about Specific energy consumption


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Tractive effort and specific energy consumption


Assignment / Questions: Explain about Specific energy consumption (Obj;- 1,2,3 Out;-1,,3, 6)


LESSON PLAN


Semester : II





Lesson No: …..35,36…………….Duration of Lesson: ……... 90min………

Lesson Title: Adhesive weight and coefficient of adhesion



1.Discuss about effect of varying acceleration and retardation

2.Define adhesive weight and coefficient of adhesion


TEACHING POINTS :



90 min.: Tractive effort and specific energy consumption


Assignment / Questions: Discuss about effect of varying acceleration and retardation (Obj;- 1,2,3

Out;-1,,3, 6)


ASSIGNMENT SHEET – 1


Semester : I

Name of the Program: B.Tech ……Electrical……..… Year: ……III……….. Section: A&B

Course/Subject: …Utilization Of Electrical energy…Course Code: ..GR15A3023.

Name of the Faculty: ……M. Rekha ……………….………………..Dept.: …EEE………


This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. / Lesson ………………1………………………….

Q1. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages associated with electric drives?

.

Q2. Draw heating and cooling curves of a given motor?

Q3. Compare the speed-torque characteristics of compound motor

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: ……………………1,2…………………………………………………………….

Signature of HOD Signature of faculty

Date: Date:




Semester : I



Name of the Faculty: ……M.Rekha ……………….………………..Dept.: …EEE………



Q1. Explain the Principle of dielectric heating and applications

Q2. What are different methods of heat transfer? Explain in brief.

Q3. Compare resistance and arc welding? .

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2,3………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: ……………………4…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:




Semester : I






Q1. Determine the effective illumination of a room 12m x 15m, illuminated by 15 lamps of 200

watts each. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is given as 12 lumens /watt. Given

coefficient of utilization as 0.4. Let D.F. =0.8 and waste light factor = 1.2.

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2,3………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: ……………………5,7…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:




Semester : I






Q1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of track electrification.

Q2. Draw the speed-time curve of a main line service and explain.

Q3. . For a quadrilateral speed-time curve of an electric train, derive expression for the distance

between stops and speed at the end of the coasting period.

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: …………………1,2,3…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:




Semester : I





This Assignment corresponds to Unit No. / Lesson ………………5……………………….

Q1. Derive an expression for tractive effort for a train on a level track.

Q2. Define specific energy output and specific energy consumption.

Q3. Derive an expression for specific energy output on level track using a simplified

speed-time curve. What purpose is achieved by this quantity? Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: …………………1,3, 6…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:


TUTORIAL SHEET – 1


Semester : I



Name of the Faculty: ……M. Rekha ……………….………………..Dept.: …EEE………


This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. / Lesson ………………1………………………….

Q1. A 250V d.c. shunt motor drives a load whose torque remains constant. The motor

takes a current of 22.5A from the supply and its speed is 400 rpm. If the speed is to be raised to 600

rpm, what additional resistance must be placed in the shunt field circuit? Shunt field resistance is

100 Ω and armature resistance is 0.5Ω.

.

Q2. A Motor Works on 2 mints load cycle constituted as follows:

0 to 15 sec. load rising from 0 to 1050 h.p., 15 to 85 sec. constant load of 600 h.p., 85 to 95 sec.

Regenerative braking with the h.p returned falling uniformly from 200 to 0 h.p., 95 to 120 sec.

Motor is at rest. Determine the continuous rating of the motor that would be suitable for the load

Cycle. Assume the rating to depend upon the (i) r.m.s value of the loading (ii) average value of

Loading.

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: ……………………1,2…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:




Semester : I






Q1 Six resistances each of 40 ohms are used as heating elements in furnace. Find the power of the

furnace for various connections to a three phase 230V supply.

Q2. A 20KW single phase 230V resistance oven employs a circular Nichrome wire

for its heating element. If the wire temperature is not to exceed 11700 C and

temperature of charge to be 5000 C, calculate diameter and length of the wire. Take

K=0.57, e=0.95 and ρ=1.09 micro ohm-m. What would be the temperature of the

element when the charge is cold?

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2,3………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: ……………………4…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:




Semester : I






Q1. Determine the effective illumination of a room 12m x 15m, illuminated by 15 lamps of 200

watts each. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is given as 12 lumens /watt. Given

coefficient of utilization as 0.4. Let D.F. =0.8 and waste light factor = 1.2.Q2. Write a short

notes on Bunsen photometer head.

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2,3………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: ……………………5,7…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:




Semester : I






Q1 A train is to be run between two stations 5kms apart at an average speed of 50km/hr. If the

maximum speed is to be limited to 70km/hr, acceleration to 2km/hr/sec, braking retardation to

4km/hr/sec and coasting retardation to 0.1km/hr/sec, determine the speed at the end of coasting,

duration of coasting period and braking period.

Q2. A train runs with average speed of 40 kmph, Distance between stations is 2 Km, Values of

acceleration and retardation are 1.5 Kmphps and 2.5 Kmphps respectively. Find the maximum

speed of train assuming trapezoidal speed time curve.

Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: …………………1,2,3…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:




Semester : I





This Tutorial corresponds to Unit No. / Lesson ………………5……………………….

Q1. Calculate the specific energy consumption if a maximum speed of 12.2 m/s and for a given

run of 1,525 meters an acceleration of 0.366 m/s2 are desired. Train resistance during

acceleration is 52.6 Newtons/1000 kg and during coasting is 6.12 newtons/1000 kg, 10% being

allowable for rotational inertia. The efficiency of the equipment during the acceleration

period is 50%. Assume a quadrilateral speed- time curve.

Q2. An elective train has an average speed of 45kmph on a level track between stops 1800m apart.

It is accelerated at 2 kmphps and braked at 3 kmphps. Draw the speed time curve for the run.

Estimate the energy consumption at the axles of the train per tonne – km. Take train resistance

constant at 45 N per tonne and allow 10 % for rotational inertia. Objective Nos.: …………………… 1,2………………………………………………………….

Outcome Nos.: …………………1,3,6…………………………………………………………….


Date: Date:

COURSE OBJECTIVES


Academic Year :2018-19

Semester : II

Name of the Program: EEE……… Year:B.Tech III………..… Section:A/B

Course/Subject: ……Utilization of Electrical Energy…… CourseCode: GR15A3023

Name of the Faculty: M.Rekha Dept.EEE:…………


On completion of this Subject/Course the student shall be able to:

S.No Objectives

1 To provide the students the fundamental concepts of drives and types of drives

used in traction.

2 To train the students with a good engineering breadth so as to analyze the accessing techniques for braking system implementation in traction.

3 To comprehend the different issues related to heating, welding and illumination.


Date: Date:

Note: Please refer to Bloom’s Taxonomy, to know objectives.


COURSE OUTCOMES Academic Year :2018-19

Semester : II

Name of the Program:EEE…… Year:B.Tech III………..… Section: A/B

Course/Subject: Utilization of Electrica Energy CourseCode: GR15A3023

Name of the Faculty: M.Rekha, Dept.: ……EEE…………


The expected outcomes of the Course/Subject are:

S.No Outcomes

1 Underlying concepts of electrical traction drives

2 Introduction to different types of drives used in traction

3 A good engineering breadth so as to analyze different train movements time curves

4 Categorization of different types of Electrical heating and Electrical welding

5 Ability to discuss about street lightning and flood lightning.

6 Assessment of specific energy consumption of a train.

7 Skill to explain about the different types of Illumination


Date: Date:

Note: Please Taxonomy, refer to know to the Bloom’s illustrative verbs that can be used to state the

outcomes.


CO-PO Mapping

Course Code Course

Title Course Outcomes

Programme Outcomes

a b c d e f g h i j k l

GR15A3023

UTILIZA

TION OF

ELECTR

ICAL

ENERGY

Underlying concepts of

electrical traction drives H H M H M - - M H M M H

Introduction to different types

of drives used in traction M M M H - - M M H M H

A good engineering breadth

so as to analyze different train

movements time curves

H H M H M M - M M H M H

Categorization of different

types of Electrical heating

and Electrical welding

H H M H M - - M M M M H

Ability to discuss about street

lightning and flood lightning. H M H H M - - M - M H M

Assessment of specific

energy consumption of a

train.

H M M H M M - M - M M -

Skill to explain about the

different types of

Illumination

H M H H - - - M M M H H


Note: Answer any three questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1. Explain about the Sodium vapour discharge lamp [5] [CO-5]

2. Define

(a)MHCP (b) Utilization factor (c) MSCP (d)Illumination (e) Candle

Power

[5] [CO-7]

3. Draw the Speed – Time curve of main line service and derive the

expression for maximum speed. [5] [CO-3]

4.

An electric train has quadrilateral speed time curve as follows: (i)Uniform acceleration from rest at 2 kmphps for 30 seconds

(ii)Coasting for 50 sec

(iii)Braking period for 20 sec

The train is moving a uniform down gradient of 1%,tractive resistance 40 newtons/tonne,

rotational inertia effect 10% of dead weight, duration of stop 15 sec and overall efficiency

of transmission gear and motor as 75%.Calculate its schedules speed and specific energy

consumption.

[5] [CO-6]

Roll No: Note: Answer all the

questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1. The human eye responds better to [ ]

A. Infrared radiations B. Ultra-violet radiations C. Both as above D. None as above

2. Colour of light depends on [ ]

A. Wavelength B. Frequency C. Wavelength and frequency D. Amplitude

3. Tungsten filament lamp contains [ ]

A. Nitrogen B. Vacuum C. Oxygen D. Hydrogen

4. Auxiliary electrode for initiating ionisation is observed in [ ]

A. Sodium Vapour lamp B. Halogen Lamp C. High pressure mercury vapour lamp D.

Fluorescent lamp

5.The weight of the train and the locomotive to be pulled is called as [ ]

A. Accelerating weight B. Dead weight C. Adhesive weight D. Coefficient of Adhesion

6. Flood lightning is not used for [ ]

A. Reading B. Aesthetic C. Advertising D. Industrial

7. As the acceleration or retardation increases the specific energy consumption [ ]

A. Increases B. Decreases C. No change D. None

MID Exam –II (Descriptive)

UEE

Code: GR15A3023

Date: /04/2019

Duration: 90 min

Max Marks: 15

Academic Year: 2018-19

Year: III

Semester: II

MID Exam – II(Objective)

UEE

Code: GR15A3023

Date: /04/2019

Duration: 30 min

Max Marks: 05


Year: III

Semester: II

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 8. The maximum speed attained by the train is known as [ ]

A. Crest Speed B. Average Speed C. Scheduled Speed D. All of the above

9. The effective force required to propel the train is called as [ ]

A. Power B. Energy C. Specific Energy D. Tractive effort

10. An electric train has an average speed of 42kmphps on a level track between stops 1400m

apart.it is accelerated at 1.7kmphps and is braked at 3.3kmphps. Calculate the max.speed

[ ]

A. 48kmph B. 50kmph C. 52kmph D. 54kmph


Note: Answer any three questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1. Explain about the Sodium vapour discharge lamp [5] [CO-5]

2. Define

(a)MHCP (b) Utilization factor (c) MSCP (d)Illumination (e) Candle

Power

[5] [CO-7]

3. Draw the Speed – Time curve of main line service and derive the

expression for maximum speed. [5] [CO-3]

4.

