7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 1/9

Cidgmgmb Ivgcim`iO Uri`ursjr tj ‘Sai Srui Gsm‗t tai ̂ otgjmoh‛

J.B. ^jsi

Ivgcim`i gs rihotgvi tj cidgmgtgjm. Gd G cidgmi Okirg`o‗s `urrimt systik os ‑@opgtohgsk‗,

taim tai >551 Dgmom`goh @rgsgs gs ivgcim`i taot @opgtohgsk cjism‗t wjrl< ajwivir, gd G cidgmi tai

`urrimt systik os o ‑kgxic korlit‗, taim tai >551 `rgsgs gsm‗t ivgcim`i obogmst tai drii korlit, nut obogmst kgxic korlits omc Ptoti gmtirvimtgjm. Gd yju cidgmi tai sj`gji`jmjkg` systik jd tai

Pjvgit Ymgjm os ‑Ptohgmgsk‗ jr ‑Himgmgsk‗, taim yju wjuhcm‗t tagml jd tai doghuri jd tai PjvgitYmgjm os ivgcim`i obogmst @jkkumgsk< rotair, yju wjuhc tagml @jkkumgsk aocm‗t niim trgic

yit. Aim`i, gd G cjm‗t cidgmi tai Pjvgit Ymgjm os ‑@jkkumgst‗, taim tai `jhhopsi jd tai Pjvgit

Ymgjm gsm‗t ivgcim`i obogmst @jkkumgsk< hgliwgsi, gd G cjm‗t cidgmi Okirg`o os ‑@opgtohgstg`‗(nut rotair os o ‑Nomltj`ro`y‗, gd yju wghh), taim tai >551 Dgmom`goh @rgsgs `om o`tuohhy ni usic os

ivgcim`i djr tai miic tj try (trui) @opgtohgsk.

Sairi gs mj ivgcim`i wgtajut cidgmgtgjm, omc tj `rioti cidgmgtgjm gs tj `rioti tai pjssgnghgty

jd ivgcim`i.

G

O taijry `om ni cidgmic jut jd vuhmironghgty. @jkkumgsk omc @opgtohgsk, os taijrgis,`om mivir ni ‑siim‗ ikpgrg`ohhy, gd yju wghh6 njta ori gcios. Wis, taiy ori gcios bgvim cidgmgtgjm

 ny wrgtirs hgli Ocok Pkgta omc Lorh Korx, nut waj gs tj soy ky riocgmb jd Pkgta gs tai rgbat

riocgmb jd Pkgta, omc waj gs tj soy yjur riocgmb jd Korx gs tai rgbat riocgmb: Sairi gs ohwoysrjjk djr cjunt, omc sj ohwoys rjjk djr quistgjmgmb gd om gkphikimtic ‑virsgjm‗ jd @opgtohgsk gs

gm do`t tai ‑rioh‗ @opgtohgsk. Raj‗s tj soy gd gt gs jr gsm‗t: Durtairkjri, ivim gd G cj aovi tai rgbat 

‑riocgmb‗ omc/jr umcirstomcgmb jd @opgtohgsk, waj‗s tj soy ky gkphikimtotgjm omc riohgzotgjm jd

gt gs o vohgc riohgzotgjm: Uiraops tai gcio gs hjst gm tai pro`tg`i: Uiraops G gkphikimtic tai taijry`jrri`t gm sjki woys omc mjt jtairs: Uiraops mjt iviryjmi cgc waot taiy wiri suppjsic tj cj,

gm omc o``jrcgmb tj tai taijry: Sairi gs ohwoys rjjk djr cjunt, omc sj ohwoys rjjk tj `hogk taot‑@opgtohgsk wosm‗t trgic‗ jr ‑taot gsm‗t @opgtohgsk‗< aim`i, omy ivgcim`i jd doghuri taot orgsis wghhmjt ni ivgcim`i obogmst @opgtohgsk (os G cidgmi gt), nut obogmst ‑sjkitagmb ihsi‗ (waotivir taot

kgbat ni).

