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Definition
• Byzantine: this term is a modern invention. The Byzantines called themselves either ‘Romans’ or ‘Greeks’. Invented by the classical scholar Hieronymus Wolf and popularized by Montesquieu (1700s)
• It was used for the medieval Greek-speaking, Christian empire that dominated the eastern Mediterranean.
• The ancient Greek city of Byzantium was founded in 667 BC by king Byzas.
• In antiquity, because of its strategic location, it was an important center for the transport of corn to Attica.
Bosporus
Restored walls of Constantinople
Justinian Ir. 527-565
TheodoraEmpress Theodora served asone of the closest advisers to
her husband, Emperor Justinian.Though her enemies
deplored her humble originsand her Monophysite beliefs,
she won the loyalty of ordinarysubjects, many of
whom shared her religioustendencies and received her
protection. In hindsight,Byzantine observers believedshe had exerted a moderating
influence over Justinian,who, after her death in
548, grew increasingly intolerantof religious doctrinedeemed heretical. (
Hagia Sophia built between 532-537
Interior of Hagia Sophia
Heraclius Ir. 614-641
the first Greek speaking Emperor
Byzantine Empire by 626 A.D under Heraclius, Striped areas are lands
threatened by the Sassanids
Leo III, Leo The Isaurian
Byzantine emperor (717–741), who founded
the Isaurian, or Syrian, dynasty, successfully
resisted Arab invasions, and engendered a century of
conflict within the empire by banning the use of religious images.
Invented in the seventh century by Callimachus, a Syrian engineer, Greek fire was a mixture
formed from petroleum, sulfur, saltpeter, and lime that ignited on contact with water.
Byzantine and Sassanid Empires, c. 600
BASIL II (976-1025)
• The legendary, most glorious emperor of Byzantium.
• Suppressed revolt of Vardas Skeleros after an alliance with Vladimir I of Kiev.
• With notorious ruthlessness he suppressed the power of the great landowners and protected the middle classes.
Byzantium
• During the 9th and 10th centuries, the power of the Abbasid caliphate went into a decline– However, they were still a threat to the Byzantine state
• Another threat came from the north in the form of the Viking (Rus) invaders– They had strong trade connections with the Abbasids
• Byzantine Revival– St. Cyril and St. Methodius convert Balkan Slavs to
Orthodox Christianity – A new written language
• Old Church Slavonic (Cyrillic alphabet) – Annexation of Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia
Byzantium• Byzantium was also involved in a number of key conquests
– Eastern conquests against the Abbasids in the 930s and 970s• Military and commercial alliance with the western Russia• There were still a number of key threats to Byzantium
– Venice, Pisa and Genoa emerge as dominant traders in the eastern Mediterranean
– Growing power of Fatimid Egypt • The biggest threat was from the Seljuk Turks
– A Sunni Muslim group that moved into Anatolia– Defeated imperial forces at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071– The Turks were now threatening the existence of Byzantium
The Byzantine Empire at the accession of Alexios I Komnenos, in 1081
The Byzantine Empire in 1081
Latins capture Constantinople, 1204
The Migrations of the Slavs. Originally from east-central Europe, the Slavic people broke into three groups. The western Slavs converted to Catholic Christianity, while the eastern Slavs and southern Slavs, under the influence of the Byzantine Empire, embraced
the Eastern Orthodox faith.
The Topography of Russia
Kievan Rus, ca. 900
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE
First ruler = RURIK (862-879)
• Centered around Novgorod – on major trade route
Trade Route: “From the Varangians to the Greeks”
THE FIRST RUSSIAN STATE: KIEV RUS’
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE
First ruler = RURIK (862-879)
• Centered around Novgorod – on major trade route
OLEG = regent until 912
• Expanded south & east
• Occupied Kiev & built it up as cultural & economic center
THE FIRST RUSSIAN STATE: KIEV RUS’
THE RURIKID DYNASTY
IGOR (r. 913-945)
• Continued expansion
• Strengthened state
OLGA (Regent, 945-962)
• Reformed administration
• Converted to Christianity, 955
SVIATOSLAV (r. 962-972)
• Continued expansion
• Overthrew Khazar Khanate
• Killed by Pechenegs, 972
THE FIRST RUSSIAN STATE: KIEV RUS’
THE RURIKID DYNASTY
VLADIMIR (r. 980-1015)
• Converted Kievan state to Christianity
• EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT EVENT:
brought Russia into Christian world
closer ties with Greek/Byzantine world
set Russia apart from West
introduction of written language: Church Slavonic
THE FIRST RUSSIAN STATE: KIEV RUS’
THE RURIKID DYNASTY
Civil war, 1015
SVIATOPOLK THE DAMNED
• Killed brothers Boris & Gleb
IAROSLAV
• Defeated Sviatopolk, 1019
• Split realm with MSTISLAV
• Became Grand Prince, 1036
THE FIRST RUSSIAN STATE: KIEV RUS’
THE RURIKID DYNASTY
IAROSLAV THE WISE (1036-1054)
• High point of Kievan culture & society
• Promulgated PRAVDA RUSSKAIA
• Defeated external enemies
THE FIRST RUSSIAN STATE: KIEV RUS’