Democracy, Progress, and Imperialism

7/24/2019 Democracy, Progress, and Imperialism

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Democracy,Progress, and

Imperialism1815-1914


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Main Ideas

During the 1800s, Great Britain gradually allowed three

of its coloniesCanada, ustralia, and !ew "ealand

greater self-rule# $owe%er, Britain &aintained its tightcontrol o%er 'reland#

(he )nited *tates e+anded across the continent during

the 1800s and added new states to its territory to eco&e

a great ower# (he transcontinental railroad heled to lin. the )nited

*tates fro& the tlantic /cean to the acific /cean# 't

was a triu&h of 19th-century technology#


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SECTION 1: DemocraticReform and cti!ism


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Democratic Reform andcti!ism

'! 'D23 *urred y the de&ands of the eole,Great Britain and rance underwent de&ocratic refor&s#

$6 '( ((27* !/3 During this eriod, Britain

and rance were transfor&ed into the de&ocracies they

are today#


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)raniation and industrialiation rought sweeing changes to

estern nations# eole loo.ing for solutions to the role&s

created y these de%elo&ents egan to de&and refor&s#

(hey wanted to i&ro%e conditions for wor.ers and the oor#

any eole also egan to call for olitical refor&s#

(hey de&anded that &ore eole e gi%en a greater %oice in

go%ern&ent# any different grous, including the &iddle class, wor.ers, and

wo&en, argued that the right to %ote e e+tended to grous that

were e+cluded#


6/52

"ritain Enacts Reforms

Britain eca&e a constitutional &onarchy in the late

100s# )nder this syste& of go%ern&ent, the &onarchser%es as the head of state, ut arlia&ent holds the real

ower#

(he British arlia&ent consists of a $ouse of :ords, and

a $ouse of Co&&ons# (raditionally, &e&ers of the $ouse of :ords wither

inherited their seats or were aointed#


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$owe%er, this changed in 1999, when legislation was assed that

aolished the right of hereditary eers to inherit a seat in the $ouse

of :ords# e&ers of the $ouse of Co&&ons are elected y the British

eole#

'n the early 1800s, the &ethod of selecting the British go%ern&ent

was not a true de&ocracy# /nly aout fi%e ercent of the oulation

had the right to elect the &e&ers of the $ouse of Co&&ons#

;oting was li&ited to &en who owned a sustantial a&ount of land#

o&en could not %ote at all# s a result, the uer classes ran the

go%ern&ent#


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T#e Reform "ill of 1$%&

(he first grou to de&and a greater %oice in olitics was the

was the wealthy &iddle class which were co&osed of

factory owners, an.ers, and &erchants# Beginning in 18


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arlia&ent assed the 7efor& Bill of 18uire&ents so that well-to-do &en in

the &iddle class could %ote#

(he 7efor& Bill also &odernied the districts for electing

&e&ers of arlia&ent and ga%e the thri%ing new

industrial cities &ore reresentation#


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C#artist Mo!ement

lthough the 7efor& Bill increased the nu&er of British

%oters, only a s&all ercentage of &en were eligile to%ote#

oular &o%e&ent arose a&ong the wor.ers and other

grous who still could not %ote to ress for &ore rights#

't was called the Chartist &o%e&ent ecause the groufirst resented its de&ands to arlia&ent in a etition

called (he eole?s Charter of 18


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T#e 'ictorian ge

(he figure who resided o%er all this historic change was @ueen ;ictoria#

*he ca&e to the throne in 18ueen for nearly 4 years#

During the ;ictorian ge, the British 2&ire reached the height of its wealth and ower#

;ictoria was oular with her suects, and she erfor&ed her duties caaly#

$owe%er, she was forced to accet a less owerful role for the &onarchy#

(he .ings who receded ;ictoria in the 1A00s and 1800s e+ercised great influence o%er

arlia&ent#

(he sread of de&ocracy in the 1800s shifted olitical ower al&ost co&letely to

arlia&ent, and esecially to the elected $ouse of Co&&ons#

Now the government was completely run by the

prime minister and the cabinet.


