DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY IS A FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH THE IS A FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH THE

SUPREME POWER IS HELD COMPLETELY BY THE PEOPLE SUPREME POWER IS HELD COMPLETELY BY THE PEOPLE UNDER A FREE ELECTORAL SYSTEM. UNDER A FREE ELECTORAL SYSTEM.

DEMOCRACY AND ITS REAL PRACTICESDEMOCRACY AND ITS REAL PRACTICES Islamic democracyIslamic democracy Known as Known as Islamic democracyIslamic democracy, two kinds of democratic , two kinds of democratic

states can be recognized in the Islamic countries. The basis states can be recognized in the Islamic countries. The basis of this distinction has to do with how comprehensively of this distinction has to do with how comprehensively Islam is incorporated into the affairs of the state.Islam is incorporated into the affairs of the state.

A A democratic state democratic state which recognizes Islam as state which recognizes Islam as state religion, such as Malaysia, Pakistan, Algeria or Bangladesh. religion, such as Malaysia, Pakistan, Algeria or Bangladesh. Some religious values are incorporated into public life, but Some religious values are incorporated into public life, but Islam is not the only source of law.Islam is not the only source of law.

A democratic state which endeavors to institute Sharia. It is A democratic state which endeavors to institute Sharia. It is also called as Islamicalso called as Islamic democracy democracy. Islamic democracy offers . Islamic democracy offers more comprehensive inclusion of Islam into the affairs of more comprehensive inclusion of Islam into the affairs of the state. Islamic democracy is a highly controversial topicthe state. Islamic democracy is a highly controversial topic

Representative democracyRepresentative democracy Representative democracyRepresentative democracy is a form of is a form of

government founded on the principles of the government founded on the principles of the people's representatives.people's representatives.

The representatives form more than one The representatives form more than one independent ruling body (for an election independent ruling body (for an election period) charged with the responsibility of period) charged with the responsibility of acting in the people's interest, but acting in the people's interest, but notnot as as their proxy representatives; that is, not their proxy representatives; that is, not necessarily always according to their wishes, necessarily always according to their wishes, but with enough authority to exercise swift but with enough authority to exercise swift and resolute initiative in the face of and resolute initiative in the face of changing circumstances. It is often changing circumstances. It is often contrasted with direct democracy, where contrasted with direct democracy, where representatives are absent or are limited in representatives are absent or are limited in power as proxy representatives power as proxy representatives

Illiberal democracyIlliberal democracy An An illiberal democracyilliberal democracy is a governing is a governing

system in which although fairly free system in which although fairly free elections take place, citizens are cut off elections take place, citizens are cut off from real power due to the lack of Civil from real power due to the lack of Civil liberties. This may be because a liberties. This may be because a Constitution limiting government powers Constitution limiting government powers exists but its liberties are ignored, or to exists but its liberties are ignored, or to the simple absence of an adequate legal the simple absence of an adequate legal constitutional framework of liberties. constitutional framework of liberties.

Christian democracyChristian democracy Christian democracyChristian democracy is a political is a political

ideology that seeks to apply Christian ideology that seeks to apply Christian (and often specifically Catholic) (and often specifically Catholic) principles to public policy. It emerged principles to public policy. It emerged in nineteenth-century Europe, and in nineteenth-century Europe, and continues to be influential in Europe continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America, though in a number and Latin America, though in a number of countries its Christian ethos has of countries its Christian ethos has been diluted by secularization.been diluted by secularization.

In practice, Christian democracy is In practice, Christian democracy is often considered right-leaning on moral often considered right-leaning on moral and cultural issues and left leaning on and cultural issues and left leaning on labor and economic issues labor and economic issues

Soviet democracySoviet democracy Soviet democracy or sometimes council Soviet democracy or sometimes council

democracy is a form of Democracy in democracy is a form of Democracy in which worker’s councils called which worker’s councils called "soviets", consisting of worker-elected "soviets", consisting of worker-elected delegates, form organs of power delegates, form organs of power possessing both legislative and possessing both legislative and executive power. The soviets begin at executive power. The soviets begin at the local level and onto a national the local level and onto a national parliament-like assembly. parliament-like assembly.

Social democracySocial democracy Social democracySocial democracy is a political is a political

ideology of the left or center-left that ideology of the left or center-left that emerged in the late 19th century from emerged in the late 19th century from the socialist movement and continues the socialist movement and continues to be influential in many countries to be influential in many countries worldwide.worldwide.