An electric train has quadrilateral speed time curve as follows: (i)Uniform acceleration from rest at 2 kmphps for 30 seconds

(ii)Coasting for 50 sec

(iii)Braking period for 20 sec

The train is moving a uniform down gradient of 1%,tractive resistance 40 newtons/tonne,

rotational inertia effect 10% of dead weight, duration of stop 15 sec and overall efficiency

of transmission gear and motor as 75%.Calculate its schedules speed and specific energy

consumption.

[5] [CO-6]

Roll No: Note: Answer all the

questions. All questions carry equal marks.

1. The human eye responds better to [ ]

A. Infrared radiations B. Ultra-violet radiations C. Both as above D. None as above

2. Colour of light depends on [ ]

A. Wavelength B. Frequency C. Wavelength and frequency D. Amplitude

3. Tungsten filament lamp contains [ ]

A. Nitrogen B. Vacuum C. Oxygen D. Hydrogen

4. Auxiliary electrode for initiating ionisation is observed in [ ]

A. Sodium Vapour lamp B. Halogen Lamp C. High pressure mercury vapour lamp D.

Fluorescent lamp

5.The weight of the train and the locomotive to be pulled is called as [ ]

A. Accelerating weight B. Dead weight C. Adhesive weight D. Coefficient of Adhesion

6. Flood lightning is not used for [ ]

A. Reading B. Aesthetic C. Advertising D. Industrial

7. As the acceleration or retardation increases the specific energy consumption [ ]

A. Increases B. Decreases C. No change D. None

8. The maximum speed attained by the train is known as [ ]

A. Crest Speed B. Average Speed C. Scheduled Speed D. All of the above

9. The effective force required to propel the train is called as [ ]

A. Power B. Energy C. Specific Energy D. Tractive effort

MID Exam –II (Descriptive)

UEE

Code: GR15A3023

Date: 08 /04/2019

Duration: 90 min

Max Marks: 15


Year: III

Semester: II

MID Exam – II(Objective)

UEE

Code: GR15A3023

Date: 08 /04/2019

Duration: 30 min

Max Marks: 05


Year: III

Semester: II

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 10. An electric train has an average speed of 42kmphps on a level track between stops 1400m

apart.it is accelerated at 1.7kmphps and is braked at 3.3kmphps. Calculate the max.speed

[ ]

A. 48kmph B. 50kmph C. 52kmph D. 54kmph


III B. Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, May 2017

Utilization of Electrical Energy

(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 70

PART – A

Answer ALL questions. All questions carry equal marks.

*****

10 * 2 Marks = 20 Marks

1). a State the advantages and disadvantages of Electric Drive over Mechanical Drive. [2]

b What are the conditions for stable operation of a Motor? [2]

c What are the causes of failure of Heating Elements? [2]

d Why alternating current is found most suitable for Resistance Welding? [2]

e What are the two Laws of Illumination? [2]

f Why sodium discharge lamps are not used for general lighting? [2]

g What are the factors affecting the schedule speed of a Train?

[2]

h What are the merits and demerits of DC System of Track Electrification?

[2]

i What do you understand by the specific energy consumption and what factors

affect the same?

[2]

j What are the requirements which an Ideal Braking System should possess? [2]

PART – B

Answer any FIVE questions. All questions carry equal marks.

*****

5 * 10 Marks = 50 Marks

2. a) Write down the various methods of controlling the speed of D.C motor, Explain

the method of rheostatic control.

b) Explain various types of Loads.

[10]

3. State a few advantages of electric heating over other forms of heating and Describe

the construction and working of any type of induction furnace.

[10]

CODE: GR14A3023

GR11D5104

GR11D5104

GR11D5104

GR11D5104

GR11D5104

GR 14 SET - 1

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 4. Explain with the help of a circuit diagram the working of a fluorescent lamp, and

what are the advantages of fluorescent lighting over plain mercury discharge

lighting.

[10]

5. a) Discuss various factors on which final choice of Traction System depends.

b) A train runs with average speed of 40 kmph, Distance between stations is 2 Km,

Values of acceleration and retardation are 1.5 Kmphps and 2.5 Kmphps

respectively. Find the maximum speed of train assuming trapezoidal speed time

curve.

[10]

6. An electric train weighing 300 tonnes runs 10%, up gradient with following speed

time curve.

i. Uniform acceleration of 1.5 Kmphps for 30 seconds

ii. Constant speed for 40 seconds

iii. Coasting for 30 seconds

iv. Braking at 2.5 Kmphps to reset

Calculate the specific energy consumption if tractive resistance is 45 N/tonne,

rotational inertia effect 10%, overall efficiency of transmission and motor 75%.

[10]

7. i) What is the necessity of Starter in Induction Motor?

ii) What is the difference between carbon arc welding and metallic arc welding?

iii) Why Condenser is used in the Fluorescent Tube Circuit?

[3]

[4]

[3]

8. a) State the merits and/or demerits of Electric Traction with reference to Electric

Power crisis in India.

b) Explain the terms, “Dead Weight”, “Effective Weight”, and “Adhesive Weight”

in a Locomotive.

[10]

*****


III B. Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, May/June 2016

Utilization of Electrical Energy

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 75

Answer any FIVE questions

All questions carry equal marks

*****

1). a Explain what you mean by “Individual drive and Group drive”. Discuss their

relative merits and demerits.

[8]

b Derive an expression for temperature rise of an Electrical Machine. State the

assumptions made.

[7]

2). a With a neat sketch explain the construction and principle of indirect core type

induction furnace.

[8]

b Explain resistance welding. What are the various methods of resistance welding?

Describe any two of them.

[7]

3). a Determine the effective illumination of a room 12m x 15m, illuminated by 15

lamps of 200 watts each. The luminous efficiency of each lamp is given as 12

lumens /watt. Given coefficient of utilization as 0.4. Let D.F. =0.8 and waste

light factor = 1.2.

[8]

b Explain with sketch the principle of working of a Sodium Vapor Lamp and

enumerate its advantages and disadvantages as source of Light.

[7]

4). a What is Kando System? Explain the potentialities of this system for its being

adopted in future.

[8]

b Draw the Speed – Time curve of main line service and explain.

[7]

5). a Explain the terms :

i) Co efficient of Adhesion

ii) Adhesive Weight

iii) Dead Weight

iv) Acceleration Weight

[8]

b Calculate the Adhesive Weight of a locomotive which accelerates up a gradient

of 1 in 100 at 0.8 kmphps. The self-weight of locomotive is 350 Tonnes.

[7]

SET - 4 GR 11 CODE: GR11A3094

GR11D5104 GR11D5104

GR11D5104

GR11D5104

GR11D5104


Coefficient of adhesion is 0.25. Assume a train resistance of 45 N-m/Tonne and

allow 10% for the effect of rotational inertia.

6). a Write short notes on:

i) Temperature rise in Electric Drives

ii) The Ajax-Wyatt Furnace

[8]

b What is the function of a

(i) Starter and (ii) Choke Coil in a Fluorescent Lamp

[7]

7) a Write short notes on :

i) Regenerative braking of Induction Motor.

ii) Why a d.c series motor is ideally suited for traction purposes.

[8]

b What do you understand by the following:

i) Tractive effort for acceleration

ii) Tractive effort to overcome the resistance to the motion

iii) Total Tractive effort.

[7]

*****


GUIDELINES TO STUDY THE COURSE/SUBJECT Academic Year :2018-19

Semester : II

Name of the Program: EEE…… Year: B. Tech III…… Section: A/B

Course/Subject: …Utilization of Electrical Energy Course Code: GR15A3023

Name of the Faculty: M. Rekha Dept.: ……EEE…………


Guidelines to study the Course/ Subject: Utilization of Electrical Energy

Course Design and Delivery System (CDD):

The Course syllabus is written into number of learning objectives and outcomes. These learning objectives and outcomes will be achieved through lectures, assessments, assignments, experiments in the laboratory, projects, seminars, presentations, etc.

Every student will be given an assessment plan, criteria for assessment, scheme ofevaluation and grading method.

The Learning Process will be carried out through assessments of Knowledge, Skills and Attitude by various methods and the students will be given guidance to refer to the text books, reference books, journals, etc.

The faculty be able to –

Understand the principles of Learning

Understand the psychology of students

Develop instructional objectives for a given topic

Prepare course, unit and lesson plans

Understand different methods of teaching and learning

Use appropriate teaching and learning aids

Plan and deliver lectures effectively

Provide feedback to students using various methods of Assessments and tools

of Evaluation Act as a guide, advisor, counselor, facilitator, motivator and not just as a teacher alone


Date: Date:


EVALUATION STRATEGY

Academic Year :2018-19

Semester : III

Name of the Program: EEE…… Year: B.Tech III………..… Section: A/B

Course/Subject:Utilization of Electrical Energy

Course Code: GR14A3023

Name of the Faculty: M. Rekha Dept.: ……EEE…………


1. TARGET:

A) Percentage for pass:40%

b) Percentage of class:85%

2. COURSE PLAN& CONTENT DELIVERY (Please write how you intend to cover the contents: i.e., coverage of Units/Lessons by lectures, design, exercises, solving numerical problems, demonstration of models, model preparation, experiments in the Lab., or by assignments,etc.)

3. METHOD OF EVALUATION

3.1 Continuous Assessment Examinations (CAE-I, CAE-II)

3.2 Assignments/Seminars

3.3 Quiz

3.4 Semester/End Examination

4. List out any new topic(s) or any innovation you would like to introduce in teaching the subjects in

this Semester.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..


