Dena Rosko | Writing Sample

7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Writing Sample

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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; =

Qrjtjea _mfpdg Jetrh`uotjhe

J bmvg jeodu`g` tbrgg wrjtjea smfpdgs; tbghrgtjomd, orgmtjvg, me` pbhtharmpbjo. J hramejzg` tbgsmfpdgs ly tjtdjea gmob sgotjhe _mfpdg =, _mfpdg


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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; )J me` Pbhu, `jmdhaug prhvj`gs m ohetgxt chr jequjry (Lmxtgr, >0) wbgrg pghpdg fggt

gmob htbgr je cduj` me` crmajdg wmys. Ogetrmd th tbjs stu`y, pghpdg `jmdhaug tbrhuab sthry ms me

jechrfmd `mjdy motjvjty (Me`grshe, Lmxtgr, & Ojssem, >0). ^ghpdg gxprgss turejea phjets je


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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; 7

tbgjr djvgs tbrhuab sthrytgddjea, rgfjejsogeog, me` j`jhsyeormtjo gxprgssjhes (Lmxtgr, >0).

Mregtt (=:2=) gfpbmsjzg` tbg egg` th ue`grstme` suob m "rbgthrjomd sjtumtjhe lgtwgge pgrshes"

(p. 0).

\gdmtjhesbjps jfpmot `gojsjhe-fmijea me` prhvj`g m lgttgr gtbjomd auj`g tbme prgoheogjvg`

gtbjomd orjtgrjm hr rgvjgw prhogssgs (@gezje, >?l). Ajvge tbjs gfpbmsjs he rgdmtjhesbjp,

`jmdhaug rgsphe`s th tbg omdd th bufmejzg, th lg rgsphesjldg, th lg mvmjdmldg, me` th lg prgsget th

ohfchrt htbgrs (Dhu`jy, >2). Pbjs stu`y mssufgs jt gtbjomd me` gssgetjmd th bufmejzg pghpdg je

ge`-hc-djcg, wbjob hctge hoours je hramejzmtjhes, suob ms je cmfjdy me` bgmdtbomrg. Arhhf (>2)

`gcjeg` hramejzmtjhemd ohffuejomtjhe ms me mot hc "lgjea-chr-htbgrs, m rgsphesg th tbg fhrmd

`jfgesjhe hc m ohffuejomtjvg spmogs... tbmt sbmpg pghpdg's djvgs" (p. =02).

Ohffuejomtjea ge` hc djcg gxpgrjgeogs je mom`gfjo hr bgmdtbomrg hramejzmtjhes rgqujrgs

me gtbhs th lg chr htbgrs je m fhrmd fmeegr, suob ms ly gxtge`jea bhpg th pghpdg je succgrjea

(By`g, >0). ^ghpdg gxpgrjgeog bhpg wbge tbgy omrg chr htbgrs (By`g). Pbjs `jmdhajo org`h

fggts muthgtbeharmpbjo emrrmtjvg's omdd chr rgsgmrobgrs th wrjtg lgyhe` tbgjr pgrshemd gxpgrjgeog

th syflhdjzg rg`gfptjhe me` bhpg (@gezje, >?m). Pbjs gtbhs chr sbmrjea succgrjea th gxtge`


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bhpg rgshemtgs wjtb tbjs stu`y's mssufptjhe chr cudd pmrtjojpmtjhe. Pbjs gtbhs ohestjtutgs me gtbjo

hc omrg, wbgrg omrjea rgdmtgs th tbjs stu`y ms sjtumtg` je m omrgajvjea ohetgxt. Je sbhrt, `jmdhaug

fgmes ue`grstme`jea tbg sgdc ms pmrtjojpmtjea cuddy wjtb tbgjr hwe me` htbgr's succgrjea me` ms

gflg``g` je hramejzmtjhes, oudturg, me` je tbg hutohfg hc tbg sthry tbmt tbgy orgmtg ms m rgsudt hc

tbgjr sbmrg` me` gflg``g` gxpgrjgeogs. \gshemtjea wjtb emrrmtjvg, `jmdhaug fgmes rgdmtjhemddy

me` orgmtjvgdy rgsphe`jea th bufme succgrjea.

^grchrfmeog Emrrmtjvg Gtbhs

^grchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs fmy lrgmi tbg sjdgeog sbrhu`jea `gmtb mssufjea tbmt pghpdg fmy

rgbgmrsg `gmtb wbge tbgy pgrchrf (Ldmu, =:29 ^bgdme, =::1). ^grchrfmeog gtbjos

fmjedy jevhdvg lgjea mwmrg tbmt tbg jetget th orgmtg me mgstbgtjo tgxt jevhdvgs tbg jetget th

jecdugeog shojh-oudturmd ehrfs (Ohequgrahh`, =:2?m9 =:279 =::29 ^gdjms & SmeHhstjea, =:21).

^grchrfmeog's dhcty ahmds, suob ms th obmeag shojgty, th `jsohvgr tbg sgdc, me` th bgmd crhf lrhige

gxpgrjgeogs rgqujrgs rgsgmrob th fmjetmje m argmtgr rgsphesjljdjty th pgrchrfmeog gtbhs me`

`jsohursg (Dmeagddjgr, =:27).

^grchrfmeog gtbjos mppdy th mdd pgrchrfmeog fg`juf (Dmeagddjgr). ^grchrfmeog fg`jm

syflhdjomddy gxtge` tbg sgdc ms m wmy hc lgjea je tbg whrd`. Ph hvgrsjfpdjcy, jc shfgheg tmigs

he m obmrmotgr ms m wmy hc lgjea mutbgetjo me` tbge pgrchrfs tbmt obmrmotgr je tbgmtgr, tbge tbg

pgrchrfmeog fg`juf js tbg stmag me` tbg tgxt tbg obmrmotgr phrtrmyg` he tbg stmag. Je tbjs stu`y,

tbg pgrchrfmeog fg`juf js tbg ldha, wbjob ohhr`jemtgs me` pgrchrfs rgfgflrmeog phgfs me`

pbhtharmpbs th m puldjo.

