Chapter 11: Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interactizzoglobal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/1/4/40141897/... · The Byzantine Empire A NEW ROME IN A NEW SETTING (Page 301) How did the Roman

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Chapter 11: Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact

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Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact

Section 1

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112 Guided Reading Workbook

The Byzantine Empire

A NEW ROME IN A NEW SETTING(Page 301)

How did the Roman Empire change?In the A.D. 300s, the emperor

Constantine moved the capital of theRoman Empire to the east. He built a greatnew capital city, Constantinople. It was onthe site of the old port city of Byzantium.Constantinople became the center of theempire. Power moved eastward.

The Roman Empire was officiallydivided in 395. The western area wasoverrun by German tribes. It did not existafter 476. However, the Byzantine, oreastern, part remained strong. It lasted forhundreds of years.

In 527, Justinian became the Byzantineemperor. He sent an army to try to regaincontrol of Italy. He hoped to restore the

Roman Empire once again. By about 550,Justinian ruled over almost all of theterritory of the old Roman Empire.

1. Who was Justinian?

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LIFE IN THE NEW ROME(Pages 302�303)

What changes did Justinian bring?Justinian directed legal experts to create

a complete code of laws based on the lawsof ancient Rome. This body of civillaw�the Justinian Code�served the empire for 900 years.

Terms and NamesJustinian Powerful ruler of Byzantine Empire

Justinian Code Body of Roman law collected and organized by Justinian aroundA.D. 534

Hagia Sophia Church destroyed by mobs of rioters in 532 and rebuilt by Justinian

patriarch Leader of the Eastern church

icon Religious image used in practices by eastern Christians

excommunication Formal declaration that someone is no longer a member of theChurch

Cyrillic alphabet Alphabet invented by Saints Cyril and Methodius, in which mostSlavic languages, including Russian, are written

Before You ReadIn the last chapter, you read about the Muslim world.

In this section, you will learn about the Byzantine Empire.

As You ReadUse a diagram to show Justinian�s accomplishments as emperor of the New Rome.

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Section 1, continued



Justinian also worked at makingConstantinople a strong but also abeautiful capital. He built high, sturdywalls to protect the city from attack. Themain street of the city was lined withshops and open-air markets. Peoplebought and sold goods from Asia, Africa,and Europe there.

In 532, riots broke out against theemperor. Justinian�s troops maintained control of the city, killing thousands ofrioters. A church called Hagia Sophia(�Holy Wisdom,� in Greek) had been destroyed by the mobs. Justinian rebuilt itto become the most beautiful church in theChristian world.

2. How did Justinian makeConstantinople a strong and beautifulcapital?

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THE EMPIRE FALLS (Page 304)

What weakened the empire?

The Byzantine Empire faced manydangers. A terrible disease broke out in542. The illness killed thousands of peopleand returned every 8 to 12 years untilabout 700. This weakened the empire.

Also, the empire was forced to confrontmany enemies over the centuries.Constantinople remained safe during thistime despite many attacks. Eventually,though, the empire shrank. By 1350, theempire included only the capital city andlands in the Balkans�part of southeastern Europe.

3. What were the two biggest problemsthe empire faced?

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THE CHURCH DIVIDES(Pages 304�306)

Why did the church divide?Although it was based on the Roman

Empire, the Byzantine Empire haddeveloped a culture of its own. People inthe Byzantine Empire spoke Greek, notLatin. They belonged to the EasternOrthodox Church, not the CatholicChurch. The Eastern Church was led bythe patriarch, the leading bishop.However, even the patriarch had to obeythe emperor.

The feeling of separateness from Romegrew worse when one emperor banned theuse of icons. Icons are religious imagesused by eastern Christians to aid theirdevotions. The emperor thought this waslike idol worship. Iconoclasts, or �icon breakers� went into churches destroying images. The pope supported the use oficons. One pope even ordered theexcommunication of a Byzantineemperor. That means that the pope said theemperor could no longer be a member ofthe Church.

Slowly the Eastern and Romanchurches grew further apart. In 1054, theschism, or split, became permanent.

Some missionaries traveled from theByzantine Empire to the north. Twomissionaries, Saint Methodius and SaintCyril developed an alphabet for the Slaviclanguages. Many Slavic languages,including Russian, are now written in whatis called the Cyrillic alphabet.

