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Deliverable 13. Effects on particulate emissions of anticipated future engine and exhaust aftertreatment technologies complying with future emission standards. A draft has been published on the Particulates site. Will be updated after the Lemnos meeting. Background. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 1
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Deliverable 13
Effects on particulate emissions of anticipated future engine and exhaust aftertreatment technologies complying
with future emission standards
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 2
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
A draft has been published on the Particulates site
Will be updated after the Lemnos meeting
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 3
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Background
• A first selection of results related to particle emissions, differences between generations of vehicles and engines as well as effects of aftertreatment equipment (particle traps)
• ”A first feeling of the data”
• A detailed analysis of fuel effects will be available in a separate document (deliverable 14)
• It was not possible to analyse how combustion parameters such as injection pressure, EGR rate, boost pressure, pre-injection and post-injection influenced the particle emissions.
• Little information on ”future engine technologies” Look at previous trends, Euro I to Euro III etc.
• More data available on exhaust aftertreatment technology HD: Continuous Regeneration Trap (CRT)
LD: Diesel particulate filter(DPF)
• Based on a ”first version” of the database
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 4
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
HD, Transient cycle (ETC)
Raw data from Euro III engine + CRT running on D5 diesel
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (s)
Exh
aust
tem
p (°
C)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Aer
oso
l cu
rren
t, P
artic
le c
ou
nte
r
Raw Exhaust Temp [ºC]
Particle Counter 1 [#/cm3]
Aerosol Current [fA]
030411p02_ETC.xls!Chart1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 5
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
HD, Nucleation mode, CRT
Volvo, St3 (ESC 12)
1,00E+09
1,00E+10
1,00E+11
1,00E+12
1,00E+13
1,00E+14
1,00E+15
1,00E+16
1 10 100 1000
dp (nm)
dN
/dlo
gd
p k
Wh
-1
Euro I, D1
Euro III, D2
Euro III, D5
Euro III+CRT, D5
Correction for losses needed
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 6
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
HD, PM
PM, Heavy-duty engines, ESC cycle
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,12
Volvo HDEEuro III D4
Volvo HDEEuro III+CRT
D4
Volvo HDEEuro III D5
Volvo HDEEuro III+CRT
D5
VTT ScaniaDC11 Euro III
D4
VTT ScaniaDC11 EuroIII+ SCR D4
VTT VolvoDH10 Euro II
D3
VTT VolvoDH10 Euro II
+ CRT D3
VTT VolvoDH10 Euro II
D4
VTT VolvoDH10 Euro II
+ CRT D4
PM
, g
kW
h -
1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 7
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
The total number of particles emitted (CPC Total N) for a combination of Volvo engines
and fuels (D2, D5)
CPC Total N, Heavy-duty engines, ESC cycle overall, Fuel D2 and D5
1,00E+10
1,00E+11
1,00E+12
1,00E+13
1,00E+14
1,00E+15
1,00E+16
Volvo HDE EURO IIID2
Volvo HDE EURO IIID5
Volvo HDE EURO I D5 Volvo HDE EUROIII+CRT D5
VTT Volvo DH10EURO II D2
VTT Volvo DH10EURO II D5
CP
C T
ota
l N
, k
Wh
-1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 8
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
The number of “non-volatile” particles for a combination of various engines, laboratories and fuels (D2, D5)
ELPI N Stages 1-7, Heavy-duty, ESC cycle overall, Fuels D2 and D5
1,00E+08
1,00E+09
1,00E+10
1,00E+11
1,00E+12
1,00E+13
1,00E+14
1,00E+15
AVL ScaniaEURO III D2
AVL ScaniaEURO III D5
AVL prototypeEURO III +
CRT D5
AVL prototypeEURO III +
SCR D5
Volvo HDEEURO III D2
Volvo HDEEURO III D5
Volvo HDEEURO I D5
Volvo HDEEURO
III+CRT D5
VTT VolvoDH10 EURO II
D2
VTT VolvoDH10 EURO II
D5
EL
PI
N S
tag
es 1
-7,
kWh
-1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 9
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Number-based size distribution of particles emitted from four different cars (LAT)
SMPS distribution - 90 km/h
1000000000
5,0001E+13
1,00001E+14
1,50001E+14
2,00001E+14
2,50001E+14
3,00001E+14
1 10 100 1000
nm
dN
/dlo
gd
p k
m-1
Lag D2
Lag D3
Lag D4
Lag D5
Cor G3
Cor G1
BMW G1
BMW G3
Golf Cat D4
Golf Cat D3
Golf Cat D2
Golf D2
Lag trp1 D4
Lag trp1 D3
Lag D4
Lag trp2 D4
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 10
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Number-based size distribution of particles emitted from four different cars (LAT)
SMPS distribution - 120 km/h
1000000000
5,00001E+14
1E+15
1,5E+15
2E+15
2,5E+15
3E+15
3,5E+15
4E+15
4,5E+15
1 10 100 1000
nm
dN
/dlo
gd
p k
m-1
Lag D2
Lag D3
Lag D4
Lag D5
Cor G3
Cor G1
BMW G1
BMW G3
Golf Cat D4
Golf Cat D3
Golf Cat D2
Golf D2
Lag trp1 D4
Lag trp1 D3
Lag D4
Lag trp2 D4
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 11
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Particulate emissions (PM) from light-duty diesel cars over the cold NEDC cycle using
fuel D2 or D5
PM, Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC cycle, Fuel D2 and D5
0,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D2
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D5
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
D2
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
oxicat D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D5
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D2
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D5
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF D2
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF D5
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
PM
, g
km
-1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 12