The nature of social democracy has The nature of social democracy has changed throughout the decades since changed throughout the decades since its inception. Historically, social its inception. Historically, social democratic parties advocated democratic parties advocated socialism in the strict sense, achieved socialism in the strict sense, achieved by class struggle.by class struggle.

DEMOCRACY AND PAKISTANDEMOCRACY AND PAKISTAN The The failure of democracy to take roots in to take roots in Pakistan has has

often been equated with often been equated with military dictatorship. While . While this is not entirely untrue, and Pakistan has indeed this is not entirely untrue, and Pakistan has indeed spent more than 1/3 of the years since Independence spent more than 1/3 of the years since Independence under martial law, the picture is not quite so simplistic. under martial law, the picture is not quite so simplistic. It has been argued in the past that a failure of It has been argued in the past that a failure of parliamentary governance, and the corruption and parliamentary governance, and the corruption and incompetence of political leaders have meant that the incompetence of political leaders have meant that the democratic system lost all credibility in the eyes of the democratic system lost all credibility in the eyes of the people and its place was taken by military rulers. This people and its place was taken by military rulers. This account however tends to ignore some of the account however tends to ignore some of the complexities surrounding Pakistani politics. However, complexities surrounding Pakistani politics. However, the failure of democracy in Pakistan cannot be blamed the failure of democracy in Pakistan cannot be blamed on the army alone. It must be studied in two distinct on the army alone. It must be studied in two distinct segments- first, it is necessary to analyze the segments- first, it is necessary to analyze the conditions that allowed the military to come to power, conditions that allowed the military to come to power, and then, to see what factors allowed it to sustain itself and then, to see what factors allowed it to sustain itself and return to power repeatedly. and return to power repeatedly.

GROWING POWER OF THE MILITARY-GROWING POWER OF THE MILITARY-BUREAUCRATIC ELITEBUREAUCRATIC ELITE

CENTRE-PROVINCE DICHOTOMYCENTRE-PROVINCE DICHOTOMY The tensions between the center and the The tensions between the center and the

provinces can be seen as a significant player provinces can be seen as a significant player in upsetting the political rhythm of the new in upsetting the political rhythm of the new state. The center proceeded to extract state. The center proceeded to extract resources from the provinces in order to resources from the provinces in order to divert them into defense procurements divert them into defense procurements

ECONOMIC ISSUESECONOMIC ISSUES There were also huge economic imbalances There were also huge economic imbalances

as well and as for any leader to establish as well and as for any leader to establish himself, he would have to tackle these, and himself, he would have to tackle these, and not just through IMF/World Bank loans, but not just through IMF/World Bank loans, but more profound economic adjustments more profound economic adjustments

Causes of failure of DemocracyCauses of failure of Democracy Failure of DemocracyFailure of Democracy The very fact that no elected government The very fact that no elected government

in Pakistan has completed its full term in in Pakistan has completed its full term in these 60 years proves the gross failure of these 60 years proves the gross failure of Democracy as an idea in Pakistan.Democracy as an idea in Pakistan.

The very fact that for over 40 years the The very fact that for over 40 years the country has been under military rule country has been under military rule

Failure of the idea of a stateFailure of the idea of a state The first great failure of the idea of the state The first great failure of the idea of the state

of Pakistan occurred in 1971. The till then of Pakistan occurred in 1971. The till then East Pakistan revolted against the very idea of East Pakistan revolted against the very idea of Pakistan and emerged as an independent Pakistan and emerged as an independent nation called Bangladesh. nation called Bangladesh.

Failure of ReligionFailure of Religion Religion as an idea has failed in keeping Religion as an idea has failed in keeping

Pakistan together as a nation. The separation Pakistan together as a nation. The separation of Bangladesh was the first failure But a of Bangladesh was the first failure But a bigger threat lies on Pakistan today, in the bigger threat lies on Pakistan today, in the form of the possible separation of Baluchistan. form of the possible separation of Baluchistan. The Baluchis are not happy with the state of The Baluchis are not happy with the state of Pakistan and want a separate nation for Pakistan and want a separate nation for Baluchistan.Baluchistan.

Some even feel that the division of Pakistan is Some even feel that the division of Pakistan is the only way to root out terrorism.the only way to root out terrorism.