4. What are two differences between theEastern and Roman churches?

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As you read about the history of Constantinople, the leading city of theByzantine Empire, take notes to answer questions about the time line.

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Section 2



The Russian Empire

RUSSIA�S BIRTH (Pages 307�308)

Who were the Slavs?The Slavs lived in what is today eastern

Russia. The area was bounded by the UralMountains and the Black Sea on the southand the Baltic Sea on the north.

The Slavs lived in the forest areas. Theyworked as farmers and traders. In the800s, some Vikings called the Rus camefrom the north. They built forts along therivers and blended with the Slavic people.They founded the cities of Novgorod andKiev and became the rulers of the land.They began to trade in Constantinople.With them, they brought furs, timber, andthe Slavs who were their subjects. Theysold these people as slaves. In fact, theword slave comes from Slav.

Over time, the Vikings adopted theculture of the Slavs. Divisions betweenVikings and Slavs disappeared. In 957

Princess Olga of Kiev converted toChristianity. Her grandson, Vladimir, alsoconverted to Byzantine Christianity. Hewas the ruler of Russia. He ordered all ofhis subjects to adopt this religion. Nowmore than trade linked Russia to theByzantine Empire.

Russia also looked to Constantinoplefor religious leadership. Teachers from theempire gave the Russian peopleinstructions in the new religion. The kingliked the idea that the ruler of the empirewas also the head of the church.

1. How did Olga and Vladimir influencethe Slavic people?

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Terms and NamesSlavs People from the forests north of the Black Sea

Vladimir Grandson of Olga who ordered all his subjects to adopt Christianity

Yaroslav the Wise Russian ruler who helped Kiev gain power and wealth

Alexander Nevsky Russian noble who gained power in Moscow

Ivan III Moscow prince who led rebellion against Mongol rule

czar Russian emperor

Before You ReadIn the last section, you read about the establishment and decline of theByzantine Empire.

In this section, you will learn about the emergence of Russia.

As You ReadUse a chart to show how Mongol rule affected different parts of Russiansociety.

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KIEV�S POWER AND DECLINE (Pages 308�309)

What caused Kiev�s rise? Under the influence of Byzantine

culture, Kiev grew to be a large, wealthy,and cultured city. It continued to grow asVladimir took land to the west and to thenorth. His son, Yaroslav the Wise, cameto power in 1019. He proved to be an ableruler as well. Under him, Kiev grew evenmore wealthy through trade and alliancesmade with western nations.

Then the state centered in Kiev began tohave problems. After Yaroslav�s death in 1054, his sons fought one another forcontrol of the land. Trade declined, cuttingthe wealth of Kiev.

2. What caused Kiev�s decline?

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THE MONGOL INVASIONS; RUSSIABREAKS FREE (Pages 309�311)

How did the Mongol invasions

change Russia?In the middle 1200s, the Mongols

reached Kiev. They quickly overran theRussian state, killing many people. TheMongols held control of the area for morethan 200 years.

The Mongols had been fierceconquerors, but they were not harsh rulers.As long as the Russian people did notrebel, the Mongols let them keep theircustoms, including their Eastern Christianreligion.

The Mongols made the Russians paytribute, a sum of money that was owedevery year. They used Russian nobles tocollect the tribute. One of those nobles,Alexander Nevsky, gained power. Hisheirs became princes of Moscow. Theylater used this city as their base of power.

Control by the Mongols had importanteffects on Russia. It isolated the Russiansfrom western Europe. Russian societydeveloped in its own way. Rule by theMongols united many different areas ofRussia under one central authority. Beforethen, what is now Russia had been ruledby a number of princes. Mongol rule alsoled to the rise of Moscow, which had agood location near three major rivers�the Dnieper, the Don, and the Volga.

Ivan I increased the influence ofMoscow. Overtime, Ivan and hissuccessors added to the land that Moscowcontrolled. In the late 1400s, under IvanIII, Russia grew to be a mighty empire. In1453, the Byzantine Empire had fallen,defeated by the Turks. In 1472, Ivanmarried the niece of the last Byzantineemperor. From that time, he called himselfczar�the Russian version of Caesar. In 1480, Ivan finally broke with theMongols.