Orgmtjea pgrshemd emrrmtjvgs obmddgeag oudturmd ehrfs th tmig m whfme's djcg sgrjhusdy

(Omrtgr, =:27). Chr jestmeog, cgfjejst tbgmtgr rgamr`s pgrchrfmeog ms tbg `jmdhajo rgsphesjljdjty

th gxprgss gfhtjhes me` gxpgrjgeogs th cje` ohffhe arhue` me` tbge mot wjtb htbgrs (Omrtgr).


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Emrrmtjvg jfpgrmtjvgs omdd rgsgmrobgrs th `jstjeaujsb lgtwgge tbg emrrmthr, tbg emrrmtjvg, me` tbg

emrrmtg` (Fmyegs, ^jgrog, & Dmsdgtt, >2) me` ygt cje` m wmy th `h sh bhdjstjomddy (Dgmvy,

>:). \gshemtjea wjtb `jmdhaug's gtbhs th rgsphe` (Lmigr Hbdgr, >2), pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvg's

gtbhs js th tmig shojmd me` fhrmd rgsphesjljdjty hvgr heg's jetget th orgmtg mgstbgtjo tgxts

(Ohequgrahh`, =:2?m9 =:279 =::29 ^gdjms & SmeHhstjea, =:21).

^grchrfmeog emrrmtjvg jfpgrmtjvgs omdd pghpdg th lg mwmrg tbmt tbgjr fgfhry me` wrjtjea

chrag fgmejea me` pgrsum`g tbgjr puldjo. Pbg pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvg gtbhs chr tbjs stu`y

ohesj`grs bhw th ue`grstme` orgmtjvjty je m fmtgrjmd whrd`, wbgrg tbg sgdc-motjvjty hc orgmtjea

tbjeas jesjsts he puttjea djcg lmoi jeth m ajvge crmfg (Lgdd, >1), m rgdgvmet lgbmvjhr wbge

ohesj`grjea pgrchrfjea dhss, `gmtb, me` cgmr. Hvgrmdd, gssgetjmd th pgrchrfmeog gtbhs jeodu`gs

mwmrgegss hc tbg jetgetth orgmtg tbgsg mgstbgtjo tgxts9 tbg jetget ohffuejomtgs m obhjog th

pgrsum`g tbg mu`jgeog hc tbg ogrtmje wmy hc lgjea me` tbjeijea.

Crhf m tbgrmpgutjo pgrspgotjvg, dhss emrrmtjvgs bjabdjabt bhw pghpdg gxpgrjgeog tbgjr

uefgt gxpgotmtjhes ms sjtumtg` je tbg ueobmeagmldg, suob ms `gmtb (Fmttjeady, =::2). Pbjs vjgw

mssufgs m tbgrmpgutjo gtbhs th pgrchrfjea dhss emrrmtjvgs. Ms _obgobegr (=::?) ohetge`g`,

pgrchrfmeog, wjtb mdd jts tgesjhes, fjsajvjeas, mspjrmtjhes, me` prhogss, prhvj`gs m wmy th dhvg

me` struaadg wjtb tbg htbgr je me` hutsj`g hc tbg sgdc.

Wdtjfmtgdy, tbjs stu`y mssufgs jt prjfmry th rgsphe` th pghpdg je ge`-hc-djcg tbrhuab m

rgdmtjhemd, orgmtjvg, me` oudturmddy-geamajea mpprhmob. Pbjs jfpgrmtjvg th rgsphe` lujd`s crhf

tbg pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvg gtbhs th lg mwmrg hc tbg jfpmot tbmt pgrchrfgrs' jetget th orgmtg

mgstbgtjo tgxts bms he tbgjr mu`jgeog. Je htbgr whr`s, me gtbjomd rgsphesg th dhss jeodu`gs

rgsphe`jea ly pgrchrfjea emrrmtjvg chr m tbgrmpgutjo purphsg.


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Pbghrgtjomd Crmfgwhris

Pbjs stu`y chousgs he tbg jesj`g whrd` hc gfhtjhe, hr cgmr, tbg shojh-oudturmd whrd` hc

ohetgxts, hr ge`-hc-djcg, me` tbg je-lgtwgge whrd` hc fg`jmtjea gfhtjhes me` ge`-hc-djcg tbrhuab

`jajtmd pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs. Pbjs stu`y `rmws he pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvg crmfgwhris th

ue`grstme` bhw pghpdg sjaejcy me` fmig sgesg hc tbgjr gfhtjhemd me` dhss gxpgrjgeogs.

Emrrmtjvg

^ghpdg mpprhmob bufme succgrjea fgmejeacuddy me` wjtb sgesjtjvjty wbge tbgy rgdy he m

ohffuejomtjhe crmfgwhri chr sthrytgddjea, wbgrg "mttgetjhe th bufme succgrjea fgmes mttgetjhe

th sthrjgs" (Fmttjeady, =::2, p. =). Emrrmtjvg crmfgwhris prhvj`g m wmy th ue`grstme` j`getjty

me` tbgrmpgutjo usgs je dhss. Emrrmtjvg stu`jgs tbg wmys tbmt pghpdg gxpgrjgeog tbg whrd` je me`

tbrhuab tbgjr sthrjgs (Odme`jeje & Oheegddy, >>). Emrrmthdhay, hr tbg stu`y hc emrrmtjvg,

jevhdvgs iehwjea bhw pghpdg sggi odmrjty mlhut tbgjr sgdvgs me` gxpgrjgeogs tbrhuab pgrchrfjea

vjaegttgs hc tbgjr djvgs (\hsgewmd`, =::3). Emrrmtjvg rgsgmrobgrs stu`y djvg` gxpgrjgeogs me` djcg

sthrjgs ms m emrrmthr mttmobgs fgmejea th tbhsg gxpgrjgeogs (Aggrtz, =:239 Puregr, =:279 Fmyegs, gt md., >29 FoM`mfs, =::?9 FoIgg, >?). Emrrmthrs

trmeschrf pghpdg ms tbgy emrrmtg me` gxpgrjgeog turejea phjets je tbgjr djvgs (@geejea, >79