Date: Date:


Cognitive Level Mapping

Cognitive Learning Levels

COs

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 √

2 √

3 √

4 √

5 √

6 √

7 √

Cognitive Learning Levels

CLL 1: Remembering CLL 2: Understanding CLL 3: Applying CLL 4: Analyzing CLL 5: Evaluating CLL 6: Creating


CO Attainments

III B.Tech-(UEE) II Sem I Mid Marks(2018-19) A-Sec

S.NO 1 (CO2)

2 (CO1) 3 (CO4) 4 ( CO4)

15241A0243 2.5 2.5

16241A0201 3

16241A0202 5 5 3.5

16241A0203 4.5 5 4.5

16241A0205 4.5 4.5 1

16241A0206 1 4.5 4.5

16241A0207 4.5 5 2.5

16241A0208 3.5 3.5

16241A0209 5 5 2

16241A0210 5 2

16241A0211 5 2 2

16241A0212 3

16241A0213 4.5 1.5 3

16241A0214 5 4

16241A0216

16241A0217 5 4 5

16241A0218 5 3.5 2.5

16241A0219 5 1

16241A0220 4 3 1

16241A0221 4.5 3.5 4

16241A0222 4 2 3

16241A0223 5 4.5 5

16241A0224 4 4

16241A0225 5 4.5 3.5

16241A0226 5 4 5

16241A0227 2 2 5

16241A0228 5 1 5

16241A0229 2 2

16241A0230 4.5 4.5 5

16241A0231 5 1 5

16241A0232

16241A0233 4

16241A0234 4 2 3.5

16241A0235 5 1 4

16241A0236 5 5 5

16241A0237 1 5

16241A0238 2 2

16241A0239 5 2 4

16241A0240 5 2 5

16241A0241 5 2 5

16241A0242 5 5 1

16241A0243 5 1 5

16241A0244 3.5 5 4.5

16241A0245 5 2 3

16241A0246 5 2 5


16241A0247 4.5 5 1.5

16241A0248 5 5 5

16241A0249 5 2 5

16241A0250 3 4.5 1.5

16241A0251 5

16241A0252 5 5 4

16241A0253 4.5 1 3.5

16241A0254 5 1 5

16241A0255 5 1 4

16241A0256 4.5 2.5 5

16241A0257 5 5 5

16241A0258 5 1 5

16241A0259 5 5 5

16241A0260 5 1 5

17245A0201 5 5 5

17245A0202 5 4 1

17245A0203 5 5 4

17245A0204 5 5 2

17245A0205 5 5 5

17245A0206 5 3 2

17245A0207 5 4 3

17245A0208 5 3 4

17245A0209 5 5 5

17245A0210 5 3 5

17245A0211 5 4 3

17245A0212 5 5 5

Total 283 167.5 244.5 42.5

No of students attempted(NSA) 62 52 64 12

Attempt %=(NSA/Total no of students)*100 87.32 73.24 90.14 16.90

Average (attainment)= Total/NSA 4.56 3.22 3.82 3.54

Attainment % = (Total/no.of max marks*no.of

students attempted)*100 91.29 64.42 76.41 70.83

1 C02 2 CO1 3 CO4 4 CO4

CO1 91.29

CO2 64.42

CO3

CO4 73.62

CO5

CO6

CO7


III B.Tech-(UEE) II Sem I Mid Marks(2018-19) B-sec

S.NO 1 (CO2) 2 (CO1) 3 (CO4) 4 ( CO4)

16241A0261 5 4.5 2.5

16241A0262 4.5 5 5

16241A0263 5 1 3

16241A0264 2

16241A0265 3 1 2

16241A0266 5 2

16241A0267 5 5 5

16241A0268 5 1.5 3.5

16241A0269 5 5 4

16241A0270 5 3 3

16241A0271 5 2 4

16241A0272 5 5 4

16241A0273 3 1 3

16241A0274 5 5 4

16241A0275 4.5 3.5 4

16241A0276 5 5

16241A0277 3 3 3

16241A0278 5 5 4

16241A0279 3 1 3

16241A0280 4.5 4.5 5

16241A0281 5 4 5

16241A0282 5 4.5 3.5

16241A0283 2 1

16241A0284 5 2.5 3.5

16241A0285 5 3 4

16241A0286 5 5 4

16241A0287 2 4 3

16241A0288 5 3

16241A0289 5 2 5

16241A0290 5 5 5

16241A0291 5 5 4

16241A0292 5 5 4

16241A0293 3.5 3.5 2

16241A0294 4 2

16241A0295 3 4 2

16241A0296 5 2 5

16241A0297 4 4.5 1.5

16241A0298 3

16241A0299 5 1 5

16241A02A0 5 2

16241A02A2 5 5 3

16241A02A3 5 5 3

16241A02A5 5 2 2

16241A02A6 5 1 3

16241A02A7 3 3

16241A02A8 5 5 5

16241A02A9 5 5 5


16241A02B0 4.5 3.5

16241A02B1 5 2 3

16241A02B2 5 4 4

16241A02B3 4.5 1.5

16241A02B4 4 1 1

16241A02B5 5 4 2

16241A02B6 5 5 3

16241A02B7 5 2.5 2.5

16241A02B8 5 5 4

16241A02B9 5 5 4

17245A0213 5 1 2

17245A0214 5 5 5

17245A0215 5 4 1

17245A0216 5 4.5 3.5

17245A0217 5 4 1

17245A0218 4 5 4

17245A0219 5 4 1.5

17245A0220 5 5 5

17245A0221 5 5 5

17245A0222 5 2 4

17245A0223 4.5 2.5

17245A0224 5 3 1

18248A0201 5 5 5

Total 318.5 219.5 213 4




Attainment % = (Total/no.of max marks*no.of students

attempted)*100 91.00 71.97 66.56 80.00

1 (CO2) 2 (CO1) 3 (CO4) 4 ( CO4)

CO1 71.97

CO2 91.00

CO3

CO4 73.28

CO5

CO6

CO7

Final Average values of A&B CO1 81.63

CO2 77.71

CO3

CO4 73.45

CO5

CO6

CO7


III B.Tech-(UEE) II Sem II Mid Marks(2018-19) A-Sec

S.NO 1 (CO5) 2 (CO7) 3 (CO3) 4 ( CO6)

15241A0243 4

16241A0201 4 4

16241A0202 4 5 5

16241A0203 5 5 4

16241A0205 1 2 1

16241A0206 1 3 0

16241A0207 5 4

16241A0208 3 1

16241A0209 5 5 4

16241A0210 1 1

16241A0211 5 4

16241A0212 3 3

16241A0213 2 2 2

16241A0214 2 4

16241A0216 1 2

16241A0217 4 5 4

16241A0218 1 2 1

16241A0219 2 4

16241A0220 4

16241A0221 4 5

16241A0222 3 3 1

16241A0223 5 5 5

16241A0224 2 1 4

16241A0225 3 3 1

16241A0226 4 3

16241A0227 5 1 1

16241A0228 3 1

16241A0229 4 5

16241A0230 1 5

16241A0231 4 2 4

16241A0232

16241A0233 1 2

16241A0234 5 4 4

16241A0235 4 4

16241A0236 5 4 5

16241A0237 4 1

16241A0238 2

16241A0239 5 1

16241A0240 5 5 4

16241A0241 4 3 1

16241A0242 2 2 1

16241A0243 3 2 1

16241A0244 0 2 1

16241A0245 1 2 0

16241A0246 5 5 1

16241A0247 1 2


16241A0248 3 1

16241A0249 2 2 0

16241A0250 2 3 1

16241A0251 3 2

16241A0252 4 4 4

16241A0253 2 1

16241A0254 1 2

16241A0255 4 2 1

16241A0256 2 4 2

16241A0257 4 4 1

16241A0258 2 1

16241A0259 5 5 5

16241A0260 1 2

17245A0201 5 5 5

17245A0202 4 2

17245A0203 5 4 2

17245A0204 3 4

17245A0205 5 5 5

17245A0206 4 5 4

17245A0207 5 5

17245A0208 3 4

17245A0209 4 5 4

17245A0210 5 4 5

17245A0211 1 4 4

17245A0212 5 5 4

Total 151 182 183 26




Attainment % = (Total/no.of max marks*no.of students attempted)*100 64.26 65.00 61.00 43.33

1 (CO5) 2 (CO7) 3 (CO3) 4 ( CO6)

CO1

CO2

CO3 61.00

CO4

CO5 64.26

CO6 43.33

CO7 65.00


III B.Tech-(UEE) II Sem II Mid Marks(2018-19) B-Sec

S.NO 1 (CO5) 2 (CO7) 3 (CO3)

4 ( CO6)

16241A0261 4 3 1

16241A0262 5 5 4

16241A0263 3 3 1

16241A0264 1

16241A0265 2 3

16241A0266 4 2

16241A0267 3 3 3

16241A0268 3 3

16241A0269 3 4 5 5

16241A0270 4 3

16241A0271 1 3 4

16241A0272 5 5 5

16241A0273 2 2

16241A0274 5 5 4

16241A0275 1 2 2

16241A0276 5 2

16241A0277 1

16241A0278 3 2 1

16241A0279 2 2

16241A0280 5 4 4

16241A0281 5 4 4 2

16241A0282 5 4 5

16241A0283 0 0 1

16241A0284 2 2 1

16241A0285 4 2

16241A0286 4 2 1

16241A0287 2 0

16241A0288 3

16241A0289 4 3 1

16241A0290 5 4 5

16241A0291 3 2

16241A0292 3 0 1

16241A0293 3

16241A0294 5 0 0

16241A0295 2

16241A0296 5 3 1

16241A0297 5 2

16241A0298 5

16241A0299 2

16241A02A0 2 1

16241A02A2 4 2 1

16241A02A3 3 2 2

16241A02A4 5 2

16241A02A5 5 3

16241A02A6 1 2

16241A02A7 5 5 1


16241A02A8 5 5 5 4

16241A02A9 5 2 3

16241A02B0 3 2 0

16241A02B1 5 2 4

16241A02B2 2 1 1

16241A02B3 2 1 1

16241A02B4 5 3 2

16241A02B5 3 1 4

16241A02B6 5 3 1

16241A02B7 5 5 4

16241A02B8 3 5 1

16241A02B9

17245A0213 5 4 1

17245A0214 5 5 5

17245A0215 5

17245A0216 4 5 4

17245A0217 5 1

17245A0218 5 5 4 2

17245A0219 5 4 5

17245A0220 5 4 5 1

17245A0221 5 5 5 0

17245A0222 5 5 2

17245A0223 5 4

17245A0224 2 4 5 1

18248A0201

Total 225 182 119 39




Attainment % = (Total/no.of max marks*no.of students attempted)*100

75.00 59.67 61.03 37.14

1 (CO5) 2 (CO7)

3 (CO3)

4 ( CO6)

Final Average values of

A&B

CO3 61.03 CO3 61

CO5 75.25 CO5 69.8

CO6 37.33 CO6 40.3

CO7 59.67 CO7 62.3


Result Analysis

Year

Total

No.

Of

Studen

ts

appear

ed

Total

No. of

Stude

nts

Passe

d

No. of

Stude

nts

Failed

GRA

DE

=10

GRA

DE=

9

GRAD

E=8

GRA

DE=

7

GRA

DE=

6

GRA

DE=

5

GRA

DE=

4

PASS

PERCE

NTAG

E(%)

2017-18

140 130 10 13 54 34 13 07 04 05 92.85

2016-17

124 122 02 31

(<60

%)

43

(60-

70%)

48

(>70

%)

98.38

2015-16

140 128 12 61

(<60

%)

27

(60-

70%)

40

(>70

%)

91.42


FEEDBACK FROM STUDENTS


ELECTRIC DRIVES

What is an Electric Drive?