3. Name three effects of Mongol rule onRussia.

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As you read about the Byzantine culture that developed in Russia, takenotes to answer the questions in the box.

1. What ties linked Kiev to Byzantium? 2. How did Vladimir and his son Yaroslavcontribute to the power of Kiev?

3. What factors brought about Kiev�s decline?

4. How did the Mongols treat the Russianpeople?

5. What were some effects of Mongol ruleon Russia?

6. What events marked the beginning of anindependent Russian Empire?

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Section 3



Turkish Empires Risein Anatolia

THE RISE OF THE TURKS(Pages 314�315)

Who were the Seljuk Turks?

The Turks were nomads from centralAsia. They lived by herding sheep andgoats. They traded with the settled peoplesof the Abbasid Empire.

Beginning in the 900s, they moved intothe lands of that empire and beganconverting to Islam.

The Turks were fierce and highlyskilled fighters. The rulers of the empirebegan to buy them as children to trainthem for their armies. These Turkishmilitary slaves were known as mamelukes.The Turks became an important politicalfactor in the empire. Turkish soldiersmany times removed caliphs from thethrone in Baghdad and put new rulers intheir place.

While the Turkish influence wasgrowing, the empire itself was shrinking.Local leaders in several areas split off to

establish their own states. In 945, aPersian army seized control of the empire.Members of the Abbasid family continuedto hold the position of caliph and act asreligious leaders. The new rulers of thegovernment were from outside thedynasty. They were called sultans.

Large numbers of Turks settled in theempire as these changes took place. Theywere called Seljuks after the name of thefamily that led them. In 1055, the Seljukscaptured Baghdad and took control of thegovernment. The Seljuks used their forceto take land from another empire�the Byzantine Empire. They won almost all ofAnatolia. Anatolia was the name for thepeninsula where modern Turkey islocated. In this position, the Seljuks stoodalmost at the gates of Constantinople.

The Seljuks relied on the governmentexperience of Persians in ruling theirempire. They chose the Persian city ofIsfahan as the capital of their kingdom.

Terms and NamesSeljuks Turkish group that migrated into the Abbasid Empire in the 10th century and

later established their own empire

vizier Prime minister in a Muslim kingdom or empire

Malik Shah Famous Seljuk sultan

Before You ReadIn the last section, you read about the growth of Russia.

In this section, you will learn about the Turks in Anatolia.

As You ReadUse a chart to show important events and features of the variousoccupations of Baghdad.

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They gave Persians important positions inthe government. For example, Nizam al-Mulk was a Persian who served as vizier,or prime minister. In return, Persiansbecame loyal supporters of Turkish rule.

The Turks also adopted Persian culture.The nomadic Seljuk Turks had arrived inSouthwest Asia as basically illiterate.They were not familiar with the traditionsof Islam, which they had just adopted.They looked to Persian scholars to teachthem the proper way to follow Islam. Theybegan to use the Persian language for artand education. Turkish rulers even tookthe Persian word for �king��shah�as their title.

One of the greatest Seljuk rulers, MalikShah, became a patron of the arts. Hemade the capital city more beautiful bybuilding many mosques, or Muslimhouses of worship. Persian became soimportant that Arabic�the language of the Qur�an�almost died out in Seljuk lands.

1. What influence did Persians andPersian culture have on the Seljuks?

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SELJUKS CONFRONT CRUSADERSAND MONGOLS (Pages 316�317)

Why did the Seljuk Empire collapse?After Malik Shah died unexpectedly in

1092, the Seljuk Empire collapsedquickly. Weak rulers could not maintain it.Collapse was also due to the Crusades.Rulers in western Europe sent armies tocapture the holy lands of the Middle East.These were places sacred to Christians.

The First Crusade began in 1095, andthe Christian armies captured Jerusalem.They established a Latin Kingdom thatlasted about a century. Eventually, theTurks gathered enough strength to fightback. They retook the city in 1187.

Just when the Crusades became less ofa threat to the Muslim world, the Mongolsmoved in from the east. They were led bya brutal leader, Genghis Khan. They killedtens of thousands of people and overranhuge stretches of territory. Baghdad wascaptured in 1258. The Mongols killed thelast caliph and took control of thegovernment from the Seljuk Turks.