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Remnants of t#e'ictorian ge


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(omen )et t#e 'ote

By 1890, se%eral industrial countries had uni%ersal &ale suffrage#

!o country allowed wo&en to %ote#

s &ore &en gained suffrage, &ore wo&en de&anded the sa&e# During the 1899s, wo&en in oth Great Britain and the )nited *tates

wor.ed to gain the right to %ote#

British wo&en organied refor& societies and rotested unfair laws and

custo&s#

s wo&en eca&e &ore %ocal, howe%er, resistance to their de&andsgrew#

any eole, oth &en and wo&en, thought that wo&an suffrage was too

radical to rea. with tradition#

*o&e clai&ed that wo&en lac.ed the aility to ta.e art in olitics#


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fter decades of eaceful efforts to win the right to %ote,so&e wo&en too. &ore drastic stes#

(hough wo&an suffrage gained attention etween 1880

and 1914, its successes were gradual# o&en did not

gain the right to %ote in national elections in Great Britainand the )nited *tates until after orld ar '#


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*rance and Democracy

hile Great Britain &o%ed toward greater de&ocracy in the late

1800s, de&ocracy finally too. hold in rance#

THE THIRD REP!"I#3 'n the after&ath of the ranco-russian ar, rance went through a

series of crises#

Between 18A1 and 1914, rance a%eraged a change of go%ern&ent

al&ost yearly#

doen olitical arties co&eted for ower# !ot until 18A5 could the !ational sse&ly agree on a new go%ern&ent#

2%entually, the &e&ers %oted to set u a reulic# (he Third Republic

lasted o%er 0 years#


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T#e Dreyf+s ffair

During the 1880s and 1890s, the (hird 7eulic was

threatened y &onarchists, aristocrats, clergy, and ar&yleaders#

(hese grous wanted a &onarchy or &ilitary rule#

contro%ersy .nown as the Dreyfus ffair eca&e a

attleground for these oosing forces# idesread feelings of anti$%emitism, or reudice

against ews, also layed a role in this scandal#


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'nn 1894, Catain lfred Dreyfus, one of the few ewish

officers in the rench ar&y, was accused of selling &ilitary

secrets to Ger&any# court found hi& guilty, ased on false e%idence, and

sentenced hi& to life in rison#

'n a few years, new e%idence showed he was fra&ed y

other ar&y officers# 'n 1898, 2&ile "ola ulished a letter in a rench

newsaer, denouncing the ar&y for the scandal#

2%entually, the rench go%ern&ent declared his innocence#


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(he Dreyfus case showed the strength of anti-*e&itis& in

rance and other arts of estern 2uroe#

$owe%er, ersecution of ews was e%en &ore se%ere in

2astern 2uroe#

7ussian officials er&itted ogro&s, organied

ca&aigns of %iolence against ews#

ro& the 1880s on, thousands of ews fled 2astern

2uroe# any headed for the )nited *tates#


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SelfR+le for "ritis#Colonies

By 1800, Great Britain had colonies around the world# (hese

included outosts in frica and sia#

'n these areas, the British &anaged trade with the local eoles,

ut they had little influence o%er the oulation at large#

'n the colonies of Canada, ustralia, and !ew "ealand, on the

other hand, 2uroean colonists do&inated the nati%e

oulations# s Britain industrialied and rosered in the 1800s, so did

these colonies# *o&e were eco&ing strong enough to stand on

their own#


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Canada Str+gglesfor Self R+le

Canada was originally ho&e to &any !ati%e &erican

eoles# (he first 2uroean country to colonie Canada

was rance#

(he earliest rench colonists in the 100s and 1A00s had

included &any fur traers and &issionaries#

(hey tended to li%e a&ong the !ati%e &ericans#

*o&e rench inter&arried with !ati%e &ericans#


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Great Britain too. ossession of the country in 1A< after it

defeated rance in the rench and 'ndian ar#

(he rench who re&ained li%ed &ostly in the lower *t#

:awrence ;alley#

any 2nglish-sea.ing colonists arri%ed in Canada after it

ca&e under British rule#

*o&e ca&e fro& Great Britain, and others were &ericanswho had stayed loyal to Britain after the &erican 7e%olution#

(hey settled searately fro& the rench along the tlantic

seaoard and the Great :a.es#


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Canada-s(est.ard E/pansion

Canada?s first ri&e &inister, ohn acDonald,e+anded Canada westward y urchasing lands and

ersuading frontier territories to oin the union#

Canada stretched to the acific /cean y 18A1#

acDonald egan the construction of a transcontinentalrailroad, co&leted in 1885#


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Nineteent#Cent+ryProgress


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Nationalism and Reform

ain 'dea3 (wo owerful ideas, nationalis& and refor&,

heled reshae 2uroe olitically during the &id-1800s#

hat does the ter& self-rule &ean to you hat does it

include ho should ha%e it


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!ationalis& is the desire of eole with the sa&e history,language, and custo&s for self-rule# During the 1800s,

nationalis& along with de&ands for olitical refor&, led

to dra&atic and i&ortant changes in 2uroe and the

&ericas#

De&ocracy in Great Britain3 s you .now, Great Britain

eca&e a de&ocracy, &ore eole had the right to %ote#


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T#e Rise of Italy and)ermany

ain 'dea3 'n the &id-1800s, two new countries, 'taly

and Ger&any, were created#

hich do you thin. is &ore i&ortant for a nation3

de&ocracy or a strong econo&y where e%eryone has a

o hy


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'n the early 1800s, the countries we .now today as 'talyand Ger&any did not yet e+ist# 'nstead, these areas were

di%ided into &any s&all, indeendent states#

By the 1850s, the rise of nationalis& in 2uroe

strengthened the desire of &any 'talians and Ger&ans tocreate united countries#


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0o. Did Italy"ecome a Co+ntry