Systems employed for moton control are called drives.

It is a form of machine equipment designed to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy to provide electric control of the process

Basic block diagram

Applicatons

• Rolling Mills

• Paper Mills

• Textle mills

• Machine Tools

• Transportaton systems

• Washing Machine

• Fans & Pumps

• Robots

Advantages •

1.They have comparatvely long life than the mechanical drive.2.It is cleaner as there is no fuel required.3.It is more economical.4.They have fexible control characteristcs.5.No need to store fuel or transportaton.6.Require less maintenance.7.Donot pollute environment.8.The electrical energy can be easily transmited by using transmission lines over long distances.9.Remote control operaton is feasible whereas in other drives, it is not possible .10.Smooth speed control is easy.11.Being compactness, they require less space.12.They can be started instantly and can be immediately be fully loaded.13.It is reliable source of drive.Available in wide range of torque, speed and power.14.They can operate in all quadrant of speed torque plane.

Disadvantages

• In case of failure of power supply, the electric drive comes to rets positon which may paralyze the whole system.

• It cannot be employed in distant places where electric power supply is not available.

• In case of faults like short circuits, breakdown of overhead conductors the electric drive system may get damaged

AC and DC systems

AC system is preferred because

• It is cheaper

• It can be easily transmited with low-line losses.

• It can be easy to maintain the voltage at consumer premises with in prescribed limits.

• It is possible to increase or decrease the voltage without appreciable loss of power.

DC system is preferred

• In some processes such as electrochemical &batery charging,DC is the only type of power that is suitable.

• The speed control of DC motor is easy rather than AC for variable speed applicatons such as lif.

• DC series motor is suitable for tracton work because of high startng torque.

Factors governing the selecton of Electric Motor

• Nature of Electric supply

• Types of Drives

• Nature Of load

• Electrical Characteristcs

(a) Operatng (or)Running characteristcs

(b)Startng Characteristcs

(c)Speed Control

(d)Braking characteristcs

Cont..

• Mechanical Consideratons

(a)Types of Enclosures

(b)Types of bearings

(c)Types of transmission for drive

(d)Noise Level

(e) Heatng and cooling tme constants of motors

• Service capacity and ratngs

• Requirements for contnuous, Intermitent(or) variable load cycle

• Pull out torque and overload capacity

• Appearance

• Cost Consideratons

(a)Capital (or)Inital Cost

(b)Running(or)operatng cost-powerfactor , losses maintenance & depreciaton factor

Types Of Drives

• Group Drive

• Individual Drive

• Mult-motor Drive

Group Drive(or)Line shaf Drive

• A single Electric Motor drives a line shaf by means of which an entre group of working machines may be operated.

Advantages

• The cost of installaton is less

Ex: A single 100kw motors costs much less than of 10 motors of 10kw each

• If it is operated at rated load, the efciency and powerfactor of large group drive motor will be high.

• The maintenance cost of single large capacity motor is less than no. of small capacity motors.

• It is used for the processes where the stoppage of one operaton necessitates the stoppage of sequence of operatons as in the case of textle mills.

• It has the overload capacity(An 100% overload on individual machine would mean to say 8 to 10% overload of main motor.)

Disadvantages

• It is not possible to install any machine at a distant places.

• Speed control of individual machine is difcult.

• The fexibility of layout is lost due to line shaf, belt& pulleys.

• The possibility of Installaton of additonal machines in an existng industry is limited.

• If there is any fault in the main motor, all the machines connected to the motor will fail to operate, thereby paralyzing a part of industry untl the fault is removed.

• The level of noise produced at the work site is quite large.

• It does not provide good appearance.

Individual drive

A single electric motor is used to drive one individual machine

Ex: Single spindle drilling machines, various types of electric hand tools

• Costs more than a group drive.

• Motor and its control unit can be built as an integral part which results in good appearance, cleanliness and safety

• Has complete control of his machine which enables to vary its speed if necessary and stop while not in use, thus eliminate no load losses.

• For driving heavy machines such as for lifs, cranes, shapers, lathes etc., where constancy of speed and fexible speed control is required.

• Thus some power loss occurs in energy transmission mechanism, this drawback is overcome in the case of mult motor drives.

The lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping pieces of metal (and sometmes wood or other materials) by causing the workpiece to be held and rotated by the lathe while a tool bit is advanced into the work causing the cutng acton.

A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses linear relatve moton between the workpiece and a single-point cutng tool to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is linear instead of helical.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/linear#Adjective

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_bit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machining

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix

Mult motor drive

• Consists of several individual drives each of which serves to operate one of many working members or mechanisms in some producton unit.

Ex: Travelling Crane--------Three Motors( Hoistng, Long Travel moton, cross travel moton)

Applicatons:

Complicated Metal cutng machine tools

Paper making machines

Rolling Mills, Rotary printng Machines

Advantages

• Each Machine is driven by a separated motor it can be run and stopped as desired.

• Machines not required can be shut down and also replaced with a minimum of dislocaton.

• There is a fexibility in the installaton of diferent machine’s.

• In the case of motor fault, only its connected machine will stop where as others will contnue working undisturbed.

• Absence of belts and line shafs greatly reduces the risk of a accidents to the operatng personnel.

•

Disadvantage

• Inital high cost

WHAT IS ELECTRIC HEATING ?

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND IT ?

05/13/19

GRIET 1

Electric heating is any process in which ELECTRICAL ENERGY is converted to “HEAT ENERGY”.Electric heating works on the principle of ”JOULE HEATING” (an electric current through a resistor converts electrical energy into heat energy.)

05/13/19

GRIET 2

INTRODUCTION Electrical heating is based on the principle of that

when electric current passes through a medium

heat is produced. Let us take the case of solid

material which as resistance ‘R’ ohms and current

flowing through it is I amps for ‘t’ seconds than heat

produced in the material will be H=I²Rt Joules.

05/13/19

GRIET 3

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL HEATING OVER OTHER METHOD OF HEATING

• Economical.

• Cleanliness

• Absence Of flue gases

• Ease of Control

• Automatic Protection

• Upper limit of Temperature

• Special heating requirement.

• High efficiency of utilization

• Better Working condition.

• Safety05/13/19GRIET 4

DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS OFELECTRICAL HEATING

Room heater for heating the building

Immersion heater for water heating

Hot plates for cooking

Geysers

Electric kettles

Electric Iron

Electric oven for baking products

Electric toasters etc…

05/13/19

GRIET 5

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION

Melting of metals

Electric welding

Mouldling of glass for making glass appliances

Baking of insulator

Mould ling of plastic components

Heat treatment of pointed surpasses

Making of plywood.

05/13/19

GRIET 6

TRANSFER OF HEAT Conduction:- This phenomenon

takes place in solid, liquid and gas. Heat transfer is proportional to

the diference of temperatures between two faces, i.e. the rate of conduction of heat along a substance depends upon the temperature gradient

05/13/19

GRIET 7

CONVECTION:

This phenomenon takes place in liquid and gas. Heat is transferred due to actual motion of molecules

The convention current give up some of their heat to the colder parts of the room.

The room and its contents are thus gradually heated by this means.

05/13/19

GRIET 8

RADIATION:

In this mode of heat transfer the heat reaches the substance to be heated from the source of heat without heating the medium in between.

Rate of heat radiation is given by Stefan's law

05/13/19

GRIET 9

Classifcation of Heating Method:-

Low Temperature Heating ± up to 400°C

Medium Temperature Heating ± from 400°C to 1150 °C

High Temperature Heating ± above 1150 °C

05/13/19

GRIET 10

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL HEATING

Power Frequency heating High Frequency heating

1. Resistance heating 1. Induction heating

a. Direct Resistance heating a. Direct Core type

b. Indirect Resistance heating b. Core less type

2. Arc heating 2. Dielectric heating

a. Direct Arc heating

b. Indirect Arc heating

05/13/19

GRIET 11

Characteristics of Heating Elements

1) high resistivity2) able to withstand high

temperatures without deterioration(high melting point)

3) low temperature coefcient of resistance

4) free from oxidation at high temperatures

05/13/19

GRIET 12

Nickel, chromium alloys are used for temp.1,150 °c (good resistance to oxidation at higher temp. with good strength)

Nickel, chromium, Iron alloys are used for temp. 950 °c

(reduces the temp at which oxidation takes place)

Iron, Cobalt, chromium and aluminium can withstand upto 1350 °c

Nickel, copper alloy for low temperature(it has zero temp coefcient).

Iron, chromium, aluminium(good resistance to oxidation at high temp. but less mechanical strength)

Silicon carbide, molybdenum, tungsten and graphite are used above 1,150 °c

Molybdenum resisters above 1650 °c

Tungsten resistors above 2000 °c

Graphite resistors for any temperature.

05/13/19

GRIET 13

RESISTANCE HEATING (Example – Electric Water Heater)This method is based upon the I²R loss. Whenever

current is passed through a resistor material heat

is produced because of I²R losses.

The generation of heat is done by electric resistor

carrying current.

05/13/19

GRIET 14

RESISTANCE HEATING

DIRECT HEATING

• Electric current is passed through the body (charge) to be heated.

• High efciency

• Mode of heat transfer is Conduction

• Example-

1) Electrode boiler for heating water

2)Resistance Welding

INDIRECT HEATING• Electric current is passed

through highly resistive material(heating element) placed inside an oven.

• Heat produced due to II²RR loss in the element is transmitted to the body

• Mode of heat transfer is Conduction &/or Convection &/or Radiation

• Example-

1) Room Heaters

2) Domestic & commercial cooking

3) Heat treatment of metals05/13/19

GRIET 15

1. DIRECT RESISTANCE HEATING

05/13/19

GRIET 16

2. INDIRECT RESISTANCE HEATING

05/13/19

GRIET 17

Design of Heating Element

Knowing the electrical input and its voltage the size and length of the wire required as the heating element to produce the given temperature can be calculated.

The heating element may be circular or rectangular like ribbon

The heating element on reaching a steady state will dissipate the heat from its surface equivalent to electrical input

05/13/19

GRIET 18

05/13/19

GRIET 19

05/13/19

GRIET 20

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF HEATING ELEMENTS

Formation of hot spots.

due to the high rate of local oxidation, shielding of element by supports

Oxidation and intermittency of

operation

Embrittlement due to Grain Growth

Contamination and Corrosion

05/13/19

GRIET

21

Infrared (or) Radiant heating

In this method heating elements consist of tungsten flament lamps together with refectors.

Lamps are operated at 3000 °c .

Refectors are plated with rhodium(harder,longlife,easy to maintain).

The lamps used are usually 250 and 1000 watts operating at 115 volts.

Plant sizes ranges from single lamp to several KW of lamps.

Charge temperature of 200 °c to 300 °c can be obtained.

05/13/19

GRIET 22

Heat emission intensities upto 7000 W/square m

of the chamber surface can be obtained where as it is 1500 W/square m for resistance ovens.