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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; :

^gtgrshe & Dmeagddjgr, >3). Ms emrrmtjvgs prhfhtg me` `gsorjlg obmeag, emrrmtjvgs hramejzg

gxpgrjgeog ms fhvgfget, hr tbg metjtbgsjs th `gmtb. ^grchrfmeog emrrmtjvg prhvj`gs m vgbjodg

tbmt "tmigs us th m pdmog htbgr tbme wbgrg wg usumddy mrg" (Lhdt, >0, p. =:>) me` sh prhvj`g me

gfgraget sthry. Pbjs sthry rgshue`s wjtb fhrmd ohestruots, m pgrsumsjvg me` mgstbgtjo mppgmd,

me` me "heahjea ohevgrsmtjhe" (\ufjejsij, >2, p. ==?) tbmt rgvgmds fuob mlhut pghpdg's shojmd

rhdgs me` ohetgxts (Dmeagddjgr & gtgrshe, >09 ^gtgrshe & Dmeagddjgr, >3). Ohetjeujty

sbhws bhw pghpdg ue`grstme` orjtjomd djcg gvgets (Qglstgr & Fgrthvm, >1).

Emrrmtjvgs sbhw m sthry hc arhwtb me` tgesjhe ms emrrmthrs rgvjsg, jeodu`g, me` gxodu`g

ogrtmje `gtmjds (Khssgdshe, =::3). Ajvge tbjs trmeschrfmtjvg qumdjty, emrrmtjvg prhvj`gs m

lgegcjojmd rgsgmrob fgtbh` chr trmufm stu`jgs (FoEjcc, =::29 Dgmvy, >:). Bjsthrjomddy,

emrrmtjvg `rmws he jetgr`jsojpdjemry sobhdmrsbjp me` prhvj`gs me jetgrvgetjhe chr bgdpjea pghpdg

fhvg crhf trmufm th rgohvgry ( hdijeabhreg, =:229 Fmttjeady, =::2). Chr gxmfpdg, Admzgr me`

Fmrouf (>?) chue` tbmt sthrytgddjea me` htbgr orgmtjvg gxprgssjhes, suob ms mrt, bgdpg`

objd`rge th gxprgss me` prhogss arjgc, gccgotjvgdy lrgmijea wbmt Lhstjooh me` Pbhfpshe (>7)

omddg` m oudturg hc sjdgeog sbrhu`jea tbg thpjo.

Curtbgr, Admzgr me` Fmrouf (>?) hlsgrvg` tbmt ohaejtjvg `gvgdhpfget ome djfjt m

objd`'s arjgc gxprgssjhe. _thrjgs ohuetgrphjetg` tbjs djfjtmtjhe ly trmesphrtjea objd`rge th mehtbgr

pdmog vjs--vjs jfmajemtjhe, me` sh gmsg` tbg prhogss hc fmijea sgesg hc m egw me` `jccjoudt

sjtumtjhe. Ms sthrjgs gmsg` tgesjhe, sthrjgs prhvj`g` \hagrs' (=:2:9 =::0) smcg me` orgmtjvg

gevjrhefget chr objd`rge th pmrtjojpmtg wjtb htbgrs je whrijea tbrhuab tbgjr dhss. Je tbjs wmy,

sthrytgddjea jfpmrtg` m tbgrmpgutjo vmdug tbmt mj`g` tbg arjgvgr tbrhuab tbg prhogss hc arjgvjea

(Admzgr & Fmrouf, >?).


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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; =>

_thrytgddjea me` mrt ome lgegcjt m`udts gxpgrjgeojea dhss. Chr stmrtgrs, emrrmtjvgs orgmtg

me` gxprgss j`getjty (_obgjlg, =:239 FoM`mfs, =::?) me` sh prhvj`g m wmy chr pghpdg th

prgsget tbgfsgdvgs me` tbgjr gxpgrjgeogs th tbg whrd` (Hoblgra, =::0). Pbjs mot hc pgrchrfjea

emrrmtjvg jfpmrts mageoy ms pghpdg egg` th tgdd sthrjgs th lg wbh tbgy mrg (Odme`jeje & Oheegddy,

>>9 FoM`mfs, =::?) me` sh pgrsum`gs pghpdg hc tbg gxpgrjgeogs me` j`getjty ms tbgy emrrmtg

tbgf th lg (Amrrh & Fmttjeady, >>).

\gomddjea Ojssem me` _jglura's (>7) ohecjrfmtjhe ms m ohffuejomtjhe gtbhs, emrrmtjvgs

prhvj`g m tgxt tbmt omdds pghpdg, oudturg, me` shojgty th rgsphe` th tbg emrrmthr wbh bms sjtumtg`

tbg sgdc je tbg tgxt. Je sh `hjea, sthrytgddjea hpges `hhrs chrfgrdy dhoig` ly sgdc- hr oudturmd

ogeshr th bjabdjabt pghpdg's jeegrfhst ojrodg, hr tbmt ohrg pmrt hc tbgf tbmt jecdugeogs tbgjr

surcmog lgbmvjhrs, lut htbgrwjsg rgfmjes uesgge ly htbgrs (Mdtfme & Pmydhr, =:1?). Emrrmtjvg

mddhws tbg sgdc th suspge` lgtwgge djcg gxpgrjgeogs me` tbgrmpgutjo pdhts, hr bhw pghpdg emvjamtg

tbg shojmd `rmfm lgtwgge lrhige gxpgotmtjhes, pmjecud gxpgrjgeogs, me` cje`jea wmys th ohetjeug

djvjea (Fmttjeady, =::2). ^ut mehtbgr wmy, emrrmtjvg pgrchrfs m ohbgrget (^hdijeabhreg, =:22)

me` `jsohetjeuhus (Mezmd`m, =:219 Fmttjeady, =::2) sgdc th m oudturg chrfgrdy hut hc thuob.