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
The total number of particles emitted (CPC Total N) for a combination of light-duty vehicles and fuels (D2, D5)
Total particle count (CPC), Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC, Fuel D2 and D5
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,0E+14
1,0E+15
1,0E+16
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D2
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D5
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
D2
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
oxicat D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D5
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D2
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D5
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF D2
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF D5
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
To
tal
N,
km
-1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 13
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
The active surface area measured (ASMO) for a combination of light-duty vehicles and fuels (D2, D5)
DC Active Surface Area, Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC cycle, Fuel D2 and D5
1,00E+00
1,00E+01
1,00E+02
1,00E+03
1,00E+04
1,00E+05
1,00E+06
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D2
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D5
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
D2
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
oxicat D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D5
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D2
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D5
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF
D2
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF
D5
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
Ac
tiv
e S
urf
ac
e A
rea
, c
m2
km
-1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 14
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
The number of “non-volatile” particles (ELPI) for a combination of light-duty
vehicles and fuels (D2, D5)
ELPI N Stages 1-7, Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC cycle, Fuel D2 and D5
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,0E+14
1,0E+15
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D2
LATRenaultLaguna
DI Euro 3D5
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
D2
LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1
oxicat D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D2
MTCPeugeot406 Euro
3 D5
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D2
MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3
DPF D5
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF D2
SHELLPeugeot607 2.2
HDI Euro3 DPF D5
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D2
SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3
oxicat D5
EL
PI
N S
tag
es
1-7
, k
m-1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 15
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
PM emissions from cars studied at LAT
Four different cars were studied: a Euro I diesel car (VW Golf), a Euro III diesel car (Renault Laguna), a Euro I gasoline car (BMW 318) and a Euro II gasoline car (Toyota Corolla). The two gasoline cars were both equipped with conventional multi-port injected engines.
PM - Cold NEDC
-1,00E-02
0,00E+00
1,00E-02
2,00E-02
3,00E-02
4,00E-02
5,00E-02
6,00E-02
Lag D2 Lag D3 Lag D4 Lag D5 Cor G3 Cor G1 BMW G1 BMW G3 Golf CatD4
Golf CatD3
Golf CatD2
Golf D2 Lag trp1D4
Lag trp1D3
Lag D4 Lag trp2D4
g k
m-1
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 16
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Peugeot 607 particle emissions from comparable cycles at +22C (MTC)
1,E+09
1,E+10
1,E+11
1,E+12
1,E+13
1,E+14
1,E+15
Arte
mis
Urb
an
Arte
mis
Ro
ad
Arte
mis
Mo
torw
ay
50 k
m/h
90 k
m/h
120
km
/h
Arte
mis
Urb
an
Arte
mis
Ro
ad
Arte
mis
Mo
torw
ay
50 k
m/h
90 k
m/h
120
km
/h
EL
PI
an
d C
PC
, #/k
m
1,E+00
1,E+01
1,E+02
1,E+03
1,E+04
1,E+05
1,E+06
AS
MO
, cm
2/k
m
ELPI 1-7
CPC
ASMO
D5 D2
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 17
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Wet branch particle concentration during Artemis Motorway as measured by the CPC for D2 and D5
fuels (MTC)
1,E+00
1,E+01
1,E+02
1,E+03
1,E+04
1,E+05
1,E+06
1,E+07
0 200 400 600 800
time (s)
pa
rtic
le c
on
cen
tra
tio
n (
#/c
m3
)
D2 D2 D5 D5
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 18
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Particulate mass and active surface area for heavy-duty Euro II and Euro III engines
0,00E+00
5,00E+04
1,00E+05
1,50E+05
2,00E+05
2,50E+05
3,00E+05
3,50E+05
4,00E+05
4,50E+05
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25
PM (g/kWh)
Act
ive
Su
rfac
e A
rea
(cm
2/kW
h)
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 19
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Correlation between particulate mass and active surface area for light-duty Euro II and
Euro III cars
0,00E+00
2,00E+05
4,00E+05
6,00E+05
8,00E+05
1,00E+06
1,20E+06
1,40E+06
1,60E+06
1,80E+06
2,00E+06
0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250 0,300 0,350
PM (g/km)
Act
ive
Su
rfac
e A
rea
(cm
2/km
)
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 20
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
General findings
• Older engine technology produced higher mass emissions than newer technology
• Both new and old technology produced nuclei mode particles under certain operating conditions
• HD diesel particulate filters (CRT) removed around 95 % or more of the number of particles in the accumulation mode
• And more….
Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 21
Particulates, Lemnos, 2003
Deliverable 13, how to proceed?
• Update the report Aftertreatment effects might need more detailed analysis?
• Focus on general trends (complete driving cycles etc.)
• Contributions can be sent to Volvo
• Detailed analysis in reports from individual labs (or scientific papers to come)