Heat absorption practically remains constant where as it falls as temp. increases in resistance furnaces.

ADVANTAGES:

1. Rapid heating

2. Compactness of heating units

3. Flexibility

4. Safety

APPLICATIONS:

1. Paint stoving

2. Drying of radio cabinates and wood furniture

3. Preheating of plastics prior to moulding

4. Softening of thermo plastic sheets

5. Drying of pottery,paper,textiles etc., 05/13/19

GRIET 23

Induction Heating

This heating process makes use of the currents induced by the electro-magnetic action in the charge to be heated.

Low-frequency induction furnaces:

melting and refning of diferent metals.

High-frequency eddy-current heating:

hardening and soldering

05/13/19

GRIET 24

When an a.c. voltage is applied

to the primary, it induces voltage in the secondary i.e. charge. The secondary current heats up

If V is the voltage induced in the charge and R is the charge resistance, then heat produced = V 2/R.

The value of current induced in the charge depends on

(i) magnitude of the primary current

(ii)turn ratio of the transformer

05/13/19

GRIET 25

Low frequency induction furnaces

a) Core-type Furnaces

(i) Direct core-type furnaces

(ii) Vertical core-type furnaces and

(iii)Indirect core-type furnaces.(b) Coreless-type Furnaces

05/13/19

GRIET 26

Direct core-type furnace

05/13/19

GRIET 27

Drawbacks

This furnace suffers from the following drawbacks:

1. It has to be run on low-frequency supply which entails extra expenditure on motor-generator set or frequency convertor.

2. It suffers from pinching effect.

3. The crucible for charge is of odd shape and is very inconvenient for tapping the molten charge.

4. It does not function if there is no molten metal in the hearth i.e. when the secondary is open. Every time molten metal has to be poured to start the furnace.

5. It is not suitable for intermittent service. However, in this furnace, melting is rapid and clean and temperature can be controlled easily.

Moreover, inherent stirring action of the charge by electro-magnetic forces ensures greater uniformity of the end product.

05/13/19

GRIET 28

Vertical core-type furnace (or)Ajax wyatt vertical core type furnace

05/13/19

GRIET 29

Vertical core-type furnace

It is also known as Ajax-Wyatt furnace and represents an improvement over the core-type furnace

In this furnace, magnetic coupling is comparatively better and power factor is high.

Hence, it can be operated from normal frequency supply.

This furnace is widely used for melting and refining of brass and other non-ferrous metals.

It has a p.f. of 0.8-0.85. Efficiency is about 75% and its standard size varies

from 60-300 kW Vertical core avoids the pinch effect due to weight of

the charge in the main body.

05/13/19

GRIET 30

Advantages

Highly efficient heat, low operating costs and improved production

Absence of crucibles

Ideal working conditions in a cool atmosphere with no dirt, noise or fuel

Absence of combustion gases resulting in elimination of the most common source of metal contamination

Accurate temperature control ,uniform castings, reduced metal losses and reduction of rejects

05/13/19

GRIET 31

Indirect Core-Type Induction Furnace

05/13/19

GRIET 32

The secondary consists of a metal container which forms

the walls of the furnace proper.

The primary winding is magnetically coupled to this secondary by an iron core.

A special advantage of this furnace is that its temperature can be automatically controlled without the use of an external equipment.

05/13/19

GRIET 33

Coreless Induction furnace

05/13/19

GRIET 34

Advantages

(1) They are fast in operation.

(2) They produce most uniform quality of product.

(3) They can be operated intermittently.

(4) Their operation is free from smoke, dirt, dust and noises.

(5) They can be used for all industrial applications requiring heating and melting.

(6) They have low erection and operating costs.

(7) Their charging and pouring is simple.

05/13/19

GRIET 35

High Frequency Eddy-current Heating

05/13/19

GRIET 36

Advantages

There is negligible wastage of heat because the heat is produced in the body to be heated.

It can take place in vacuum or other special environs where other types of heating are not possible.

Heat can be made to penetrate any depth of the body by selecting proper supply frequently.

05/13/19

GRIET 37

Applications

(1) Surface Hardening.

(2) Annealing.

(3) Soldering.

05/13/19

GRIET 38

Dielectric Heating

05/13/19

GRIET 39

DIELECTRIC HEATING

05/13/19

GRIET 40

KUMAR CHATURVEDULA

05/13/19

GRIET 41

Dielectric Heating

Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, RF heating, high-frequency heating and diathermy.Dielectric heating is a special way of transforming electric current into heat.By the method of dielectric heating, generally, foils, plates and profiles with a thickness of 0,1-2,0 mm is are welded.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

Dielectric Heating (contd…)

We understand dielectric heating as the generation of thermal energy (heat) in a non-conducting material by the application of an electromagnetic force or feld t it. This is the way a microwave oven heats things placed in it.

05/13/19

GRIET 42

Applications

Preheating of plastic preforms

Gluing of wood

Baking of foundary cases

Diathermy

Sterilization

Textile Industry

Electronic sewing

Food Processing

05/13/19

GRIET 43

WELDING

Welding is a materials joining process which produces coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable temperatures with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of fller material.

Welding is used for making permanent joints.

Electrically welded joints are being used to replace rivetted bolted joints.

It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies, aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural works, tanks, furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship building. 05/13/1

9GRIET 44

TYPES

Plastic Welding or Pressure Welding

The piece of metal to be joined are heated to a plastic state and forced together by external pressure

(Ex) Resistance, forge,thermit and gas welding .

Fusion Welding or Non-Pressure Welding

The material at the joint is heated to a molten state and allowed to solidify(Ex) Gas welding, Arc welding and Thermit welding with out pressure.

05/13/19

GRIET 45

Classifcation of elding processes:Arc welding

Carbon arc

Metal arc

Atomic hydrogen

Inert gas metal

Submerged arc

05/13/19

GRIET 46

Resistance Welding

• Butt

• Spot

• Seam

• Percussion

• Projection welding

Resistance welding The principle of resistance welding is the

generation of heat in the joint by passing a heavy current through the parts.

The amount of current necessary is 4400 to 5000Amp.

The pressure varies from 280 to 565 sq.cm

ADVANTAGES:

It is a quick method of joining two pieces.

There is very little wastage of the metal.

The process can be accurately controlled.

The welds are consistently uniform.

05/13/19

GRIET 47

Butt weldingUpset Butt welding Flash Butt welding

05/13/19

GRIET 48

Upset butt welding The metal pieces to be joined are fxed in clamps

and butted squarely against each other and heavy current is passed through them.

Pressure is applied either manually or with toggle mechanism.

The voltage required is about 2-8 volts and current varies from 50A to several hundred Amps.

05/13/19

GRIET 49

Flash butt welding In this the voltage to the metal parts to be joined

together is applied before putting them together.

The molten metal is blown out and a small arc if formed which raises the temperature of adjoining parts of the abutting surfaces.

Applications:

It is applied primarily in the butt elding of metal sheets, tubing, bars, rods, forging, fttings.

Automotive and aircraft products, household appliances, refrigerators and farm implements.

The process is used for elding the band sa blades into continuous loops and joining of tool steel drill, tap and room bodies to lo carbon steel and alloy steel shanks.

05/13/19

GRIET 50

05/13/19

GRIET 51

05/13/19

GRIET 52

Diference between upset and fash butt welding

In fash welding, unlike upset butt welding, the movable platen keeps on moving constantly towards the stationary platen.

Flash welding consumes much less welding current than upset butt welding, but the time allowed for weld to be completed is more in upset butt welding.

In fash welding heat application precedes the pressure where as in upset butt welding constant pressure is applied during the heating process which eliminates fashing.

05/13/19

GRIET 53

Spot welding

It is a form of resistance welding in which parts or pieces are joined in spots.

It only provides mechanical strength and is neither air tight or water tight.

Current required is usually about 5000A and voltage required is usually less than 2V.

05/13/19

GRIET 54

Spot welding

05/13/19

GRIET 55

05/13/19

GRIET 56

05/13/19

GRIET 57

Resistance Seam Welding

Upper Electrode Wheel

Workpiece

Lower Electrode Wheel

Throat

Knurl or FrictionDrive Wheel

Roll Spot Weld

Overlapping SeamWeld

Continuous SeamWeld

[Reference: Welding Handbook, Volume 2, p.553, AWS]

Projection welding

05/13/19

GRIET 59

It is a resistance welding process that produces

the coalescence by the heat obtained from the resistance to the fow of the welding current.

As the point reaches their plastic state, the metal is compressed so that fnished weld is similar to the spot weld

Advantages over spot welding:

It makes the welding process similar.

Welds are automatically located by the position of projection.

More output is formed since more than one weld is formed at a time.

As the electrodes are fat, therefore contact area over the projection is sufcient.

05/13/19

GRIET 60

Percussion welding

05/13/19

GRIET 61

It is a resistance welding where in coalescene is produced over the entire area.

The advantage of this process is that there is an extremely shallow depth of heating.

This process is so fast(0.1s)

This process is limited to only small areas(up to 3.2 sq.cm)

It is used for welding large number of dissimilar metals.

Applications:

Used for welding satellite tips to tools, copper to aluminium or stainless steel, silver contact tips to copper, Cast iron to steel .

05/13/19

GRIET 62

Arc elding In this electric arc is produced by bringing two

conductors(electrode and metal piece) connected to a suitable source of electric current, momentarily in contact and then separating by a small distance.

Maximum voltage specifed for welding is 100V. Current ranges from 30 to 500 A for manual and

75 to 600A if it is automatic operated Temperature is about 3700 to 4000 degree

centigrade Either DC or AC may be used

05/13/19

GRIET 63

Arc Welding Equipments

05/13/19

GRIET 64

It is widely used for joining of metal parts, the repair of fractured casting and the fillings by the deposition of new metal on worn out parts.

Arc Welding

05/13/19

GRIET 65

Uses an electric arc to coalesce metals

Arc welding is the most common method of welding metals

Electricity travels from electrode to base metal to ground

Arc elding

Advantages Most efcient way

to join metals Lowest-cost

joining method Afords lighter

weight through better utilization of materials

Joins all commercial metals

Provides design fexibility

Limitations Manually applied,

therefore high labor cost.

Need high energy causing danger

Not convenient for disassembly.

Defects are hard to detect at joints.

05/13/19

GRIET 66

Carbon Arc Welding

05/13/19

GRIET 67

Normally used for welding copper and its alloys. The electrode should be kept negative and the

work positive For this type only DC is used. AC is not preferred because no fxed polarity can

be maintained. No fux is used(non ferrous) and in other method

fux (ferrous)either in the form of powder or paste is used to prevent the welding from oxidation.

Employed for welding sheet steel, copper alloys, brass ,bronze and aluminium.