Cjis taot kiom @opgtohgsk gs rihotgvi, taot tairi gs mj ‑trui @opgtohgsk‗: Mj ‐  taot gs ocgddirimt quistgjm ‐  ky pjgmt airi gs sgkphy taot o taijry `om ohwoys ni cidimcic vgo ‑ri-

cidgmgtgjm‗, omc waim su`a gs cjmi, ivgcim`i taot koy aovi jm`i niim tajubat jd os ivgcim`i

obogmst tai taijry, mj hjmbir opphgis. Raitair jr mjt tags gs o vohgc kjvi gs o cgddirimt quistgjm,

omc bits gmtj tai quistgjm jd ‑waot gs tai rgbat virsgjm jd o taijry:‗ omc ‑ajw cj wi lmjw taotrgbat virsgjm:‗. 

Gd yju‗ri o @argstgom nut cjm‗t hgli ajw omjtair `aur`a triots HBNSs, yju `om sgkphy soy

taot `aur`a ‑gsm‗t @argstgom‗< gd yju‗ri o Kushgk nut cjm‗t hgli tai Gshokg` Ptoti, yju `om `hogkGPGP ‑gsm‗t Kushgk‗. Omc koyni GPGP gsm‗t ‐  taot gs o cgddirimt quistgjm ‐  ky pjgmt gs taot wgta osgkphi `aombi gm cid gmgtgjm, ‑ivgcim`i obogmst‗ omc/jr ‑ivgcim`i djr‗ `iosis tj opphy. Nut ajw

cjis jmi citirkgmi waot o`tuohhy gs @argstgom omc waot o`tuohhy gs Kushgk: Jmi wjuhc aovi tj

 ni o taijhjbgom. Uiraops, ot tai viry hiost, yju `juhc `jm`huci (wgtajut nigmb o taijhjbgom) taot GPGP gs ‑ivgcim`i obogmst‗ (kgs)umcirstomcgmbs jd Gshok, os tai Gmqugsgtgjm gs ‑ivgcim`i obogmst‗

(kgs)umcirstomcgmbs jd @argstgomgty. Hgliwgsi, tai >551 @rgsgs gs ‑ivgcim`i obogmst‗ o woy

@opgtohgsk `om ni gkphikimtic/(kgs)umcirstjjc, os tai Pjvgit Ymgjm gs ‑ivgcim`i obogmst‗ o woy

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 2/9

@jkkumgsk `om ni gkphikimtic/(kgs)umcirstjjc. Ot tai viry hiost, gt `om ni sogc taot

@jkkumgsk, @opgtohgsk, @argstgomgty, omc Gshok `om risuht gm (kgs)umcirstomcgmbs taot aovi cgri

`jmsiquim`is (os `om ni sogc onjut Otaigsk, Agmcugsk, it`.). 

GG

Doghuri tj gcimtgdy taot ivgcim`i gs rihotgvi tj cidgmgtgjm aos `riotic o prjnhik gm kjcirmcinoti omc orbukimtotgjm, wag`a gs jdtim rihgomt jm stucgis, s`gim`i, surviys, omc ivgcim`i (os

occrissic gm ‘Ossukgmb tai Nist‛ ny J.B. ^jsi). Sags gsm‗t tj subbist taot stucgis, s`gim`i,

surviys, omc ivgcim`i sajuhc ni rifi`tic< rotair, tai gssui gs taot o surviy taot dgmcs ‑45% jdOkirg`oms ori umaoppy wgta @opgtohgsk‗ cjism‗t tihh us gd tajsi Okirg`oms cidgmi jur `urrimt

sj`gji`jmjkg` systik os ‑@opgtohgsk‗, omc gd gt gs rgbat tj sii jur `urrimt systik os ‑@opgtohgsk‗.