^grchrfmeog emrrmtjvg ms m psyobhtbgrmpgutjo strmtgay (Fmttjeady, =::29 ^hdijeabhreg,

=:22) me` trmeschrfmtjvg prhogss shue`s me mppgmdjea jetgrvgetjhe chr ge`-hc-djcg ohetgxts me`

cgmr stu`jgs. ^syobhtbgrmpy tbmt utjdjzgs emrrmtjvg bgdps pghpdg th ohestruot fgmejeacud

gxpgrjgeogs (^hdijeabhreg, =:22). Pbgrmpgutjomddy, sthrytgddjea prhvj`gs m bgmdjea prhogss chr

pgrshes gxpgrjgeojea tufudt (@g_mdvh, =:::9 ^geeglmigr, =::>). Chr jestmeog, emrrmtjvg

gerjobgs pgrshes wbge tbgy rgtrhspgot th orgmtg m emrrmtjvg tbmt smtjscjgs tbgjr ourrget sjtumtjhe

(^hdijeabhreg, =:22).


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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; ==

Jfphrtmetdy, sthrytgddjea fgmes jevgstjamtjea tbg wmys tbmt pghpdg's whr`s me` gvgets

jecdugeog tbgjr motjhes me` fhtjvgs me` vjog-vgrsm (Fmttjeady, =::2). ^ghpdg rgcdgot me` tgdd tbgjr

jetget, `gsjrg, hr lgdjgcs, me` tbg wmys tbmt tbgsg fhtjvmtjhes dgm` th motjhe (Fmttjeady). ^ghpdg

egg` th emrrmtg je hr`gr th mot me` vjog-vgrsm (Fmttjeady). Je emrrmtjvg tbgrmpy, emrrmtjvg bgdps

pgrshes th dhomtg tbgjr `gsjrg wbge tbgy gxpgrjgeog dhss (Fmttjeady), fgmejea tbmt emrrmtjvg

prhfhtgs tbg phtgetjmd sgdc (Fmttjeady). Pbjs phtgetjmd sgdc fmigs tbg emrrmtjvg `jccgrgeog

lgomusg emrrmtjvg m``rgssgs pgrshe's lrhige me` sgafgetg` gxpgrjgeogs me` bgdps pghpdg th

gevjsjhe m bhpgcud cuturg mfj` trmufm (Fmttjeady9 ^hdijeabhreg, =:22). ^ut mehtbgr wmy,

emrrmtjvg prhvj`gs m tbgrmpgutjo mpprhmob th dhss ly ue`grstme`jea tbg ohrrgdmtjhes lgtwgge

obhjog, motjhe, me` bgmdjea.

^grchrfmeog

Pbg mot hc pgrchrfjea emrrmtjvg fgmes tbg mot hc pgrchrfjea "whr`s tbmt '`h tbjeas'"

(Amrrh & Fmttjeady, >>, p.


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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; =?9 Ohequgrahh`, =:2=9 _obgjlg, =:23).

^bgdme (=::?) `gsorjlg` pgrchrfmeog ms tbg wmys tbmt pghpdg rgprgsget tbgjr j`getjtjgs me`

gxpgrjgeogs wjtbhut rgprh`uojea tbgf, wbjob fgmes tbmt pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs fmig m wmy chr

pghpdg th lg je tbg whrd` (Hoblgra, =::0).

^ghpdg pgrchrf emrrmtjvg, me` ygt emrrmtjvg `jccgrgetjmtgs crhf pgrchrfmeog. Pbjs `umd

rgmdjty fmy mrjsg crhf tbg bjsthrjgs ly wbjob tbg `jsojpdjegs hc pgrchrfmeog me` emrrmtjvg

`gvgdhpg` me` tbg sulsgquget omfps tbmt sgpmrmtg` tbg prhogssgs me` fg`jm wjtb wbjob pghpdg

tgdd sthrjgs, suob ms vjm tgxt hr hrmd (Lmufme & Lrjaas, =::>9 Ldmu =:29

Ohequgrahh`, =::29 Dmeagddjgr, =:279 _tmtgs, =::3). Je mey omsg, pgrchrfmeog me` emrrmtjvg

hvgrdmp je tbgjr rgamr` chr j`getjty, gxpgrjgeog, me` prhogss.

Ms wjtb emrrmtjvg, pgrchrfmeog jevhdvgs tbg wmys tbmt pghpdg ohffuejomtg tbgjr

gvgry`my djvgs (Ohequgrahh`, =:2?l). ^grchrfmeog msshojmtgs wjtb emrrmtjvg ly rg`hjea

gxpgrjgeog vjm emrrmtjvg (^gtgrshe & Dmeagddjgr, >3). _jaejcjometdy, tbg emrrmthr, ly emrrmtjea,

pgrchrfs. Ohe`jtjhes chr m pgrchrfmeog th hoour jeodu`g tbg egg` chr m pgrchrfgr, gvget,

mu`jgeog, me` pgrchrfmeog (Dmeagddjgr, =:27). ^ghpdg's mrtjstjo jetget me` jetgrmotjhe wjtb m tgxt

me` puldjo ohestjtutgs pgrchrfmeog (Ohequgrahh`, =:2?m9 =:279 =::29 ^gdjms & SmeHhstjea,

=:219 _tmtgs, =::3). ^grchrfmeog mssufgs phjgsjs me` prhogss (Ohequgrahh`, =::=9 Lgdd, >2),

suaagstjea tbmt pghpdg dgmre, lgohfg, me` fmig m jccgrgeog tbrhuab orgmtjvg gxprgssjhe. Je

htbgr whr`s, pgrchrfmeog jevhdvgs m prhogss ms fg`jmtg` ly gvget, j`getjty, me` jetget.

