DEMAND DRIVEN HIGHER EDUCATION DEMAND DRIVEN HIGHER EDUCATION ISSUES AND CHALLENGESISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Dr. S.S.CHAHALDr. S.S.CHAHALDirector of ResearchDirector of Research

Guru Nanak Dev University, AmritsarGuru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

FOCUSFOCUS

HE system and its growthHE system and its growth

Impact on SocietyImpact on Society

AffordabilityAffordability

Role of regulatory bodiesRole of regulatory bodies

Role of academic researchRole of academic research

Other contemporary issuesOther contemporary issues

““If I were asked under what sky the human If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most deeply pondered on the mind has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found greatest problems of life, and has found solutions to some of them which well solutions to some of them which well deserves the attention of even those who deserves the attention of even those who have studied Plato and Kant – I should point have studied Plato and Kant – I should point to India” to India”

- Max - Max MullerMuller

HE: Historical PerspectiveHE: Historical Perspective

1818: First college to impart western education at 1818: First college to impart western education at Saranpore Saranpore

1835: Mc Cauley’s Policy – Europeon learning through 1835: Mc Cauley’s Policy – Europeon learning through English English

1854 : Sir Charles Wood’s Dispatch1854 : Sir Charles Wood’s Dispatch Province-wise education departmentProvince-wise education department Universities at Calcutta, Bombay, MadrasUniversities at Calcutta, Bombay, Madras Grant – in – aid systemGrant – in – aid system

1882: First Education Commission in India1882: First Education Commission in India Setting up of National line-InstitutionsSetting up of National line-Institutions

Anglo- Mohamnden Oriental Colleges Aligarh (1875)Anglo- Mohamnden Oriental Colleges Aligarh (1875) DAV College Lahore (1886)DAV College Lahore (1886) Central Hindu college Varanasi (1898)Central Hindu college Varanasi (1898)

1947: 19 Universities, several hundred affiliated colleges 1947: 19 Universities, several hundred affiliated colleges

Growth of Institutions of Higher Learning and Growth of Institutions of Higher Learning and Enrolment in IndiaEnrolment in India

YEARYEAR UNIVERSITYUNIVERSITY COLLEGESCOLLEGES TOTALTOTAL ENROLMENT (IN ENROLMENT (IN LAKHS)LAKHS)

1947-481947-48 2020 496496 516516 22

1950-511950-51 2828 578578 606606 22

1960-611960-61 4545 18191819 18641864 66

1970-711970-71 9393 33703370 33703370 2020

1980-811980-81 123123 47384738 48614861 2828

1990-911990-91 184184 57485748 59325932 4444

2000-012000-01 266266 1114611146 1141211412 8888

2005-062005-06 348348 1762517625 1797317973 105105

GROSS ENROLMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATIONGROSS ENROLMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION

PercentagePercentage StatesStates

28.728.7 ChandigarhChandigarh

17.917.9 PondicherryPondicherry

12-13.512-13.5 Goa, HP, MAH, Munipur,UttaranchalGoa, HP, MAH, Munipur,Uttaranchal

10-11.510-11.5 Haryana, Meghalya, TN, Delhi, KeralaHaryana, Meghalya, TN, Delhi, Kerala

8-9.5 8-9.5 AP, Gujarat, Maizoram, Assam, Karnataka, Orissa, AP, Gujarat, Maizoram, Assam, Karnataka, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, WBPunjab, Rajasthan, WB

6-7.56-7.5 Arunachal, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Arunachal, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, Jharkhand, MP, Sikkim, UPMP, Sikkim, UP

4-5.54-5.5 J & K, Nagaland, TripuraJ & K, Nagaland, Tripura

GROWTH TRENDS OF INSTITUTIONS OF GROWTH TRENDS OF INSTITUTIONS OF

HIGHER LEARNINGHIGHER LEARNING

Not GrowingNot Growing EmergingEmerging Show GrowingShow Growing Rapid GrowingRapid Growing

StateState

UniversitiesUniversities

Pvt.Pvt.