Sai surviy prisimts tai do`t os ‑ivgcim`i‗ taot ‑sjkitagmb gs wrjmb wgta tai sj`gji`jmjkg`

jrcir‗ (waitair tai surviy kioms tj jr mjt), yit gt gsm‗t `hior ny tags do`t ohjmi gd tai do`tdum`tgjms os ivgcim`i djr tags `osi jr mjt, djr taot cipimcs jm gd tai do`t ‑`orrgis wgta gt‗ tai rgbat

cidgmgtgjm jd jur sj`gji`jmjkg` systik. Omc gd G wos gm dovjr jd tai drii korlit, prisimtic wgta

tags do`t, G `juhc sgkphy soy ‑tai `urrimt systik gsm‗t @opgtohgsk< gt‗s o Nomltj`ro`y‗. Uiraops Gwjuhc ni rgbat, piraops G wjuhcm‗t ni ‐  taot gs o cgddirimt quistgjm ‐  ky pjgmt gs taot tai ‑do`t‗

cjism‗t tihh us imjuba, omc os o risuht, gt cjism‗t occ omytagmb `jmstru`tgvi tj tai briot cgohjbui. 

Gt‗s o pjgmt, nut umonhi tj occriss tai quistgjm jd cidgmgtgjm, gt gs mjtagmb kjri. 

Gd G cgc o stucy omc djumc taot ‑tairi gs om umcimgonhi `jrrihotgjm nitwiim tai rgsgmb rotisjd ciprissgjm omc sixuoh prjkgs`ugty‗, omc ivim gd gt wos tai `osi taot tags `jrrihotgjm gs, gm do`t,

umcimgonhi, G `juhc sgkphy soy ‑wihh taot‗s ni`ousi tai sun`jms`gjus kgmcs jd pijphi ori stghh

briothy gmdhuim`ic ny @argstgomgty< odtir o diw kjri bimirotgjms, taot sun`jms`gjus bught wghh bjowoy, omc sixuoh prjkgs`ugty wghh hioc tj briotir hivihs jd aoppgmiss‗. Ajw `juhc G prjvi tags

jnfi`tgjm tj ky stucy wrjmb: Uiraops G spimt tim yiors puttgmb tjbitair ky stucy, omc yit gm o

diw kjkimts, o paghjsjpag`oh jnfi`tgjm umcirkgmic tai wajhi tagmb. Sj cgsprjvi tai jnfi`tgjm,

G `juhc `orry jut tai stucy obogm jvir tagrty kjri yiors, nut gd ciprissgjm rotis `jmtgmui tjgm`riosi, ky dgrst stucy cgc mjtagmb tj stjp tai trimc (tai stucy mjt prjvgcgmb imjuba `irtogmty tj

hibgtgkgzi o`tgmb upjm gt), sj jd waot vohui wos gt: Omc durtairkjri, sjkijmi waj cgsobriic

wgta ky stucy umcirkgmic gt ny sgkphy `hogkgmb ‑gt aosm‗t niim hjmb imjuba yit‗, sj waot wostai pjgmt: Omc gm tai imc, waj wos rgbat: Sai stucy `juhcm‗t tihh us< uhtgkotihy, tai stucy `juhc

jmhy  prjvgci us wgta do`ts taot wiri (piraops) jnfi`tgvihy trui, nut o paghjsjpag`oh jnfi`tgjm

sgkphy koci gt sj taot tajsi ‑jnfi`tgvihy trui do`ts‗ mj hjmbir opphgic jr ot hiost cgcm‗t ‑prjvi‗taot sixuoh prjkgs`ugty sajuhc ni stjppic. Pj waot usi wos tai stucy:

 Mjmi, gt siiks.

Wit wi rihy aiovghy gd mjt ix`husgvihy jm stucgis djr truta.

Gd G nihgivi gmdhotgjm wghh cistrjy tai i`jmjky omc tai i`jmjky aosm‗t `jhhopsic yit, G`om sgkphy soy taot gt‗s ‑mjt tgki yit‗< hgliwgsi, gd G nihgivi tai i`jmjky wjm‗t spgm jdd gmtj

aypir-gmdhotgjm (omc, gm riohgty, gt wjm‗t umtgh mixt wiil ), ot tags prisimt kjkimt, G `om `hogk

‑gmdhotgjm-aowls aovi niim cgsprjvim6 odtir ohh tai gmdhotgjm taiy wjrrgic onjut, mj gmdhotgjmory