It is not suitable for vertical and overhead welding.05/13/19

GRIET 68

Metal arc elding

05/13/19

GRIET 69

•Electrodes used must be of same metal as that of the workpiece to be welded•Both AC and DC can be used•Voltage required for DC is about 50-60V•Voltage required for AC is about 80-90V•Current required for welding varies from 10 to 500A

Atomic hydrogen Arc Wlding

Arc is maintained between two tungsten electrodes under a pressure of about 0.5kg/cm

It is very expensive

Employed for welding alloy steel,carbon steel,stainless steel,aluminium etc.,

For equal consumption of electrodes AC supply is used

Voltage required for arc striking varies from 80 to 100V

05/13/19

GRIET 70

Inert gas metal arc welding

It is gas shielded metal arc welding

Inert gas such as helium or organ is blown through the nozzle

05/13/19

GRIET 71

Comparison of A.C. and D.C. arc elding

Alternating Current (from Transformer)

More efciency

Power consumption less

Cost of equipment is less

Higher voltage – hence not safe

Not suitable for welding non ferrous metals

Not preferred for welding thin sections

Any terminal can be connected to the work or electrode

05/13/19

GRIET 72

Comparison of A.C. and D.C. arc elding

Direct Current (from Generator)

Less efciency

Power consumption more

Cost of equipment is more

Low voltage – safer operation

suitable for both ferrous non ferrous metals

preferred for welding thin sections

Positive terminal connected to the work

Negative terminal connected to the electrode

05/13/19

GRIET 73

Shunt motors

05/13/19

GRIET 74

Conveyors

Machine lathes

05/13/19

GRIET 75

Milling machines

05/13/19

GRIET 76

Hoist Winches

Illuminatin

Pilar Curves

Hirizintal Pilar curve Vertcal Pilar curve

Rousseau’s Constructon

Phitimetry

It is a science if measurement if light

The phitimeters which are mist cimmin are Bunsen Grease Spit Phitimeter head Lummer bridhen Phitimeter

i) Equality if brightness type

ii) Cintrast type

Equality if brightness Type

•

Cintrast Type

•

Integratng Sphere

•

Light siurces

• Arc lamps(Electric discharge thriugh air privides intense light)

• High temperature lamps(emit light when heated ti high

temperature)

• Gaseius discharge lamps(passing electric current thriugh a gas

ir metal vapiur accimpanied by visible radiatins)

• Fluirescent type lamps(certain materials when expised ti

sunlight, transfirm the absirbed energy inti radiatins if wavelength with in the visible range)

Arc lamps

• Carbin arc lamp Cinema prijectirs, search lights Nit less than 45V Arc is maintained by transfer if carbin partcles frim ine rid ti anither

ine Pisitve rid (85% if light)is made twice than that if the negatve rid (10%

if light and remaining 5% by air)in case dc supply and are made equal in case if ac supply.

Requires adjustment if distance between the rids. Viltage required ti maintain the arc is V=(39+2.8l) Temperature if pisitve rid is 32000C and40000C and negatve is 25000C. Luminius efciency is 12lumens/wat.

• Flame arc lamp cintains 5-15% if fuiride(called the fame material) and

85-95% if carbin

Radiates light energy efciently

turns inti vapiur aling with carbin and these vapiurs cause a very high luminius intensites

luminius efciency is 8 lumens per wat

• Magnetc Arc lamps

Pisitve electride is made if cipper

Negatve electride is made if magnetc ixide if irin

Lamps are rarely used.

Incandescent—Priducing a bright light afer it is getng heated ti a high temperature

Humphry Davy

Frederick de Moleyns

• Carbin has meltng piint if 35000C but it gets vapirized if it is iperated beyind 1800 0C and average efciency is quite liw and is if the irder if 3.5 lumens/wat. It is alsi having the negatve temperature ciefcient.

• Osmium is very rare and expensive, meltng piint is 2600 0C and average efciency is quite liw and is if the irder if 5 lumens/wat

• Tantalum has meltng piint if 2800 0C . Efciency is 5 lumens/wat.

• Tungsten is the mist cimminly metal fir flament due ti its high meltng piint 3400 0C ,high resistvity, liw temp ciefcient, liw vapiur pressure, ductle and mechanically string ti withstand vibratins

Advantages

• Operatng piwer factir unity.

• Availability in variius shapes and shades.

• Giid radiatin characteristc in the luminius range.

• Ni efect if surriunding air temperature.

Gas flled lamps

Wirking

Advantages

• Ni blackening if lamp, hence ni depreciatin if lumens iutput

• High iperatng temperature with increased luminius efciency varying frim 22-33 lumens/wat

• Reduced dimensiins if lamps

• Ling life

• Beter ciliur renditin

Gaseius Discharge lamps

• The use if electrically excited gas discharges signifcantly predates the inventin if the incandescent lamp

• Discharge lamps are if twi types

i)Same ciliur as priduced by the discharge thriugh the gas

Ex: Sidium vapiur, mercury vapiur and nein gas lamps

ii) Discharge thriugh vapiur priduces ultra viilet rays which cause fuirescence

in certain materials like phisphir

Ex: Fliuriscent mercury vapiur tube

Disadvantages

• High inital cist and liw piwer factir

• These take tme ti atain full brilliancy

• Light iutput fuctuates at twice the supply frequency

• These lamps can be used inly in partcular pisitin.

• Requires starters

Sidium vapiur lamp• Piwer factir is ariund 0.3-0.4

• The lamp iperates at a temperature if 3000C.

• The lamp must be iperated hirizintally.

• It is suitable inly fir AC(45,60,85 and 140 wat)

• Efciency is abiut 40-50 lumens /wat.

• The average life is abiut 3000hrs.

• The periid if light is reduced ti 15% due ti aging

Applicatins

High pressure mercury vapiur lamp

• These lamps must be iperated vertcally

• It requires 4-5 min ti atain full brilliancy.

• The temperature if inner bulb is ariund 6000C.

• Efciency is abiut 30-40 lumens /wat.

• Used in bith AC and DC(300 and 500 wat)

Basic principles

if light cintril

Twi basic types if refectin

(i)Mirrir ir Specular refectin

(ii)Difuse refectin

Types if Lightning schemes

(i)Direct Lightning(more than 90%)

causes hard shadiws and glare

used fir industrial and general iutdiir lightning

(ii)Semi-direct lightning(60%-90%)

suited ti riims with high ceilings

Glare is aviided by difusing glibes

(ii)Semi-indirect lightning(60%-90%)

Sif Shadiws, Glare free

used fir indiir lightning purpises.

(iii)Indirect lightning(more than 90%)

inverted ir biwl refectirs are used, glare is reduced, Shadiws are less priminent. Used fir deciratin purpises in theaters, hitels etc.,

(iv)General lightning

Lamps made if difusing glass are used which gives equal illuminatin in all directins

Design if lightning schemes

The lightning schemes shiuld such that it

(i)privide adequate illuminatin.

(ii)privide light distributin all iver the wirking plane as unifirm as pissible.

(iii)privide light if suitable ciliur and

(iv)aviid glare and hard shadiws as far as pissible.

1.Illuminatin level

2.Unifirmity if illuminatin

3.Ciliur if light

4.Shadiws

5.Glare

6.Miutain height

7.Spacing if luminaries

8.Ciliur if surriunding walls

Street Lightning

Main ibjectves are

(i) Ti make the trafc and ibstructins in the riad clearly visible

(ii)Ti make street mire atractve

(iii)Ti increase the cimmunity value if the street

Prijectirs are classifed as

Narriw angle(12-25)

Medium angle (25-40)

Wide angle(40-90)

Fliid Lightning

Aesthetc fiid lightning

Industrial and cimmercial

Advertsing

Cimparisin between Tungsten flament lamp and Fliurescent tubes

ELECTRIC TRACTION

INTRODUCTION:

“ACT of DRAWING "or “State of Being Drawn”

or “propulsion of vehicle” is called Traction

The system of traction involving the use of

Electricity is called Electric Traction

System(ETS)

The locomotion in which the driving force is

obtained from electric motor is called the electric

traction system.

ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEM

Systems of Traction

Electric traction

Power fed from suitable points from

either a central power station or

substation

Examples : Tramways, Trolley

Buses ,electric railways

Self contained locomotives like battery driven

Examples: ships, petrol trucks, diesel

electric trains

Non-electric Traction

MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF

TRACTION

Non-electric traction:

examples

steam engine drive

ic engine drive

Electric traction:

examples

diesel electric drive

gas turbine electric drive

ADVANTAGES OF NON- ELECTRIC

TRACTION

Simplicity in design

Ease of speed control

No interference with communication network

Low capital cost as no track electrification

BUT,,,,,,,,,,THERE ARE DISADVANTAGES

Steam engine system is available for haulage for

about 60% of its working time, the remainder of

time being spent in preparing service and

maintenance

Thermal efficiency is low

Corrosion of steel structures due to smoke

emitted by engine

Air pollution

Low co-efficient of adhesion(power developed to

the weight of engine)…not suitable for sub-urban

and urban areas….

WHAT IS ELECTRIC TRACTION?

ors are used and both have high starting torque, prevailing

requirement for the high speed acceleration.

Electric traction is meant for locomotion in which the driving

(tractive) force is obtained from electric motors (called as traction

motors).

It involves utilization of electric power for traction systems i.e., for

railways, trams, trolleys etc.

For traction purposes mostly 3-Phase Induction motors and d.c series

motors are used and both have high starting torque, prevailing

requirement for the high speed acceleration.

The year 1881 saw the birth of the first electric Railway run by a German

Engineer Werner Van Siemens using both the rails to carry the current.

Finding this a little too dangerous, Siemens soon adopted the overhead

electric wires.

Electric traction was introduced on Indian Railways in year 1925 on

1.5 KV DC and the first electric train ran between Bombay's Victoria

Terminus and Kurla along the Harbour Line of CR, on February 3, 1925, a

distance of 9.5 miles, flagged off the then Governor of Bombay Sir Leslie

Orme Wilson.

The first actual train run (apart from trial runs) using 25kV AC was on

December 15, 1959, on the Kendposi-Rajkharswan section (SER).

In the year 1957, Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV 50 Hz AC

traction based on French Railway (SNCF) technology.

The Mumbai region is the last bastion of 1500V DC (negative earth,

positive catenary) electrified lines on Indian Railways. Soon, this region

too will be converted to 25KV AC with overhead lines, which is the

standard throughout the rest of the country.

A BRIEF HISTORY TO ELECTRIC

TRACTION

Italian Railways were the first in the world to introduce the

electric traction.

The world's first AC locomotive in Valtelina, northern Italy

(1898–1902).

Power supply: 3-phase 15 Hz AC, 3000 V (AC motor 70 km/h).

It was designed by a

Hungary company.

The 106 km Valtellina

line was opened on

4 September 1902.

FIRST AC LOCOMOTIVE

Typical Voltages used for electric Traction are 1.5kV DC and

25kV AC for mainline trains.