UniversitiesUniversities

DeemedDeemed

UniversitiesUniversities

(Govt.)(Govt.)

DeemedDeemed

UniversitiesUniversities

(Pvt.)(Pvt.)

Govt.Govt.

Colleges ,Colleges ,

Pvt. AidedPvt. Aided

CollegesColleges

Foreign Foreign

UniversitiesUniversities --------

Pvt. Un-AidedPvt. Un-Aided

CollegesColleges

DO WE HAVE ENOUGH COLLEGE SEATS DO WE HAVE ENOUGH COLLEGE SEATS GROWTH ?GROWTH ?

Literacy growth during last 10 years Literacy growth during last 10 years =10% =10%

Mandate of Sarv Siksha Abhyan :Mandate of Sarv Siksha Abhyan : Relevant elementary satisfactoryRelevant elementary satisfactory

education for all by 2010education for all by 2010

Expected demand of college seatsExpected demand of college seats = 8-10% = 8-10%

Current capacityCurrent capacity : 11 million seats : 11 million seats

Additional requirement Additional requirement : 11.5 million seats by 2020 : 11.5 million seats by 2020

The Moving Ways………..The Moving Ways………..

Recent expansionRecent expansion : Chaotic and unplanned: Chaotic and unplanned IncreaseIncrease

Number Number InfrastructureInfrastructureIntellectual resource Intellectual resource

EntryEntry Entrance Exam Entrance Exam

Low priority for research in HELow priority for research in HE Non viable rural college Non viable rural college Absence of reform agenda Absence of reform agenda

Poor Background

Rich Urban Elite

`

OVERLAPING ROLES OF REGULATORY OVERLAPING ROLES OF REGULATORY BODIESBODIES

BODYBODY ROLE ROLE OVERLAP WITHOVERLAP WITH

UGCUGC Coordination, MaintainingCoordination, Maintaining

Standards: GrantsStandards: Grants

Other Councils, DECOther Councils, DEC

AICTEAICTE Technical EducationTechnical Education UGC, DEC, PCI, CA,UGC, DEC, PCI, CA,

State CouncilsState Councils

DECDEC Distance EducationDistance Education UGC, Other CouncilUGC, Other Council

ICARICAR Agri Education/ResearchAgri Education/Research UGCUGC

BCIBCI Legal EducationLegal Education State Bar CouncilState Bar Council

NCTENCTE Development of Teacher Development of Teacher EducationEducation

DECDEC

OVERLAPING ROLE OF REGULATIORY OVERLAPING ROLE OF REGULATIORY BODIESBODIES

BODYBODY ROLEROLE OVERLAP WITHOVERLAP WITH

RCIRCI PROFESSIONALS INPROFESSIONALS IN

REHABILITATIONREHABILITATION

State Govts.State Govts.

MCIMCI Medical EducationMedical Education State Councils, UGC, State Councils, UGC, DECDEC

PCIPCI Training of PharmacistsTraining of Pharmacists AICTE, State CouncilsAICTE, State Councils

INCINC Training of NursesTraining of Nurses State Nursing CouncilsState Nursing Councils

DCIDCI Dental EducationDental Education Ministry of HealthMinistry of Health

CCHCCH Central Register : HomeopathyCentral Register : Homeopathy State CouncilsState Councils

CCIMCCIM Central Register: Indian MedicineCentral Register: Indian Medicine State CouncilsState Councils

CREDIBILITYCREDIBILITY

Indian HE System : Creditability QuestionableIndian HE System : Creditability Questionable