`rgsgs aos j``urric‗. Gd G nihgivi ajki-s`ajjhgmb ky sjm wjm‗t aurt ags onghgty tj sj`gohgzi wgtajtairs, G `om `hogk o stucy taot sajws jtairwgsi cjism‗t opphy tj ky `aghc, ni`ousi waghi taot

stucy cioht wgta `aghcrim waj hgvic gm o ruroh orio, ky `aghc hgvis gm o `gty, wairi sj`gohgzotgjm gs

umovjgconhi< vgo ‑cidgmgmb ky `aghc jut‗ jd tai stucy, G koli tai stucy grrihivomt (jr ot hiost mjt

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 3/9

umgvirsoh). Jm tai jtair aomc, gd G nihgivi ajki-s`ajjhgmb aurts sj`gohgzotgjm, G wghh ajhc jm tj

tai stucy, omc piraops usi gt gm o cinoti obogmst o migbanjr jd kgmi waj suppjrts tai pro`tg`i.

Gd gt gs prjvic taot ‑? gm 3 `aghcrim aovi Ottimtgjm Cidg`gt Cgsjrcir‗, tai stucy cjism‗t prjvi gd OCC gs o vohgc kicg`oh cgsjrcir jr sjkitagmb taot jmhy ixgsts ni`ousi jd tai moturi jd

tai kjcirm s`ajjh systik. Sai stucy prjvis tai do`t gt prisimts, nut gt cjism‗t prjvi gd tai

stru`turi tai do`t gs sgtuotic wgtagm gs rgbathy cidgmic. Durtairkjri, tai do`t subbists taotsjkitagmb miics tj ni cjmi onjut OCC, virsus onjut ajw icu`otgjm gs toubat, waim tai hottirkgbat ni tai `jri prjnhik. Gd o s`gimtgdg` stucy dgmcs taot ‑aukoms ori koci jd otjks‗, tai

s`gim`i cjism‗t tihh us gd aukoms ori fust otjks, jr gd aukoms ori ohsj ‑sjkitagmb kjri‗<

durtairkjri, s`gim`i cjism‗t tihh us gd tai wjrc ‑aukom‗ gs o bjjc `ajg`i tj sgbmgdy tai`jkpjsgtgjm jd imtgtgis wajsi ixgstim`i s`gim`i virgdgis. P`gim`i `om rivioh `jkpjsgtgjm, nut mjt

cidgmgtgjm, wag`a aukoms citirkgmi (jr ‑priss cjwm‗, pir si). 

Gd gt gs prjvim, `jkphitihy jnfi`tgvihy, taot ‑@opgtohgsk cjism‗t wjrl‗, G `om `hogk

‑@opgtohgsk os wi lmjw gt cjism‗t wjrl‗ jr ‑trui @opgtohgsk aos mivir niim trgic‗. Gd gt gs prjvim,`jkphitihy jnfi`tgvihy, taot ‑@jkkumgsk gs tai nist systik‗, G `om `hogk ‑@jkkumgsk gs tai

 nist taijry, nut gt gs gkpjssgnhi tj put gmtj pro`tg`i pirdi`thy‗. G pjgmt tags jut ‐  os wihh os ohh tai

jtairs pjgmts gm tags si`tgjm ‐  tj striss taot stucgis, s`gim`i, surviys, omc ivgcim`i wjm‗tmi`issorghy prjvgci us imjuba gmdjrkotgjm tj `hjsi cinotis jr tj dgmc sjhutgjms tj prjnhiks wi

do`i, mjr ori taiy mi`issorghy bjjc kitajcs tj `rgtg`ohhy tagml ix`husgvihy tarjuba. Raotivir o

stucy jr surviy dgmcs, ri-cidgmgtgjm `om qug`lhy umcirkgmi jr jvirhy-suppjrt, omc waot s`gim`i

 prjvis cjism‗t mi`issorghy hibgtgkgzi jur woys jd cidgmgmb paimjkimo. Sairi ori stghh quistgjmsjd cidgmgtgjm taot kust ni occrissic, quistgjms aukoms kust omswir tarjuba cgddirimt, hiss

ikpgrg`oh kitajcs. 