Calcutta had an overhead 3kV DC system until the '60s.

The Calcutta Metro uses 750V DC traction with a third-rail

mechanism for delivering the electricity to the EMUs

(Electric Multiple Units).

The Calcutta trams use 550V DC with an overhead line

(catenary) system with underground return conductors. The

catenary is at a negative potential.

The Delhi Metro uses 25kV AC overhead traction with a

catenary system on the ground-level and elevated routes, and

uses a rather unusual 'rigid catenary' or overhead power rail

in the underground tunnel sections.

Railway authorities purchases the power from the supply

authorities and they give voltage supply of 132/110 KV at

substation.

VOLTAGES USED FOR ELECTRIC TRACTION IN INDIA

REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL TRACTION

SYSTEM

The starting tractive effort should be high so as

to have rapid acceleration.

The wear on the track should be minimum.

The equipments should be capable of

withstanding large temporary loads.

Speed control should be easy.

Pollution free.

Low initial and maintenance cost.

The locomotive should be self contain and able to

run on any route.

MERITS OF ELECTRIC TRACTION

High starting torque.

Less maintenance cost

Cheapest method of traction

Rapid acceleration and braking

Less vibration

Free from smoke and flue gases hence used for

underground and tubular railway.

DEMERITS OF ELECTRIC TRACTION

High capital cost.

Problem of supply failure.

The electrically operated vehicles have to move

on guided track only.

Additional equipment is required for achieving

electric braking and control.

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF TRACTION:

Direct steam engine drive

Direct IC engine drive

Steam electric drive

IC engine electric drive

Petrol electric traction

Battery electric drive

Electric drive

IC ENGINE ELECTRIC DRIVES

SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRIC

TRACTION:

D.C system

A.C system

Single phase

Three phase

Composite system

Single phase AC to DC

Single phase to three phase

TYPES OF ELECTRIC TRACTION

SYSTEMS

Electric Traction Systems

DC Traction AC Traction Multi Systems

DC traction units use direct current drawn from either a

conductor rail or an overhead line.

The most popular line voltages for overhead wire supply systems

– 1500V DC and 3000V DC.

600V DC–750V DC volt range used for third rail

systems (a means of providing electric power to

a railway train, through a semi-continuous rigid

conductor placed alongside or between the rails of

a railway track and that additional rail is

called conductor rail)

Disadvantages- expensive substations are required

at frequent intervals and the overhead wire or

third rail must be relatively large and heavy.

The low-voltage, series-wound, direct-current

motor is well suited to railroad traction, being

simple to construct and easy to control.

DC TRACTION

AC Traction units draw alternating current from an overhead

line.

Typical Voltages Used are:-

15 kV AC, 16⅔ Hz (16.7 Hz)

25 kV AC, 50 Hz

25 kV AC, 60 Hz

Fewer substations are required

and the lighter overhead current

supply wire can be used

Reduced weight of support

structure

Reduced capital cost of

electrification

AC TRACTION

WAG-9

Rated Power-5000 HP

Traction System- 25KV AC

Speed- 140 Km/hr

Traction Motor- DC Motor

Because of the variety of railway electrification systems,

which can vary even within a country, trains often have to

pass from one system to another. One way to accomplish this

is by changing locomotives at the switching stations.

These stations have overhead wires that can be switched

from one voltage to another and so the train arrives with one

locomotive and then departs with another.

Often, this is inconvenient and time-consuming Another way

is to use multi-system locomotives that can operate under

several different voltages and current types.

In Europe, it is common to use four-system locomotives

(1.5 kV DC, 3 kV DC, 15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC, 25 kV, 50 Hz AC)

MULTI SYSTEMS

High power-to-weight ratio than forms of traction such as diesel or steam that generate power requiring on board prime mover.

higher power-to-weight ratio, resulting in Fewer locomotives Faster acceleration Higher practical limit of power Higher limit of speed Higher hauling capability

No exhaust fumes or carbon emissions

Less noise pollution (quieter operation) The maintenance cost of an electric locomotive is nearly 50% of

that for a steam locomotive. Moreover, the maintenance time is also much less.

An electric locomotive can be started at a moment’s notice whereas a steam locomotive requires two hours to heat up.

The motors used in electric traction have a very high starting torque. Hence, it is possible to achieve higher acceleration of 1.5 to 2.5 km/h/s as against 0.6 to 0.8 km/h/s in steam traction.

ADVANTAGES OF AC TRACTION SYSTEMS

It is possible to use regenerative braking in electric traction system. It leads

to the following advantages.

About 80% of the energy taken from the supply during ascent is returned

to it during descent. And presently this returned energy is not sent back

to public network but made available for other vehicles within the

network

Goods traffic on gradient become safer and speedier.

Since height of an electric locomotive is much less than that of a steam

locomotive, its centre of gravity is comparatively low. This fact enables an

electric locomotive to negotiate curves at higher speeds quite safely.

electric trains may be powered from a number of different sources of energy

(e.g. hydroelectricity, nuclear, natural gas, wind generation etc.) as opposed

to diesel trains that are reliant on oil.

electric trains do not have to carry around the weight of their fuel unlike

diesel traction.

A fully electrified railway has no need to switch between methods of

traction thereby making operations more efficient. One country that

approaches this ideal is Switzerland.

ADVANTAGES OF AC TRACTION SYSTEMS

Significant capital cost of electrification

Increased maintenance cost of the lines

Overhead wires further limit the clearance in tunnels

Upgrading brings significant cost,

especially where tunnels and bridges and other obstructions

have to be altered for clearance

Railway Traction needs immune power, with no cuts,

warranting duplication of Transmission and Distribution

systems, which obviously comes at a Premium Price.

DISADVANTAGES OF AC TRACTION

SYSTEMS

SYSTEMS OF ELECTRIC TRACTION

Group of vehicles which receive power from

a distributing network

Systems operating with DC –buses, tramways and

railways.

Systems operating with AC – railways.

o Self contained locomotives

Diesel-electric trains and ships

Petrol-electric trucks and lorries

Battery driven electric vehicles

TRAMWAYS

Power supplied usually at 600V DC

Provided with two driving

axels.

For very dense traffic it is more economical

TROLLEY BUSES

It is fed usually at 600 DC.

No track is required

A DC compound motor

of output 50-100KW is

used.

Trolley wire or contact wire – suspended with minimum of sag so

that contact between the trolley wire and current collector can be

maintained at higher speeds.

This wire is supported by another wire known as catenary.

Two different types of Catenary construction can be used

Single Catenary

Compound Catenary

Trolley

Wire

SYSTEM OF TRACK ELECTRIFICATION

Provided for speeds upto 120kmph

Span of catenary wire 45-90 mand sag of 1-2m.

Relatively Cheaper Less Maintenance Suitable where traffic

density and operating speeds are less.are low.

Single Catenary ConstructionCompound Catenary

Construction

Provided for speeds ranges 190-

224kmph

Additional wire called

intermediate wire is used to

increase current carrying

capacity i.e., to have increased

traffic density.


SINGLE CATENARY

CONSTRUCTION

Current Collector- Current from the overhead wire is

collected with the help of sliding contact collector mounted on

the roof of the vehicle.

Three types of Current collector- Trolley Collector

Bow Collector

Pantograph Collector

Trolley Collector- Used for

Tramways and trolley

buses, held in contact with overhead

Wire by spring.

Suitable for low speeds

upto 32kmph

Current

Collector

SYSTEM OF TRACK

ELECTRIFICATION

Bow Collector- It uses a light metal strip or bow about 1 m

long for current collection.

Not suitable for railway work

requiring speed of 120kmph and higher.

Requires reversing arrangement of the bow

Pantograph Collector- Main function is to

maintain the link between overhead

contact wire and power circuit of the

locomotive at varying speeds in different

climate and wind conditions

This can be lowered or raised from cabin by

air cylinders.

Pan


D.C Series Motors- Develops high torque at low speeds and low torque at high speed, exact requirement of the traction units.

Torque is independent of the line voltage and thus unaffected by the variations in the line voltage.

Single phase A.C Series Motors- Starting torque is lower than dc series motor due to poor power factor at starting

This motor has surpassed the d.c series motor in terms of size, weight cost for the same rating.

Maximum operating voltage is limited to 400 Volts. Three Phase Induction Motors- Provides constant speed

operation, developing low starting torque drawing high starting current and complicated control networks makes it unsuitable for electric traction work.

Automatic regeneration is the main advantage in electric traction with this motor.

TRACTION MOTORS

Individual coaches are powered by axle-driven generators which charge storage batteries that power lights, fans and other electrical fittings.

Older coaches use banks of 24V batteries while 110V in newer coaches.

For powering air-conditioning equipment, an inverter was used to convert the DC output of a set of batteries to 415V AC. For some time now, however, groups of 110V alternators delivering 18-22kW each have been used to power air-conditioning equipment (the voltage is stepped up to 415V).

In Many air-conditioned coaches, a 'mid-on generator' (MOG) is used; this is a 415V 3-phase alternator (either in one of the coaches or in a separate 'power-car'), the output from which is used both for the air-conditioning, and (stepped down to 110V) for the lights and fans.

Train Lightning/Air Conditioning(TL/AC)

Now a days magnetic traction is being used in bullet trains (also called as

‘Shinkansen’- high speed network of railway lines) operated by four

Japan Railways Group Companies, comprising over 2400 km of lines

with max. speeds of 240-300km/h.

Test runs have reached 443 km/h (275 mph) for conventional rail in 1996,

and up to a world record 581 km/h (361 mph) for maglev trainsets in

2003.

Uses a 25,000 V AC overhead power supply.

Annual Passenger traffic of over 300 million per year with an economic

impact of ¥500 billion per year.

Shinkansen's average arrival time was within six seconds of the

scheduled time including all natural and human accidents and errors.

Shinkansen trains are electric multiple unit style, offering high

acceleration and deceleration.

The Shinkansen employs an ATC (Automatic Train Control) system,

manages all train operations, and all tasks relating to train movement,

track, station and schedule are networked and computerized.

Leading Traction System

4th largest network in the world, with 16 Zones, transporting over 10 billion

passengers and over 1050 million tonnes of freight annually.

IR employs about 1.6 million people, making itself the second largest

commercial or utility employer in the world.

With a view to reduce dependence on petroleum based energy IR has

switched over electric traction. It is a pollution free

system and with the use of modern

high horse power locos having

regenerative braking, it becomes

vastly energy efficient.

India consumes 2% of World’s oil,

while Indian Railway uses only 1.7%

of India ‘s Oil. This Fact shows that

how diesel traction is not very much

motivated in India.