Since many better known institutions of HE are out Since many better known institutions of HE are out side the convictional education systemside the convictional education system

e.g. e.g. IITS, IIMS, NIFT, NID, IITS, IIMS, NIFT, NID,

IISc, TISS, BITS Pilani etcIISc, TISS, BITS Pilani etc

FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS State Govts. priority for elementary and State Govts. priority for elementary and secondary secondary

educationeducation First 5yr plan outlayFirst 5yr plan outlay :: 7.86%7.86% Fifth 5yr plan outlayFifth 5yr plan outlay :: 3.27%3.27% Current Govt. sponsoringCurrent Govt. sponsoring :: 3.5% of GDP3.5% of GDP Emphasis on self sustainability Emphasis on self sustainability AFFORDABILITYAFFORDABILITY Student loan schemes Student loan schemes ACCESS AND EQUITYACCESS AND EQUITY Must access to talented and deserving studentsMust access to talented and deserving studentsQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY ASSURANCE Relevance Relevance Internationalization of educationInternationalization of education Vocationalisation Vocationalisation

INSTITUTION-INDUSTRY INTERFACEINSTITUTION-INDUSTRY INTERFACE

Develop database of available facilitiesDevelop database of available facilities

Involve industry in curriculum developmentInvolve industry in curriculum development

Faculty exchange Faculty exchange

Conjoint research and developmentConjoint research and development

Problem solving, Testing, Certification for industry Problem solving, Testing, Certification for industry

Conducting advanced programmes on contemporary issuesConducting advanced programmes on contemporary issues

Setting up special monitoring cellSetting up special monitoring cell

Promoting entrepreneurshipPromoting entrepreneurship

ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN HEACADEMIC RESEARCH IN HE

Researchers (per million) ~119 ( Japan~5287, US~4484)Researchers (per million) ~119 ( Japan~5287, US~4484)

No. of Doctoral degrees ( per year) ~17,000No. of Doctoral degrees ( per year) ~17,000

Sci. & Engg ~ 6,000 (China~9,000, US~25,000)Sci. & Engg ~ 6,000 (China~9,000, US~25,000)

Graduate in Sci. & Engg. Finishing doctorate (%)Graduate in Sci. & Engg. Finishing doctorate (%)

India : 0.4, US : 4, Europe : 7 India : 0.4, US : 4, Europe : 7

Engg. 70-80 % doctorate degrees are from top 25 Engg. 70-80 % doctorate degrees are from top 25 universitiesuniversities

ISSUES IN ACADEMIC RESEARCHISSUES IN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Decline in Performance of UniversitiesDecline in Performance of Universities

Low quality researchLow quality research

IrrelevanceIrrelevance

Repetitive Repetitive

Imperfect linkagesImperfect linkages

Incentives to attract talentIncentives to attract talent

Recognition of meritorious researchRecognition of meritorious research

Enhancement of post-doctoral researchEnhancement of post-doctoral research

Centers of excellence in researchCenters of excellence in research

New Technology : Access and Application New Technology : Access and Application

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Quality must prevailQuality must prevail

Introspection and external reviewIntrospection and external review

Adequate response to diverse requirement Adequate response to diverse requirement

International discussions, exchange of knowledge and networkingInternational discussions, exchange of knowledge and networking

Mobility of teacher and studentsMobility of teacher and students

Careful selection and development of staffCareful selection and development of staff

Attract talent to campuses Attract talent to campuses

Improvement in regulatory mechanismImprovement in regulatory mechanism

Improvement in standards of academic research Improvement in standards of academic research

Additional financial investment Additional financial investment

Careful privatization to maintain standards Careful privatization to maintain standards

… …Epilogue Epilogue

“ “Our education system faces the conflicting threats of Our education system faces the conflicting threats of

anarchic growth in qualitative terms and stagnation in anarchic growth in qualitative terms and stagnation in

qualitative terms. We need a balance between populism and qualitative terms. We need a balance between populism and

over regulation; between unbridled marketisation and over regulation; between unbridled marketisation and

excessive bureaucratization . We need an education system excessive bureaucratization . We need an education system

that is modern, liberal and can adopt to changing needs of that is modern, liberal and can adopt to changing needs of

changing society, a challenging economy and a changing changing society, a challenging economy and a changing

worldworld””

- - Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India, Harvard Alumni Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India, Harvard Alumni Meet, Meet,

March 25, March 25, 2006.2006.