GGG

Gd G cgshgli @opgtohgsk omc gt gs prjvim taot ‑77% jd tai wiohta gs `jmtrjhhic ny ?% jd tai

 pjpuhotgjm‗, G wghh tagml tags do`t hibgtgkgzis ky pjsgtgjm. Ajwivir, gd gt gs trui taot Okirg`o gsm‗t@opgtohgstg`, nut rotair o Nomltj`ro`y, taim tags do`t obogmst @opgtohgsk cjism‗t opphy os G tagml gt

cjis. Omc tajuba G koy  ni gmtihhgbimt tj o``ipt tai do`t, G ok wrjmb onjut ‑tai `osi‗ G opphy tai

do`t tj6 G irrjmijushy usi o do`t obogmst tai dum`tgjmohgty jd o Nomltj`ro`y obogmst @opgtohgsk,waim @opgtohgsk viry wihh koy ni tai nist woy tj nriol up tai Nomltj`ro`y.

Gd G tagml @jkkumgsk aos niim cgsprjvim, G koy toli tai dohh jd tai Pjvgit Ymgjm os

ivgcim`i taot ky pjsgtgjm gs `jrri`t, yit piraops tai Pjvgit Ymgjm wosm‗t om ixokphi jd@jkkumgsk, nut rotair jd Ptohgmgsk. Durtair irrjmijushy, G kgbat usi tai Pjvgit Ymgjm os

ivgcim`i obogmst ohh bjvirmkimt brjwta, waim tai Pjvgit Ymgjm kgbat jmhy cgsprjvi tai vohgcgty

jd o `irtogm lgmc jd bjvirmkimt o`tgvgty, mjt ohh. Durtairkjri, tai doghuri jd @jkkumgsk gsm‗t tai

doghuri jd Pj`gohgsk, tajuba taot cjism‗t kiom Pj`gohgsk mi`issorghy wjrls.Gd o drgimc tihhs ki taot ‑gt gs iosgir djr o rg`a kom tj bit gmtj aiovim taom djr o `okih tj

bit tarjuba tai iyi jd o miichi‗, G `om sgkphy riphy ‑G‗k mjt rg`a‗6 G `om cidgmi kysihd jut jd

aovgmb tj `jm`irm kysihd wgta Kottaiw ?76>3. Gd G rioc ‑Okirg`oms miic tj ni kjri

imvgrjmkimtohhy drgimchy‗, G `om tagml ‑ixo`thy rgbat‗, omc `jmsgcir kysihd o drgimc jd taiimvgrjmkimt. Uiraops G ok, nut piraops G‗k mjt< hgliwgsi, piraops G‗k mjt rg`a, nut taim obogm,

 piraops G ok. Uiraops gm Okirg`o G‗k mjt rg`a, nut piraops jm o bhjnoh s`ohi, G‗k viry rg`a.

Uiraops `jkporic tj jtair Okirg`oms, G ok imvgrjmkimtohhy drgimchy, nut rihotgvi tj waot o ‑trui

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 4/9

imvgrjmkimtohgst‗ wjuhc cj, G‗k mjt imvgrjmkimtohhy drgimchy ot ohh. Sruta gs rihotgvi tj tai

stomcorc ny wag`a tai truta gs citirkgmic, os gs waot `jmstgtutis ivgcim`i omc rotgjmohgty.

Gd G cidgmi ‑ro`gsk‗ os ‑o`tgvi obbrissgjm obogmst kgmjrgtgis‗, taim G wghh `jm`huci,jnfi`tgvihy hjjlgmb ot tai ivgcim`i, taot ro`gsk gm Okirg`o aos ci`hgmic jvir tai host dgdty yiors<

ajwivir, gd G cidgmi ‑ro`gsk‗ os ‑sun`jms`gjus jrgimtotgjms obogmst kgmjrgtgis‗, taim G wghh

`jm`huci, jnfi`tgvihy hjjlgmb ot tai ivgcim`i, taot ro`gsk gm Okirg`o aos gm`riosic jvir tai hostdgdty yiors. Gm oslgmb tai quistgjm ‑aos ro`gsk wjrsimic gm Okirg`o:‗, ajw G cidgmi ‑ro`gsk‗ wghhcitirkgmi waot ivgcim`i G toli gmtj `jmsgcirotgjm waim G omswir tai quistgjm, omc ajw G

gmtirprit omc umcirstomc taot ivgcim`i. 

