Demistifying Service LifeASNE Flagship

18 Jan 2011

Chris CableDirector, Auxiliary and Special Mission

Ship Design Division (SEA05D4) Naval Sea Systems CommandChristopher.w.cable@navy.mil

(202) 781-1943

• Tell them what you are going to tell them• Tell them

• Terminology • Why an understanding of Service Life is important• Current ESLs by class• Data on ASLs• Why do ships get retired before their ESL?• So what??• NEEC = Naval Engineering Education Consortium

• Tell them what you told them!

SERVICE LIFE – Outline

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Tell them what you are going to tell them:

1. An understanding of Service Life is important to all Naval Engineers.

2. Service Life Terminology is often misunderstood.

3. Expected Service Lives change over time.

4. Actual Service Lives seldom equal Expected Service Lives.

5. How we Design ships to meet Expected Service Lives needs more attention.

6. A pressing need is to develop innovative ways to get ships to make it to their Expected Service Lives (NEEC might be able to help).

SERVICE LIFE – The Story

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Terminology:ESL = Expected Service Life. The number of years ships need to be kept in service to achieve a given force structure.

ASL = Actual Service Life. Chronological life from commissioning to decommissioning.

CASL = Class Avg. Service Life. Average ASL by class.

DSL = Design Service Life. The service life the ship is designed to achieve.

SERVICE LIFE REQUIREMENT. ICD, CDD, COR, SPEC, etc.

MID-LIFE = Mid life upgrades to get To ESL.

SLEP = Service Life Extension Program. Major upgrades to get BEYOND the ESL.

30 YSP = 30 Year Shipbuilding Plan. The Navy tool for projecting force structure.

RECAP = Recapitalization. Buying new ships to replace retiring ships and/or to maintain the desired force structure.

SERVICE LIFE – The Basics

Ref: Ship Service Life and Naval Force Structure, P. Koenig, D. Nalchajian and J. Hootman, ASNE symposium, Engineering the Total Ship 23-25 Sep 2008

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•Things you do “in utero” to ensure a healthy start to life and room to grow (need more!!).

THE BASICS - An Irreverent Look

Only death and taxes are certain. These can change during any period of your lifespan.

•Normal life expectancy.

Think of a “lifespan”

•Dad, take your Lipitor!

•Time for a quadruple bypass…… …while Mom thinks about your replacement?

•How long did you live?•How long did you family live on average?

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It is the foundation of the shipbuilding plan, the basis for recapitalization

Excerpts from the CNO’s Guidance for 2011 (Oct 2010): (emphasis added)

“Continue to be the most dominant, ready and influential naval; force, globally and across all naval missions.”

“…conducting essential maintenance and modernization to ensure units reach full service life…”

“Build a Navy with appropriate force structure and strategic laydown necessary to implement the Maritime Strategy.”

“We must maintain the Fleet we have to the end of its expected service life…”

SERVICE LIFE – Why Important?

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Current ESLs by class:

SERVICE LIFE – ESLs by Class

Ship Class

ESL 1986

ESL1990

ESL 1992

ESL1995Prop

ESL1998

ESL2006

ESL2007

ESL used in Yr Plan

CVN 68   45 45   50 50 50

FFG 7 30 35 35 20-25 30 30 30 30

PC 15

CG 47   40 40 25 n/VLS35 VLS

35 35 35 35

DD 963 30 40 40 20n/VLS30-35 VLS

35  

DDG 51 30 40 40 35 35 35 35 40

DDG 1000

    35 35 35

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Current ESLs by class:

SERVICE LIFE – ESLs by Class

Ship Class

ESL 1986

ESL1990

ESL 1992

ESL1995Prop

ESL1998

ESL2006

ESL2007

ESL used in Yr Plan

LCS     25 25 25

LPD 17   40 40 40 40 40

LSD 41/49

35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

LHA 1 35 35 35 35 35 40 35 35

LHD 1 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

T-AO 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35

T-AKE   40 40   40 40 40

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Current ESLs by class:

SERVICE LIFE – ESLs by Class

Ship Class

ESL 1986

ESL1990

ESL 1992

ESL1995Prop

ESL1998

ESL2006

ESL2007

ESL used in Yr Plan

MCM 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

MHC   30 30 30 30 30 30 strike

MPF(F) MLP

    40 40 40

T-ATF 35 35 35 35 40 40 40

JHSV     20 20 20

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Why do ESL change over time?