'n 1848 &ost of 'taly?s states were do&inated y ustria#

ied&ont, in northern 'taly, was indeendent and was ruled y

Eing ;ictor 2&&anuel and the ri&e &inister Co&illo diCa%our#

Both of these &en wanted to unite 'taly#

fter ied&ont heled Britain and rance in a war with 7ussia,

rance agreed to hel ied&ont dri%e ustria out of 'taly#

'n 1858, with rance?s hel, ied&ont won a war against

ustria#

(his %ictory was the first ste toward uniting 'taly#


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t the sa&e ti&e, nationalists led re%olts in southern 'taly# (heir leader

was Giusee Garialdi#

(his re%olutionary leader gained control of the island of *icily in 180#

Garialdi was a &aster of guerrilla warfare, a for& of war in which

soldiers &a.e surrise attac.s on the ene&y and then go ac. into

hiding#

Garialdi?s ar&y landed on 'taly?s &ainland and gained control o%er

&ore territory#

eole in the south then %oted to oin a united 'taly#

'n 181, the Eingdo& of 'taly was set u as a constitutional &onarchy

under ;ictor 2&&anuel#

(wo areas re&ained outside 'taly#


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/ne was 7o&e, which was under the oe?s control#

(he other was an area of northeast 'taly, which re&ained

ustrian#

By 18A0, wars had rought oth areas into the new 'talian

.ingdo&, and the unity of the country was co&lete#


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"ismarc2 3nites )ermany

!ationalis& was also strong in the Ger&an states#

any of these states? rules were not willing to gi%e u their

olitical ower though# !ationalists, howe%er, had strong suort for& the northern

Ger&an state of russia, which had grown owerful and

roserous#

russia was ruled y illia& ', who drea&ed of uniting allGer&an states under his leadershi#

'n 18= he aointed /tto %on Bis&arc. as his ri&e

&inister#


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Bis&arc. was a deely conser%ati%e un.er, or wealthy

landowner#

$e %owed to go%ern russia y lood and iron rather than

y %otes and seeches#

$e >uic.ly raised &oney and strengthened the ar&y#

$e used the ar&y to easily defeat neighoring Den&ar.

and ustria in two short wars#

s Bis&arc. hoed, these successes heled hi& unite all

of northern Ger&any in russia?s new e&ire#


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(he &ostly Catholic southern Ger&an states feared the ower of

rotestant russia#

(hey feared rance &ore, howe%er#

'n 18A0 Bis&arc. fought a war with rance, .nown as the ranco-

russian ar#

(his conflict was a great success for russia and a disaster for rance#

russia gained two of rance?s order territories#

ore i&ortantly, the southern Ger&an states agreed to unite with

russia#

/n anuary 18, 18A1, illia& was roclai&ed .aiser, or e&eror, of

a united Ger&any#


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T#e Ne. Imperialism

re%iously, we learned aout the 'ndustrial 7e%olution

and how it changed the li%es of 2uroeans# By the 1800s,industry had also changed 2uroe?s relationshi with the

world#

ain 'dea3 2uroean nations uilt e&ires to hel their

econo&y and to sread their ideas#

ocus3 store owner with too &any goods, on the shel%es

&ust find new custo&ers or he or she will lose &oney#

(hin. aout it#


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Imperialism3 a tye of relationshi etween countries

in which one nation directly or indirectly controls thego%ern&ent or the econo&y of another nation#