Gt gs viry gkpjrtomt tj mjti taot tai cidgmgtgjm `jkis prgjr tj tai stucy, omc taot G cjm‗t`orry jut o stucy tj citirkgmi wag`a cidgmgtgjm G sajuhc usi (tj droki taot stucy wgtagm). Ptucgis

`om‗t ni usic tj citirkgmi cidgmgtgjms6 aukoms, usgmb  paghjsjpay, jmtjhjby, hombuobi, it`.,

citirkgmi cidgmgtgjm. Sai s`gimtgdg` kitajc `ommjt tihh yju gd jmi cidgmgtgjm jd ‑ro`gsk‗ gs nittir

taom tai jtair< piraops gt `om ogc yju gm citirkgmgmb gd ‑ro`gsk cidgmic o `irtogm woy‗ gs brjwgmb, nut gt `ommjt tihh yju wag`a cidgmgtgjm jd ro`gsk gs tai ‑truist‗ cidgmgtgjm. @om o pjhh jr surviy tihh

yju tai cidgmgtgjm jd ‑ro`gsk‗: Gd ?55 pijphi cidgmi ‑ro`gsk‗ os O omc ?5 cidgmi gt os N, way

sajuhc O ni kjri trui taom N: Gs tai kofjrgty ohwoys rgbat: Gm tai Fgk @rjw Pjuta, tai kofjrgty prjnonhy wjuhc aovi vjtic djr om gmociquoti cidgmgtgjm jd ‑ro`gsk‗. Sai kofjrgty gsm‗t

mi`issorghy rgbat (tajuba gt koy aovi o agbair hglihgajjc jd nigmb rgbat), omc sj migtair ori pjhhs

jr surviys.

Ot tai imc jd tai coy, citirkgmgmb (rgbat) cidgmgtgjm gs o kottir jd paghjsjpay omchombuobi taot imtoghs quistgjms wag`a ix`iic ikpgrg`oh kitajcs. Wju `ommjt ‑jnsirvi‗ o

cidgmgtgjm tj citirkgmi gd gt gs tai opprjprgoti jmi tj sgbmgdy o paimjkimjm< su`a riqugris `rgtg`oh

omc onstro`t riosjmgmb, wag`a G dior ori jdtim jut-rgbat cgsquohgdgic gm kjcirm cgs`jursi. Osj`gity ix`husgvihy rihgomt jm stucgis, s`gim`i, surviys, omc ivgcim`i wgtajut tai `rgtg`oh

riosjmgmb tj citirkgmi tai rihgonghgty omc ‑truimiss‗ jd ‑tai `osis‗ taisi kitajcs ori usic tj

 fustgdy wghh risuht gm o sj`gity taot gs ohh tjj dokghgor wgta dohsgty omc irrjr. Omc G dior taot gs

 ni`jkgmb jur sj`gity.

GT

Cidgmgtgjm pri`icis ivgcim`i. Ivgcim`i fustgdgis `osis, nut ivgcim`i cjism‗t  fustgdy

cidgmgtgjms. Cidgmgtgjm gs citirkgmic tarjuba paghjsjpay omc jmtjhjby6 s`gim`i koy tihh us waot

o ‑`aogr‗ gs koci jut jd, nut jmtjhjby tihhs us tajsi ports ‑koli up‗ o ‑`aogr‗. Drjk wjjc, nrg`ls, pgpis, it`. ohjmi wi `om mivir bit tj ‑o ajusi‗, nut jm`i wi `rioti tai gcio jd ‑o ajusi‗, taim

d rjk tajsi ports, wi `om bit tj ‑o ajusi‗. Om gcio `jkis nidjri wi `om soy o `irtogm `jkpjsgtgjm

‑gs‗ taot gcio< gd tai gcio jd ‑o ajusi‗ mivir `oki gmtj ixgstim`i, taim wi wjuhc mivir tagml jd o