Many factors:

• Force Structure evolving (build up)

• Force Structure evolving (build down)

• Stroke of the pen

• Balance the plan

• Engineering insight (but not enough of the time!)

SERVICE LIFE – Why ESLs change over time

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Data on ASLs

SERVICE LIFE – CASL info

Class CASL Latest or Current ESL

FFG1 21.3 35

FF1052 21.1 35

DD963 23.6 35

FFG7 Flt 1&2 18.4 30

CG47 blk 1 19.6 35

CV63 40.4 45

CV67 38.6 45

CVN65 50 y ESL 55

LPD1 33.2 35

LPD4 Some 40+ 35

LSD36 30.5 35 11

1212

SERVICE LIFE - Does ASL correlate to displacement?

Answer = Yes

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000

Leng

th o

f Ser

vice

(Ye

ars)

Full Load Displacement (Tons)

Class Average Service Life (CASL) as a Function of Displacement

Note: Includes all decommissioned Cruisers, Destroyers, Frigates, and Patrol Craf t built af ter World War II. Active ship classes not show.Note: Includes all decommissioned Cruisers, Destroyers, Frigates, and Patrol Craf t built af ter World War II. Active ship classes not show.

PG 84, PG 92, PHM 1, PC 1, PGH 1, PGH 2, PCH 1

CruiserDestroyerFrigatePatrol

SERVICE LIFE - Does CASL correlate to Displacement

Answer = Yes

Note: Includes all decommissioned Cruisers, Destroyers, Frigates, and Patrol Craft built after World War II. Active ships not shown.

1414

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Ye

ars

AS

L

LSD, LPD and LPH/LHALFS, LST, LKA, LPA

Single mission ships Multi-mission ships

SERVICE LIFE - Does ASL correlate to multi-mission vs. single-mission

Answer = Maybe

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SERVICE LIFE - “Birth date” matters because of external events

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

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1419

52

1954

1956

1958

1960

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Nu

mb

er o

f S

hip

s

-1,700,000

-1,600,000

-1,500,000

-1,400,000

-1,300,000

-1,200,000

-1,100,000

-1,000,000

-900,000

-800,000

-700,000

-600,000

-500,000

-400,000

-300,000

-200,000

-100,000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1,000,000

1,100,000

1,200,000

1,300,000

1,400,000

1,500,000

1,600,000

1,700,000

Dis

pla

cem

ent

(To

ns)

Decommissioned - - 75 ships

Commissioned (no longer active) - - 75 ships

Commissioned (Active) - - 33 Ships

Total Displ. (Tons) of WW II Amphibs

Total Displ. (Tons) of Post WW II Amphibs

1970-1973: Vietnam budget crunch. 23 ships out.

1992-1995: Post-Cold War Downsizing. 29 ships out.

69% of all Amphib decommissionings occurred in 1970-73 or 1992-95.

19-25 years apart

10-19 years apart

92% of all Amphib commissionings occurred in 1953-1958 or 1968-1972.

Note: LPD 17 commissioned in January 2006.

Why do ships get retired before their ESL?

Many possible factors:

• Treaties• Stability issues• Mission system unable to meet threat• Material Condition• Damage (grounding, fire, high sea state structural damage, etc)• Loss (wartime)• Business Case (cheaper to build new??)• Industrial Base considerations• Environmental Considerations (ex: double hulling)• Changes in the nature of the threat (Littorals, BMD, etc)• Costs to operate (Fuel Efficiency, Manning costs, etc)• Cost to get to ESL are prohibitive• Mission goes away

SERVICE LIFE – Factors for Early Retirement

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Then as Indonesian DE 342, served 1974-2007+ = 33+ more years as gunboat

DE 1035 USN 1958-1974 = only 16 years due to being ineffective against nuclear submarines

Same ship, two missions

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•1970’s to Early 1990’s

• GENSPEC was not specific about Design Service Life.