^grchrfmeog mdsh jevhdvgs pgrchrfgr me` mu`jgeog prgsgeog (Musdme`gr, =:::9 Lgdd,

>2) me`, fhst hc mdd, m trjpmrtjtg jetgrmotjhe lgtwgge tbg pgrchrfgr, mu`jgeog, me` shojh-

oudturmd me` phdjtjomd rgmdfs (Omrdshe, >?). Ms _obgobegr (=::?) hlsgrvg`, pgrchrfmeog

gemots lgbmvjhr ms bgjabtgeg` me` puldjody `jspdmyg`. Pbg ohevgrsmtjhes lgohfg me jetgrmotjvg


13/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; =?

`hfmje wbgrg pghpdg ohffuejomtg vmrjg` j`gms mfj` sbmrg` jetgrgsts me` shdutjhes (^rgddwjtz,

>2). Pbjs puldjo spmog yjgd`s m prhogss chr pghpdg th ohffuejomtg ohffuejty vjm sbmrjea

tgxts me` rgdmtjhesbjps ( rgddwjtz). Pbus, pgrchrfmeog spgmis rgdmtjhesbjp, shojh-oudturg, me`

phdjtjos jeth, me` gxmots gmob crhf, tbg puldjo `hfmje.

_jeog pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs lgmr puldjo jfpdjomtjhes, jt js jfphrtmet th ue`grstme` tbg

`gdjlgrmtg me` pgrsumsjvg prhogss ly wbjob pghpdg pgrchrf emrrmtjvg. Lgdd (>2) `gcjeg`

syflhd usg ms lgjea sjtumtg`, fg`jmtg`, dgmreg`, me` gemotg`. ^grchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs rgdy he

rbgthrjomd `gvjogs tbmt rgqujrg mwmrgegss ms th tbg wmys tbmt pghpdg usg syflhds th jecdugeog

htbgrs vjm pgrsumsjhe (Lgdd). Pgxt jeodu`gs mdd oudturmd systgfs me` vjrtumddy meytbjea je tbg

whrd` tbmt ome lg rgm` (Lgdd, =:239 K. Omputh, pgrshemd ohffuejomtjhe, _gptgflgr ).

Bgrg, oudturg pgrchrfs m "systgf-je-fhtjhe hc sjaes me` syflhds" (Lhhe, =:23, p.


14/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; =0

(Lrmttgtgja, >2). Oheourrjea wjtb Puregr's (=:21) shojmd `rmfm, pghpdg orgmtg tbgmtgr je tbgjr

gvgry `my jetgrmotjhes hedjeg (@jxhe, >1). Dhss gxpgrjgeogs hctge hoour je tme`gf wjtb

oudturmddy smeotjheg` fhurejea rjtumds.

\jtumds, ygt mehtbgr lrhm`-lmsg` tgrf, jeodu`g syflhdjo fgmejea systgfs, pgrchrfmeog

mots me` prhogssgs, me` rgdmtjhesbjps me` gxpgrjgeogs (_obgobegr, =::?). _obgobegr suaagstg`

tbmt tbg cuturg hc rjtumd je mey ajvge shojgty `gpge`s he rjtumd lgjea gflg``g` je m fg`jmtg`

ohetgxt. @jajtmd pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs fg`jmtg ohetgxt, m ohetgxt wbjob je ture fg`jmtgs tbg

rjtumd th m puldjo, suob ms puldjo fgfhrjmds wbgrg tbg puldjo jeodu`gs m `jvgrsg me` ueprg`jotmldg

mu`jgeog, me` jestjtutjhemd ohetgxts hctge fmig pgrchrfmeog rjtumds, suob ms puldjo fgfhrjmds,

phdjtjomd (_metjeh, >?).

^ghpdg `gsjae ohffuejomtjhe systgfs, wbjob je ture jecdugeog tbg wmys tbmt pghpdg

ohffuejomtg, me` sh orgmtgs me heahjea cgg`lmoi dhhp (Oherm` & ^hhdg, >7). Chr jestmeog,

`jajtmd prh`uotjhe me` pgrchrfmeog prhogssgs hoour je bufme `gsjaeg` _hojh-Pgobejomd systgfs

(_P), wbjob sbmpg bhw pghpdg ohffuejomtg. _P mssgssgs tgobehdhay crhf m bhdjstjo pmrm`jaf;

shojmd, psyobhdhajomd, gevjrhefgetmd, me` tgobejomd hutohfgs (Prjst & Lmfchrtb, =:7=). Pbg

`jajtmd fg`jmtgs tbg sgesg-fmijea ohetgxt, tbg prh`uotjhe prhogss, me` pgrchrfmeog hutohfgs,

fmijea tbg `jajtmd vmdug-dm`ge (Lrmttgtgja, >2) suob ms wbge fg`jmtg` tgxts fmig fgfhry me

mctgrtbhuabt ms fgfhry obmeags gmob tjfg pghpdg jetgrmot wjtb tbg tgxts hedjeg (Musdme`gr,

=:::). Pbg mot hc puldjojzjea m rjtumd je tgobehdhay obmeags tbg shojmd tgxt th m phdjtjomd heg.

Hedjeg pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs obmddgeag tbg orjtgrjm hc wbmt ohestjtutgs m pgrchrfmeog,

suob ms egg` chr tbg lh`y me` mu`jgeog th lg spmtjmddy hr tgfphrmddy prgsget (Dje`gfmee, >7).

Pgobehdhajomd pgrchrfmeogs mrg eht tbg smfg ms cmog-th-cmog jetgrmotjhes (Dje`gfmee).

Bhwgvgr, hedjeg emrrmtjvgs `h eht gxjst ms `jsgflh`jg` lgomusg tbg pgrchrfmeog jfpdjomtgs tbg


15/46


pgrchrfgr's lh`y he tbg htbgr ge` hc tbg vjrtumd (Dmeagddjgr & ^gtgrshe, >09 ^gtgrshe, >2).