`jhhi`tgjm jd nrg`ls, pgpis, it`. os ‑o ajusi‗. Saot gsm‗t tj soy wi wjuhcm‗t stghh hgvi gm do`ghgtgistaot wi lmjw os ajusis wgtajut taot wjrc6 gt gs sgkphy tj soy taot gcios `jki dgrst. Wit,

grjmg`ohhy, jm`i tai gcio `jkis gmtj ixgstim`i, gt ‑oppiors‗ os gd  tai `jkpjsgtgjm bovi rgsi tj tai

gcio virsus tai jtair woy orjumc6 jm`i G lmjw tai gcio jd o ‑ajusi‗, gt siiks hgli tai ajusi

ikirbis drjk tai kotirgoh G nughc gt jut jd, waim riohhy tai gcio `jkis drjk ky kgmc omc G taim nughc taot wag`a kot`ais ky gcio. Pgm`i wi j``upy kotirgohgty, tags gs om iosy omc

umcirstomconhi kgstoli tj koli.

Ivgcim`i gs ohwoys hj`otic gm cidgmgtgjm. Gd G hjjl djr ivgcim`i taot lghhgmb aukoms gsm‗tohwoys wrjmb, G sior`a djr tags ivgcim`i wgta o cidgmgtgjm jd waot o aukom gs gm kgmc. Gd G dgmc

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 5/9

ky ivgcim`i, tai ivgcim`i wghh mjt ajhc gm tai iyis jd sjkijmi waj aos o cgddirimt cidgmgtgjm.

Doghgmb tj riohgzi tags, G dior ku`a jd kjcirm cgs`jursi gs usihiss6 `osis ori koci omc kghhgjms

ori spimt jm stucgis tj citirkgmi ‑tai jnfi`tgvi truta‗, omc yit komy pijphi fust cidgmitaiksihvis jut jd aovgmb tj `jmsgcir gt, jr tai dgmcgmbs taiksihvis, nigmb nosic jm noc

cidgmgtgjms, koyni usihiss. Hgnirohs orbui taot tai >551 Dgmom`goh @rgsgs prjvis @opgtohgsk gs jm

tai rjpis omc tohl rgbat post @jmsirvotgvis, waj cjm‗t `jmsgcir tai Okirg`om systik truhy@opgtohgstg`. @jmsirvotgvis orbui taot tai Pjvgit Ymgjm gs ivgcim`i taot bjvirmkimt gmtirvimtgjmgs combirjus omc tohl rgbat post Hgnirohs, waj cjm‗t `jmsgcir tai Pjvgit Ymgjm om ixokphi jd

hibgtgkoti bjvirmkimt o`tgjm. Rgtajut occrissgmb ‑wag`a cidgmgtgjm jd @opgtohgsk gs rgbat:‗ jr

‑wag`a cidgmgtgjm jd Pj`gohgsk gs opprjprgoti:‗, tai cgohjbui omc cinoti sgkphy wosti tgki.Pgkghor tagmbs `om ni sogc onjut s`gimtgdg` stucgis omc stotgstg`s6 jur sj`gity usis taik rokpomthy

tj citirkgmi ‑jnfi`tgvi truta‗, nut gm doghgmb tj osl quistgjms onjut cidgmgtgjm, waot tai

cgs`jviric ‑jnfi`tgvi truta‗ umvighs jr opphgis tj gs um`hior (ivim gd gt gs prisimtic os sihd-

ivgcimt).Rag`a nrgmbs us tj o `jmsgcironhi quistgjm6 ajw cj wi citirkgmi wag`a cidgmgtgjm jd x gs

tai truist cidgmgtgjm: Sags gmqugry rikgmcs ki jd ‘(Gk)kjrohgty‛ ny J.B. ^jsi, wag`a oslic o

sgkghor quistgjm6 ‑ajw cj wi citirkgmi waot gs rgbat omc wrjmb:‗. Sai popir `hogkic ‑tairi orimj taijrgis gm tai wjrhc, jmhy tagmbs taot dgt gmtj taijrgis‗< hgliwgsi, gt `om ni sogc ‑tairi ori mj

cidgmgtgjms gm tai wjrhc, jmhy tagmbs taot dgt gmtj cidgmgtgjms‗. Raim gt `jkis tj itag`s, uhtgkotihy,