• Some editions made oblique reference to a presumption that ships generally would be in service for 25 years.

• Thus the assumption of a 25 year life for surface ships (with no growth or mods occurring in the last five years).

• Some of our margin policies (e.g., required electric plant service life allowance) have been indexed to that number for many ship classes.

• With respect to the hull, fatigue life was not a controlling factor.

• Structures folks assumed their designs had enough margin that, provided you repaired any degradation as it occurred, the hull would last an unlimited duration.

SERVICE LIFE – DSL info

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•LPD 17 (early 1990s) onward

• LPD 17 = 1st program where we dealt with DSL meaningfully.

• Requirement was set for a 40-year ship life.

• Whole ship FEM models have been built for LPD 17, but in terms of validation to demonstrate that the hull meets the fatigue requirement, the methods used there were simplified in comparison to the process used today.

• All ships (except JHSV) after LPD 17 had OPNAV-specified ESL requirement.

• On JHSV they said essentially "I'll let that float in the interests of cost and will take what I get.”

• Though OPNAV typically uses ESLs as "planning numbers" to guide a range of activities, few people understand that they have no direct basis in engineering for older ships.

SERVICE LIFE – DSL info (cont.)

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Service Life Allowances (SLAs) – when delivered each ship shall be capable of accommodating growth during its service life w/o compromise of hull strength, reserve buoyancy and stability characteristics. Anticipated growth consists of authorized changes (like ship alts and mission upgrades) as well as unauthorized changes (like too much paint and extra coke machines).

SLA NOT THE SAME AS DESIGN MARGINS

SLAs for Weight, KG, Electrical, A/C, Hull Strength, Accommodations, Fatigue Life

Notes:• As SLA consumed, performance characteristics degrade (speed is at delivery).• Major modification / conversions typically account for providing SLA compensation.• When SLA fully consumed, may need Weight and Moment Compensation.

SERVICE LIFE – Service Life Allowance

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So What?

Excerpts from the CNO’s Guidance for 2011 (Oct 2010): (emphasis added)

“We will continue to pursue affordable warfighting solutions that emphasize evolutionary vice revolutionary capabilities, common hulls and airframes, open architecture, modularity, lower energy footprint, and reduced manpower.”

Design ships to meet their ESLs -- develop the engineering understanding of the technical underpinnings to Design Service Life.• SFA• Corrosion Allowance / high performance materials.• More mission modular – maybe. Business case? Nobody doing it commercially? • Open architecture (broadly) – probably. • Aircraft Carrier example – you can argue that Carriers have such long lives because the aircraft are the modular mission packages.

Innovate with new ways to help existing ships meet their ESLs (Goal: ASL=ESL)

SERVICE LIFE – So What?

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Modular combat system?? 1945 prop Hellcats 1991 supersonic Hornets

USS Midway, 1945-1992, 47 years

So What?

Excerpt from the CNO’s Guidance for 2011 (Oct 2010): (emphasis added)

“We will lead Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) education and outreach to grow top technical talent to lead tomorrow’s Navy…”

NEEC – Project based education – we need to get SUSTAINMENT projects in front of the students

Contact for Project ideas: NEEC Director = Mr. Steve Ceccio (possibly develop the course: what every Naval Engineer Needs to Know About Service Life)

Contact for Mentoring : Mr. Bob Keane

Innovate with new ways to help existing ships meet their ESLs

Predictive Tool. Project Ideas. “What every Naval Engineer needs to know about service life”

SERVICE LIFE – So What? (cont’d)

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Tell them what you told them!

1. An understanding of Service Life is important to all Naval Engineers.

2. Service Life Terminology is often misunderstood.

3. Expected Service Lives change over time.

4. Actual Service Lives seldom equal Expected Service Lives.

5. How to Design ships to meet Expected Service Lives needs more attention.

6. A pressing need is to develop innovative ways to get ships to make it to their Expected Service Lives (NEEC might be able to help!).

SERVICE LIFE – Summary

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