2. What brought the Seljuk Empire toan end?

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As you read about the rise and decline of the Turkish Empire in Anatolia,make notes in the chart to describe the outcome of each action or situation.

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CHAPTER

11SECTION QUIZ The Byzantine Empire

Section 1

A. Terms andNames If the statement is true, write �true� on the line. If it is false, changethe underlined word or words to make it true.

Example: Emperor Constantine rebuilt the city of Byzantium and named it

Constantinople. __________________________true__________________________

Example: Justinian sent an army under Belisarius to recover North Africa from the

Ostrogoths. __________________________Vandals__________________________

1. An icon is a religious doctrine. ______________________________________________

2. The religious dispute over icons prompted the pope to excommunicate, or ban from the

Church, a Byzantine emperor. ______________________________________________

3. In the Roman Catholic Church, the patriarch and other bishops head the church as a

group. _________________________________________________________________

4. The Justinian Code is a four-part body of law created during the reign of the emperor

Justinian. _______________________________________________________________

5. Built during the reign of Justinian, the Hagia Sophia was intended to be the world�s

most beautiful palace. _____________________________________________________

6. In 1054, a solution was found to the conflicts between the Roman Catholic Church

in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East, which was to merge the churches.

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7. The Cyrillic alphabet is named after St. Cyril, who invented it so that Slavic peoples

could read the Bible in their own languages. ___________________________________

B. Extended Response Briefly answer the following question on the back of this paper.

Identify two words or phrases you would use to describe Byzantine culture and explainyour choices.

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CHAPTER

11SECTION QUIZ The Russian Empire

Section 2

A. Terms andNames Write the letter of the term or name that best answers the question.A term may be used more than once or not at all.

a. Olgab. czarc. Ivan IIId. Slavse. boyarsf. Vikingsg. Mongolsh. Vladimiri. Yaroslav the Wisej. Alexander Nevsky

______ 1. Which prince of Moscow led the Russians to freedom from the Mongols?

______ 2. Which people attacked and demolished Kiev?

______ 3. Which term is the title of the Russian emperor and is the Russian versionof the term Caesar?

______ 4. Which people came from the forest region north of the Black Sea?

______ 5. Which group of invaders probably founded Novgorod and later settled in Kiev?

______ 6. Who created a legal code for Kiev that emphasized and protected propertyand commerce?

______ 7. Who was the first member of the Kievan nobility to convert to Christianity?

______ 8. Under which Kievan ruler did all of the citizens of Kiev convert to ByzantineChristianity?

______ 9. Which Russian prince and military hero advised his fellow princes to cooperatewith the Mongols?

______ 10. Which people�s traditions were combined with those of the Greek Byzantinesto provide the foundation for Russian culture?


How did Kiev and Moscow each come to dominate Russia at different points in history?

Byzantines, Russians and Turks Interact 169

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CHAPTER

11SECTION QUIZ Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia

Section 3

A. Terms and Names Write the letter of the best answer.

______ 1. The Abbasids were rulers of thea. Seljuk Empire.b. Persian Empire.c. Muslim Empire.d. Turkish Empire.

______ 2. Which of the following is true of the mamelukes?a. They were Persians.b. They were originally slaves.c. They were trained as merchants.d. They were of little value to the Abbasids.

______ 3. In 945, when the Persians conquered Baghdad, the power to govern wasassigned to the

a. vizier.b. sultan.c. caliph.d. mamelukes.

______ 4. Seljuk culture was influenced most bya. Arabic culture.b. Jewish culture.c. Persian culture.d. Mongolian culture.

______ 5. In the Seljuk Empire, the vizier was a type ofa. political leader.b. military leader.c. religious leader.d. royal bodyguard.

______ 6. Malik Shah was the last strong, effectivea. Seljuk leader.b. Abbasid caliph.c. Persian general.d. Mongol warrior.


How did the Seljuks build their empire, and what led to its fall?

170 UNIT 3, CHAPTER 11

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ougal

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Allrights

reserved

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Chapter 11: Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interactizzoglobal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/1/4/40141897/... · The Byzantine Empire A NEW ROME IN A NEW SETTING (Page 301) How did the Roman