Ly obmddgeajea pgrchrfmeog orjtgrjm, tgobehdhay mddhws rgsgmrobgrs th obmddgeag tbg prjfmoy hc

tbg lh`y ms m wmy hc iehwjea (Obvmstm, >?) me` sh sggi egw wmys th oheogptumdjzg

pgrchrfmeog. Pbjs sbjct je gflh`jfget lgegcjts emrrmtjvgs `gmdjea wjtb `gmtb, wbgrg m lh`y eh

dheagr gxjsts. Fmjedy, hedjeg pgrchrfmeogs crmfg tbg wmy tbmt pghpdg egahtjmtg rgdmtjhesbjps,

jeodu`jea tbhsg fgfhrjmdjzg` me` fg`jmtjzg` vjm tgobehdhay (Dje`gfmee, >7).

_jaejcjometdy, Ldmu (=:2) me` ^bgdme (=::1) mraug` tbmt pghpdg pgrchrf th

rgbgmrsg `yjea, wbgrg "pgrchrfmeog me` tgobehdhay mrg lurjmd prmotjogs wjtb vgry hd`

fhtjvmtjhes; th bhd` heth djcg, th prgsgeog, th gxjstgeog, th ohffuejomtjhe" (Lgdd, >2, p. ?) jfpdjomtjea

tbg pgrchrfgr me` tbg mu`jgeog th iggp tbg `gogmsg` mdjvg je tbg pgrchrfmeog (Bhresly-Fjehr,

>1). Zgt fg`jmtg` fgfhry me` rjtumds hedy dmst sh dhea ms me mu`jgeog jetgrmots wjtb tbgf

(Obvmstm, >?) lgomusg pgrchrfmeogs, ms tbgjr mu`jgeogs me` pgrchrfgrs, djvg he lhrrhwg`

tjfg. Mt shfg phjet pgrchrfmeog jffg`jmoy fust ge` (Ldmu, =:2).

^ut fhrg sjfpdy, pghpdg iehw `gmtb je rgdmtjhe th djcg vjm pgrchrfmeog (Obmvstm, >?),

ygt iehw tbgjr pgrchrfmeog, ms tbgjr djcg, js tgfphrmry (Ldmu =:29 ^bgdme, =::1).

Gvge pgrchrfjea me ge` th m sthry, suob ms wbge m ldhaagr sthps phstjea th m ldha, ajvgs tbg

gxpgrjgeog hc `gmtb (Obmvstm, >?). ^grchrfmeog tgstjcjgs th djcg ly dhhijea djig `gmtb lgomusg

tbg djcg jtsgdc, ms tbg pgrchrfmeog, wjdd gvgetumddy ge` me` tbus sggf th lg obrhejomddy dgct lgbje`

(Ldmu, =:2). Pbus, pgrchrfmeog's je-lgtwgge rgfmjes tbmt tgesjhe ly wbjob pghpdg

tua me` pudd lgtwgge djcg me` `gmtb me` mfj` djcg/`gmtb mwmrgegss sjfjdmr th Mregtt's (=::0)


16/46


gxjstgetjmd bhfgdgssegss. Pbjs ehtjhe ge` mamje rgcgrs th gpjstgfhdhay ms fhrtmdjty mwmrgegss

fg`jmtg` me` prgodu`g` ly pgrchrfmeog (Ldmu, =:2).

Curtbgrfhrg, pghpdg wrjtg tbgjr fhrtmd rjtumds, fgfhrjgs, sgdvgs, me` mraumldy htbgrs jeth

lgjea ly ldhaajea (Obmvstm, >?). Je tbjs djabt, pgrbmps pgrchrfjea fg`jmtjzg` dhss `hgs eht

fgme tbmt pghpdg rgbgmrsg, rgprh`uog, hr rgprgsget `gmtb, lut tbmt pghpdg strjvg th rgmob chr djcg je

djabt hc tbgjr iehwdg`ag hc gmtb tbrhuab tbgjr jetget me` motjhe th rgcrmfg jt. Pbjs crmfgwhri

fhvgs pghpdg jeth me uegmsy spmog lgtwgge gxpgotjea me` hlsgrvjea wbmt motumddy bmppges je

djcg/`gmtb (Ldmu, =:2), wbjob rgshemtgs wjtb tbgrmpgutjo emrrmtjvg's gfpbmsjs he

rgoheojdjea uefgt gxpgotmtjhes (Fmttjeady, =::2).

He tbg lrjabt sj`g, pghpdg pgrchrf he lhrrhwg` tjfg ly fmijea tbg pgrchrfmeog fhfget

gxgfpdmr. Je tbjs wmy, pgrchrfmeog jevjtgs pghpdg th smy eh th `gmtb th smy ygs th djcg (Obmvstm,

>7). Pbg qugstjhe rgfmjes, "Bhw h pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs fg`jmtg gfhtjhemd hr dhss

gxpgrjgeogs, wbmt `h emrrmtjvgs rgvgmd mlhut tbg gxpgrjgeog, me` `h pgrchrfmeog emrrmtjvgs fmig

jt phssjldg th rgbgmrsg `gmtb me` ljrtb djcg8"


17/46


\gcgrgeogs

Mdtfme, J., & Pmydhr, @. (=:1?). _hojmd pgegtrmtjhe; Pbg `gvgdhpfget hc jetgrpgrshemd

rgdmtjhesbjps. Egw Zhri, EZ; Bhdt, \jegbmrt me` Qjesthe.

Me`grshe, \., Lmxtgr, D. M., & Ojssem, I. E. (>0). Oheodu`jea vhjogs, ohevgrsmtjhe

crmafgets, me` m tgfphrmry syetbgsjs. Je \. Me`grshe, D. M. Lmxtgr, & I. E. Ojssem

(G`s.),@jmdhaug; Pbghrjzjea `jccgrgeog je ohffuejomtjhe stu`jgs(pp. 71>?=2=>:?10>0?