Country Railway

Length

(Km)

Electrifi

ed

Length

(Km)

1 United

States226,427 <1,000

2 Russia 128,000 50,000

3 China 98,000 48,000

4 India 65,000 22,224

5 Canada 46,552 129

6 Australia 38,445 2,715

7 Germany 37,679 20,497

8 Argentina 35,897 136

9 South

Africa31,000 24,800

10 France 29,901 15,140

A Glimpse on Indian Railways

Source: International Union of

Railways

TRAIN MOVEMENT

The movement of trains and their energy consumption can be

conveniently studied by means of speed/time and speed/distance

curves.

As their names indicate, former gives speed of the train at various

times after the start of the run and the later gives speed at

various distances from the starting point.

Out of the two, speed/time curve is more important because

1. its slope gives acceleration or retardation as the case may be.

2. area between it and the horizontal (i.e. time) axis represents the

distance travelled.

3. energy required for propulsion can be calculated if resistance to

the motion of train is known.

TYPICAL SPEED TIME CURVE FOR TRAIN

MOVEMENT

Acceleration

Constant acceleration

Speed curve running

Free run or constant speed period

Coasting period

Retardation or braking period

TYPICAL SPEED /TIME CURVE

CONSTANT ACCELERATION PERIOD (0 TO T1 ):

It is also called notching-up or starting period because

during this period, starting resistance of the motors is

gradually cut out so that the motor current (and hence,

tractive effort) is maintained nearly constant which

produces constant acceleration alternatively called

‘rheostatic acceleration’ or ‘acceleration while notching’.

ACCELERATION ON SPEED CURVE (T1 TO T2 )

This acceleration commences after the starting

resistance has been all cutout at point t1 and full

supply voltage has been applied to the motors.

During this period, the motor current and torque

decrease as train speed increases. Hence,

acceleration gradually decreases till torque

developed by motors exactly balances that due to

resistance to the train motion.

The shape of the portion AB of the speed/time

curve depends primarily on the torque/speed

characteristics of the traction motors.

FREE-RUNNING PERIOD (T2 TO T3 )

The train continues to run at the speed reached

at point t 2 . It is represented by portion BC in

Fig. and is a constant-speed period which occurs

on level tracks.

COASTING (T3 TO T4 )

Power to the motors is cut off at point t3 so that

the train runs under its momentum, the speed

gradually falling due to friction, windage etc.

(portion CD).

During this period, retardation remains

practically constant.

Coasting is desirable because it utilizes some of

the kinetic energy of the train which would,

otherwise, be wasted during braking.

Hence, it helps to reduce the energy consumption

of the train.

BRAKING (T4 TO T5 )

At point t4 , brakes are applied and the train is

brought to rest at point t5 .

It may be noted that coasting and braking are

governed by train resistance and allowable

retardation respectively.

TYPICAL SPEED TIME CURVES FOR

DIFFERENT SERVICES

Urban or city services

Sub urban services

Main line services

TYPES OF SPEED IN TRACTION

Crest speed: It is the maximum speed (Vm )

attained by a train during the run

Average speed: Ratio of distance between

stops to that of actual time of run

In this case, only running time is considered but not the

stop time

Schedule speed: Ratio of distance between

stops to that of actual time of run + stop time

TRACTIVE EFFORT FOR PROPULSION OF A

TRAIN

The tractive effort (Ft) is the force developed by the traction unit at the rim of the driving wheels for moving the unit itself and its train (trailing load). The tractive effort required for train propulsion on a level track is

Ft = Fa + Fr

If gradients are involved, the above expression becomes

Ft = Fa + Fg + Fr — for ascending gradient

Fa − Fg +Fr — for descending gradient

Where

Fa = force required for giving linear acceleration to the train

Fg = force required to overcome the effect of gravity

Fr = force required to overcome resistance to train motion.

VALUE OF FA

If M is the dead (or stationary) mass of the train and a its linear acceleration, then

Fa = Ma

Since a train has rotating parts like wheels, axles, motor armatures and gearing etc., its effective (or accelerating) mass Me is more (about 8 − 15%) than its stationary mass.

These parts have to be given angular acceleration at the same time as the whole train is accelerated in the linear direction.

Hence, Fe = Mea

If Me is in tonne and α in km/h/s, then converting them into absolute units, we have

Fa = (1000 Me) × (1000/3600) a = 277.8 Me a newton

VALUE OF FG

Fg = W sin θ = Mg sin θ

In railway practice, gradient is expressed as the rise (in metres) a track distance of 100 m and is called percentage gradient.

Therefore % G = BC /AC *100 = 100 sin θ

Substituting the value of sin θ in the above equation, we get

Fg = Mg G/100 = 9.8 × 10−2 MG

When M is in kg, Fg = 9.8 × 10−2 MG newton

When M is given in tonne, then

Fg = 9.8 × 10−2 (1000 M) G = 98 MG Newton

VALUE OF FR

Train resistance comprises all those forces which

oppose its motionMechanical

Resistance

Wind ResistanceMechanical

Resistance

Internal

External

friction at journals, axles,

guides and buffers

friction between wheels and rails

and flange friction

independent of train

speed but depends on its

weight

varies directly as

the square of the

train speed.

r is specific resistance of the train i.e. resistance offered per unit mass

of the train, then

Fr = M.r.

Fr = M.r.Fr = M.r.

(i) If r is in newton per kg of train mass and Mis the train mass in kg, then

Fr = M.r newton

(ii) If r is in newton per tonne train mass (N/t) and M is in tonne (t), then

Fr = M tonne × r = Mr newton*

Hence, expression for total tractive effort becomes

Ft = Fa ± Fg + Fr

= (277.8 α Me ± 98 MG + Mr) newton

Please remember that here M is in tonne, α in km/h/s, G is in metres per 100 m of track length (i.e. % G) and r is in newton/tonne (N/t) of train mass.

The positive sign for Fg is taken when motion is along an ascending gradient and negative sign when motion is along a descending gradient.

POWER OUTPUT FROM DRIVING AXLES

If Ft is the tractive effort and ν is the train

velocity, then

output power = Ft × ν

If Ft is in newton and ν in m/s, then

output power = Ft × ν watt

If Ft is in newton and ν is in km/h , then

ENERGY OUTPUT FROM DRIVING AXLES

Energy (like work) is given by the product of power and time

E = Ft* V*t = Ft*D

Where

D is the distance travelled in the direction of tractive effort, FtTotal energy output from the driving axles for the run is, assuming trapezoidal speed-time curve.

E = energy during acceleration + energy during free run

= 1/2 FtVmt1 + FtVmt2

Where

Vm is the maximum or crest speed in m/s,

t1 is the time of acceleration in seconds and

t2 is the time of free run in seconds.

Ft is the effort required during acceleration in newtons and F‘t is the effort required during free run in newtons.

SPECIFIC ENERGY OUTPUT

It is the energy output of the driving wheel

expressed in watt-hour (Wh) per tonne-km (t-km)

of the train. It can be found by first converting

the energy output into Wh and then dividing it by

the mass of the train in tonne and route distance

in km.

Hence,

unit of specific energy output generally used in

railway work is

: Wh/tonne-km (Wh/t-km).

EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC ENERGY

OUTPUT

First calculate the total energy output of the

driving axles and then divide it by train mass in

tonne and route length in km to find the specific

energy output.

It will be presumed that :

(i) there is a gradient of G throughout the run

(ii) power remains ON upto the end of free run in

the case of trapezoidal curve and upto the

accelerating period in the case of quadrilateral

curve

Now, output of the driving axles is used for the

following purposes :

1. for accelerating the train

2. for overcoming the gradient

3. for overcoming train resistance

(A) ENERGY REQUIRED FOR TRAIN

ACCELERATION (EA )from trapezoidal diagram

(B) ENERGY REQUIRED FOR OVER COMING

GRADIENT (EG )

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

It equals the total energy input to the traction

motors from the supply. It is usually expressed in

Wh which equals 3600 J.

It can be found by dividing the energy output of

the driving wheels with the combined efficiency

of transmission gear and motor.

SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The specific energy consumption of a train

running at a given schedule speed is influenced

by

1. Distance between stops

2. Acceleration

3. Retardation

4. Maximum speed

5. Type of train and equipment

6. Track configuration.

ADHESIVE WEIGHT

It is given by the total weight carried on the

driving wheels.

Wa = x W,

where W is dead weight

x is a fraction varying from 0.6 to 0.8.

DEAD WEIGHT:

The total weight of locomotive and train to be

pulled by the locomotive.

ACCELERATING WEIGHT: The dead weight of

the train i.e. the weight of locomotive and train can

be divided into two parts

(i) The weight ,which requires angular

acceleration such as weight of wheels, axels

gears etc.,

(ii) The weight ,which requires linear acceleration

Accelerating weight is taken as 5 to10 percent

more than dead weight.

COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION

Adhesion between two bodies is due to interlocking of the irregularities of their surfaces in contact.

The adhesive weight of a train is equal to the total weight to be carried on the driving wheels. It is less than the dead weight by about 20 to 40%.

It has been found that tractive effort can be increased

by increasing the motor torque but only upto a certain

point.

Beyond this point, any increase in motor torque does

not increase the tractive effort but merely causes the

driving wheels to slip.

It is seen from the above relation that for increasing

Ft , it is not enough to increase the kW rating of the

traction motors alone but the weight on the driving

wheels has also to be increased.

Adhesion also plays an important role in braking. If

braking effort exceeds the adhesive weight of the

vehicle, skidding takes place.

MECHANISM OF TRAIN MOVEMENT

The essentials of driving mechanism in an

electric vehicle are illustrated.

The armature of the driving motor has a pinion

which meshes with the gear wheel keyed to the

axle of the driving wheel.

In this way, motor torque is transferred to the

wheel through the gear.

Let,

T = torque exerted by the motor

F1 = tractive effort at the pinion

Ft = tractive effort at the wheel

γ = gear ratio

Here, d1 , d2 = diameters of the pinion

and gear wheel respectively

D = diameter of the driving wheel

η = efficiency of power transmission from the motor to driving axle

Now, T = F1 × d1 /2 or F1 = 2T/d1

Here 𝑑1 = 𝑑′; 𝑑2 = 𝑑; 𝐹′ = 𝐹1

TRACTION MOTOR ELECTRICAL FEATURES

High starting torque

Simple speed control

Regenerative braking

Better commutation

Capability of withstanding voltage fluctuations.

MECHANICAL FEATURES

Light in weight.

Small space requirement.

Robust and should be able to withstand

vibration.

TRACTION MOTOR CONTROL

Rheostat control

Series parallel control

Field control

Buck and boost method

Metadyne control

Thyristor control

Phase control

Chopper control

BRAKING

ELECTRIC BRAKING

Plugging or reverse current braking

Rheostatic braking

Regenerative braking

DC shunt motor

DC series motor

Induction motor

MECHANICAL BRAKING

Compressed air brakes

Vacuum brakes

MAGNETIC TRACK BRAKES

Documents

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering files/III-II UEE CF.pdf · 12 Soft Copy of Notes/Ppt/Slides √ 13 Sessional Question Paper and Scheme of Evaluation √ 14 Best,