'&erial nations ruled other eole in &any different

ways# *o&eti&es they created a colony, which they ruled

directly# *o&eti&es they set u a rotectorate# (here the

local eole had their own go%ern&ent ut the i&erial

go%ern&ent controlled the &ilitary and could tell the

local rulers what to do#


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'n other cases, they set u a shere of influence, a region

where only one i&erial ower had the right to in%est or

to trade#


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T#e *irst Empires:So+t#east sia

s early as the 1500s, 2uroeans were drawn to

*outheast sia for its sices#

(hey too. control of &any island grous, including the

hiliines and the 2ast 'ndies#

During the 1800s, 2uroeans egan ta.ing o%er *outheast

sia?s &ainland#

(here they grew cros, such as coffee and tea# (hey also

egan to use the area?s raw &aterials, such as etroleu&,

ruer, and tin#


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'n 1819 a British official na&ed (ho&as 7affles founded a colony on a

s&all island .nown as *ingaore or Fcity of the lion#

't eca&e an i&ortant ort for shis going to and fro& China# (he rench followed the British to &ainland *outheast sia# Both

countries soon co&eted for territory#

(he British too. control of the rest of the alay eninsula and Bur&a to

the north#

eanwhile, rench Catholic &issionaries entered neary ;ietna

earing the British would &o%e into ;ietna&, the rench sent in troos

and in 1884 ;ietna& eca&e a rench rotectorate#

'n all of *outheast sia, only *ia&today?s (hailand.et its freedo


43/52

"ritain-s Empire in India

ain 'dea3 Control of 'ndia assed for& the 2ast 'ndia Co&any to

the British#

Britain too. direct control of 'ndia fro& the co&any#

%iceroy, an official standing in for Britain?s @ueen ;ictoria,

arri%ed to head the 7a, as a British 'ndia?s go%ern&ent was now

called#

(he %iceroy?s go%ern&ent oth heled and hurt the 'ndian eole# (he British rought unity to 'ndia# (he go%ern&ent was well-run

and schools were founded# 'n addition, the British introduced

railroads, the telegrah, and a ostal ser%ice throughout 'ndia#


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British rule also rought great hardshis# Chea British

te+tiles flooded 'ndia and destroyed the local te+tile

industry# (he British also forced &any far&ers to grow

cotton instead of food#

*oon 'ndia did not roduce enough food to feed its

eole# 'n the 1800s, &illions of 'ndians died fro&

star%ation#


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E+rope Di!ides frica

ain 'dea3 2uroean nations ruled al&ost all of frica y

1914#

ocus @uestion3 $a%e you e%er ought so&ething ust

ecause e%eryone else had it (hin. aout it#


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T#e Str+ggle for Nort#frica

(he first art of frica to e con>uered y 2uroe was

also the closest# 'n the early 1800s, 2uroeans crossed the

editerranean and too. control of !orth frica#

rench soldiers seied control of the territories that are

today the counties of lgeria and (unisia#

(he last territory rance clai&ed in !orth frica was

orocco, which it di%ided with *ain in 1904#


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t the eastern end of !orth frica, 2uroean usinesses

egan oerating in 2gyt#

'n 189 they oened the *ue Canal# Built y 2gytianwor.ers and aid for with rench funds, it lin.ed the

editerranean and 7ed *eas#

(he *ue Canal ro%ided a shorter water route to 'ndia and

2ast sia# 'n 18A5 the British too. control of the *ue Canal#

fter 2gytians reelled, the British &ade 2gyt a

rotectorate#


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By 1900, only (rioli, today .nown as :iya, re&ained

free fro& 2uroean control#

(hen, in 1911, 'taly defeated the /tto&an e&ire in a

rief war and was gi%en control of (rioli#


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T#e (ar of 1$4$

ain 'dea3 (he )nited *tates eca&e an i&erial nation

after defeating *ain and ta.ing control the hiliines

and uerto 7ico# 'n the late 1800s, the )nited *tates oined 2uroean

owers in the race for colonies#

By that ti&e, the )nited *tates had eco&e an industrial

nation# s its econo&ic ower rose, &any &ericans inusiness and go%ern&ent ca&e to elie%e that their

country needed raw &aterials and new &ar.ets o%erseas

to .ee the econo&y growing#


50/52

&erica Defeats *ain3 'n its search for &ar.ets and raw&aterials, the )nited *tates loo.ed to :atin &erica and

islands in the acific#

'n the late 1800s, *ain still ruled the Cariean islands

of Cua and uerto 7ico# $owe%er, in 1895 Cuareelled against *ain#


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&erican newsaers rinted %i%id stories of .illing and cruelty

in Cua# s a result, )* resident illia& cEinley sent the )*

BattleshiMaine to rotect &ericans who li%ed and wor.ed

there#

hile anchored in the haror of $a%ana, Cua?s caital, the shi

e+loded#

&erican newsaers la&ed *ain and ressured the resident

to ta.e action# 'n ril 1898, cEinley as.ed Congress to declare war#

our &onths later, the )nited *tates had won the war#

*ain lost &uch of its re&aining e&ire#


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*ain lost &uch of its re&aining e&ire#

Cua eca&e a reulic under &erican rotection#

uerto 7ico and the acific islands of Gua& and the

hiliines eca&e &erican territories#

Documents

Democracy, Progress, and Imperialism