Mregtt, \. O. (=::0). Gxjstgetjmd bhfgdgssegss; M ohetgfphrmry omsg chr `jmdhaug. Je \.

Me`grshe, I. E. Ojssem, & \. O. Mregtt (G`s.), Pbg rgmob hc `jmdhaug; Ohecjrfmtjhe,

vhjog me` ohffuejty(pp.


18/46


Lmufme, \., & Lrjaas, O. D. (=::>). ^hgtjos me` pgrchrfmeog ms orjtjomd pgrspgotjvgs he

dmeaumag me` shojmd djcg.Meeumd \gvjgw hc Metbrhphdhay, =:, 7:-22. `hj;

=>.==03/meeurgv.me.=:.=>>=:>.>>>0


19/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; =:

Lrmttgtgja, P. (>2). @hgs jt fmttgr tbmt jt js `jajtmd8 Je I. Due`ly (G`.), @jajtmd sthrytgddjea,

fg`jmtjzg` sthrjgs; _gdc-rgprgsgetmtjhes je egw fg`jm(pp. ?).^grchrfmeog; M orjtjomd jetrhùotjhe(?). Pbg fg`jmtg` djcg9 'Me` J dhvg` bgr' (Wepuldjsbg` gssmy). \gtrjgvg`

crhf bttp;//www.oms.usc.gù/~fobvmstm/duoiy`jp/fg`jmtg`djcg.p`c

Ojssem, I. E., & _jglura, G. (>7). ^mttgres hc jetgrmotjhemd ohecjrfmtjhe me`

`jsohecjrfmtjhe. Je K. _tgwmrt (G`.),Lrjàgs eht wmdds; M lhhi mlhut jetgrpgrshemd

ohffuejomtjhe(:tb g`., pp. 0>).Emrrmtjvg jequjry; Gxpgrjgeog me` sthry je

qumdjtmtjvg rgsgmrob. _me Crmeojsoh, OM; Khssgy-Lmss.

Oherm`, O., & ^hhdg, F. _. (>7). _trmtgajo hramejzmtjhemd ohffuejomtjhe je m adhlmd gohehfy

(3tb g`.). Lgdfhet, OM; Pbhfshe Qm`swhrtb.

Ohequgrahh`, @. (=:2=). Lhmstjea je Meadh-_mxhe Geadme`; ^grchrfmeog me` tbg bgrhjo gtbhs.

Djtgrmturg je ^grchrfmeog, =(2>/=>03:?372?=

Ohequgrahh`, @. (=:2?m). M sgesg hc tbg htbgr; Jetgrprgtmtjhe me` gtbeharmpbjo rgsgmrob. Je

J. F. Orhuob, & A. \. Hwge (G`s.),^rhogg`jeas hc suffgr/ohecgrgeog he hrmd

trm`jtjhes(pp. =02-=77). Dms Oruogs, EF; Egw Fgxjoh _tmtg Wejvgrsjty.


20/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ;

Ohequgrahh`, @. (=:2?l). Ohffuejomtjhe me` pgrchrfmeog; @rmfmturajomd `jfgesjhes hc

gvgry`my djcg. Je K. _jsoh (G`.), Pbg Kgesge dgoturgs; Ohetgfphrmry ohffuejomtjhe

stu`jgs(pp. 2>/=>03:?:=712

Ohequgrahh`, @. (=::=). \gtbjeijea gtbeharmpby; Phwmr`s m orjtjomd oudturmd phdjtjos.

Ohffuejomtjhe Fheharmpbs, 72(.=>2>/>?3?117:=>:?13


21/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; >). Emrrmtjvg tures. Je O. Fmttjeady & D. O. Amrrh (G`s.),

Emrrmtjvg me` tbg oudturmd ohestruotjhe hc jddegss me` bgmdjea (pp. ). Wrlmem, JD; Wejvgrsjty hc Jddjehjs

^rgss.

Admzgr, B. & Fmrouf, @. (>?). Gxprgssjea arjgc tbrhuab sthrytgddjea.Khuremd hc Bufmejstjo

Ohuesgdjea,G`uomtjhe me` @gvgdhpfget 0.=>>?.tl>>>>=.x

Ahccfme, G. (=:7:). Pbg prgsgetmtjhe hc sgdc je gvgry`my djcg. Amr`ge Ojty, EZ; @huldg`my.

Arhhf, M. _. (>2). Geamajea je rbgthrjomd ohesojhusegss hc me hramejzmtjhe chr `yemfjo

ohffuejomtjvg gxobmeag. Je F. M. Ohhi & M. F. Bhdlm (G`s.),^bjdhshpbjgs hc

ohffuejomtjhe; Jfpdjomtjhes chr gvgry`my gxpgrjgeog(pp. =??-=7


22/46



23/46



24/46



25/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; >=21>0>>=>=

Puregr, S. Q. (=:21). Wsjea emrrmtjvg jequjry ms m rgsgmrob fgtbh`; Me

jetrh`uotjhe th usjea orjtjomd gvget emrrmtjvg memdysjs je rgsgmrob he dgmrejea me`

tgmobjea. Cdhrgeog, IZ; \hutdg`ag.


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27/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; ygmrs hd`," J smj . Fy fhf sfjdg` me` sbhhi

Fmramrgt's bme`.


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30/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; ?>

ly. J bm` kuàg` bgr tbge, ms tbhuab sbg egg`g` th sbhw tbg m``g` rgsphesjljdjty hc omrjea chr

bgr rhhffmtg. J smy J kuàg` bgr lgomusg J j` eht ygt iehw bgr sthry me` tbg cmot tbmt sbg sdgpt

je m eursjea bhfg thd` gehuab.

J rgomdd rgturejea th vjsjt Fmramrgt heg dmst tjfg lgchrg J fhvg` bhfg. _bg stjdd dmy je bgr

lg`, lut tbjs tjfg sbg `j` eht ory hut.

"Bj Fmramrgt," J smj`. "J wmetg` th ohfg smy ahh`lyg. J'f ahjea bhfg tbjs wggige`."

"Hb, ygs, yhu bmvg m ejog cmfjdy. Pgdd tbgf J smj` bgddh! Zhu aheem ohfg lmoi me` vjsjt

fg8"

"J'dd try," J smj , iehwjea J prhlmldy whud` eht. J amvg bgr m bua me` ijssg` bgr obggi.

Dmtgr, J tmdig` th m odmssfmtg mlhut fy gxpgrjgeogs mt Lmptjst Fmehr.

"Pbgy wgrg djig fy crjge`s," J smj`. "Jt wms bmr` th dgmvg."

Lmptjst Fmehr \gtjrgfget me` Eursjea Bhfg wms m sfmddgr lujd`jea tbme tbhsg hc fy =1

morg ohddgag, lut shfgbhw J cgdt ms tbhuab J sthh` je m argmtgr pdmog. Pbg tme djehdguf cdhhrs, tbg

fg`jojemd sfgdds, tbg sdhw orgmijea gdgvmthr, me` tbg pjmeh je tbg bmddwmy lgdjg` jts htbgr-

whrd`djegss. Jt wms mehtbgr whrd` wjtb jebmljtmets wbh `jccgrg` crhf tbg yhuea ohddgag stu`gets

J djvg` me` stu`jg` wjtb, me` tbg yhuea ohddgag stu`get wbh J wms, lut eht hedy lgomusg hc tbgjr

mag hr mjdjea bgmdtb. Pbgy `jccgrg` lgomusg tbgy iegw shfgtbjea tbmt J `jè't, me` tbgy djvg` je

tbjs pdmog wjtb m djcg cudd hc gxpgrjgeogs th prhvg jt. _hfgtjfgs jt pmys `jvj`ge`s th rgcdgot he

me` dgmre crhf `jccgrgeog.

"Pmig fg chr m rj`g," Fmramrgt smj`. J bm` kust stmrtg` vhduetggrjea, me` `jè't tbjei J

ohud` dgmvg tbg prgfjsgs wjtb m pmtjget. Lgsj`gs, J dgct fy omr mt bhfg =1< fjdgs mwmy.

"Eh, J fgme, dgt's ah hutsj g chr m wmdi. J bmvge't lgge hutsj`g je ygmrs."

"Zgmrs8" J msig` bgr.


31/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; ?=

"Zgs, ygmrs," sbg smj`.

J pusbg` bgr mwiwmr` wbggdobmjr hut tbg `hhr. Pbg `hhr `j`e't stmy hpge dhea gehuab

chr us th agt tbrhuab, me` bgr wbggd obmjr wms mdfhst ms wj`g ms tbg `hhr. Jt thhi m cgw trjgs.

Heog hutsj`g, J wbggdg` bgr mrhue` tbg lgeobgs me` cdhur phts tbmt djeg` tbg lmoi hc tbg

lujd`jea.

"Dgt's ah mamje," sbg smj . Mrhue` me` mrhue` wg wget. Bgr lh`y sggfg` sh ohecjeg` je

bgr obmjr, wjtb bgr tbjoi ldug me` purpdg mcabme ldmeigt strmppjea bgr je.

"Pbmt wms whe`grcud," sbg smj`. "Dgt's ah lmoi jesj`g."

J tbhuabt hc tbjs wmdi ms Fmramrgt's heg adjfpsg hc crgg`hf. _bg smw jt ms m wmdi, gxogpt

J `j` tbg wmdijea. J vhduetggrg` mt Lmptjst Fmehr lgomusg J ohud`e't jfmajeg lgjea je m Bhfg

mdheg, wjtb fy cmfjdy, crjge`s, me` mdd tbmt J iegw aheg, hr whrst, stjdd djvjea shfgwbgrg gdsg,

hedy, mt lgst, chraht th vjsjt fg bgrg. Zgt Fmramrgt sbhwg` fg bgr djcg je tbjs pdmog wms eht heg

mdheg hr chrahttge. _bg sggfg` ohetget me` moogptjea, lut eht hc bgr djcg hr gvge bgr pmje, lut hc

`gmtb. _bg stjdd sfjdg` me` sbg stjdd dmuabg` je spjtg hc bgr wbggdobmjr, je spjtg hc bgr lg`. _bg

gflrmog` wjtb bgr sfjdg tbg djcg sbg lgdjgvg` sbg whud` bmvg mctgr Ah` thhi tbg pmje mwmy.

Gvge sh, eh bhpgcud vjgw hc tbg cuturg fjejfjzgs tbg pmje hc tbg prgsgeog. J cgdt `rmwe th

rgsj`gets me` tbgjr sthrjgs. Fmramrgt wms heg hc m bme`cud hc whfge J vjsjtg` wbjdg mt Lmptjst

Fmehr. J mdsh vjsjtg` Fmry, wbh djvg` wjtb tbrgg rhhffmtgs `hwe tbg bmdd crhf Fmramrgt. J

rgfgflgr Fmry's dhea me` tbjoi wbjtg bmjr.

"_bg's hvgr =>>. J thd` bgr jt's himy th ah," tbg eursg smj` th fg je tbg bmddwmy hutsj`g

Fmry's rhhf. "J `he't iehw wbmt sbg's bhd`jea heth." J dhhig` hvgr tbg eursg's sbhud`gr mt

Fmry, wbh sfjdg` mt fg crhf bgr lg` sgvgrmd pmogs mwmy me` whe`grg` wby m eursg wmetg`


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@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; ?

Cjaurg 3


41/46

@gem F. \hsih ;; Qrjtjea _mfpdg ; 0=

Cjaurg 1


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45/46


Cjaurg ==


46/46


Cjaurg =

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