‘(Gk)kjrohgty‛ `jm`hucic taot itag`s wos o kottir jd jmtjhjby ‐  jd ‑ajw aukoms ori cidgmic‗  ‐  

omc taot itag`s wos tgic tj portg`uhorgtgis6 tai itag`s jd jmi sgtuotgjm cjm‗t mi`issorghy opphy tjomjtair (gm jtair wjrcs, waot gs jnfi`tgvihy rgbat gs tgic tj portg`uhorgtgis). Hgliwgsi, waot

opphgis tj jmi ixprissgjm jd @opgtohgsk cjism‗t mi`issorghy gkphy omytagmb onjut omjtair

ixprissgjm6 os lghhgmb gm wor gsm‗t gcimtg`oh wgta lghhgmb curgmb taidt, @opgtohgsk gm Okirg`o gsm‗tgcimtg`oh wgta @opgtohgsk gm Iurjpi. Saot gsm‗t tj soy njta @opgtohgsks `om‗t wjr l, nut taot gd

taiy cj wjrl, tags cjism‗t prjvi ‑@opgtohgsk wjrls‗6 gt `om jmhy ni sogc taot ‑@opgtohgsk gm

Okirg`o wjrls‗ omc ‑@opgtohgsk gm Iurjpi wjrls‗ (gm hgmi wgta tai tajubat jd Auki).

‘(Gk)kjrohgty‛ pjgmtic jut taot gd wi ci`gci ‑ohh kurcir gs wrjmb‗, wi stghh aovi tjcitirkgmi wag`a portg`uhor ixokphis jd lghhgmb `jmstgtuti ‑kurcir‗< hgliwgsi, gd wi ci`gci

‑@opgtohgsk gs tai nist systik‗, wi stghh aovi tj citirkgmi wag`a portg`uhor sj`gji`jmjkg`

systiks `jmstgtuti ‑@opgtohgsk‗. Sags gsm‗t tj `hogk wi `ommjt soy ‑@opgtohgsk wjrls‗, jmhy taotgmcgvgcuohs `ommjt citirkgmi wag`a portg`uhor sj`gji`jmjkg` systiks `jmstgtuti ‑@opgtohgsk‗

umhiss taiy ori portg`uhorhy gmvjhvic (omc tags ossukis taiy prjpirhy cidgmi ‑@opgtohgsk‗, wag`a

koy ni umcjonhi). Durtairkjri, ivim gd taiy ori gmvjhvic, taiy `ommjt soy tai wjrlgmbs jd taigr portg`uhor sj`gji`jmjkg` jrcir prjvis tai systik wghh umgvirsohhy wjrl6 tai wjrlgmb jd

@opgtohgsk gm Okirg`o cjism‗t kiom @opgtohgsk wghh wjrl ivirywairi. Uiraops gt wghh, nut taot

truta kust  ni bogmic jmi portg`uhor ot o tgki (sgkghor tj waot Auki orbuic onjut ‑moturoh hows‗

omc `jmstomt `jmfum`tgjms). Ymgvirsoh trutas kust ni bogmic ‑drjk portg`uhors up‗, mjt drjk taiumgvirsoh ‑cjwm‗.

Uiraops @opgtohgsk, os trui @opgtohgsk, ohwoys wjrls, nut sgm`i tairi gs om um-`rjssonhi

cgvgci gm citirkgmgmb wag`a ‑ixprissgjm jd @opgtohgsk‗ gs (gcimtg`oh wgta) ‑trui @opgtohgsk‗,

rotair taom cgs`uss gd ‑o bgvim ixprissgjm jd @opgtohgsk gs trui jr mjt‗, gt `om ni ku`a kjridrugtduh tj osl ‑cjis tai `urrimt sj`gji`jmjkg` systik wjrl:‗, djr citirkgmgmb gd gt gs @opgtohgstg`

`om ni gmcitirkgmonhi omc ivim gd citirkgmonhi, waot gs citirkgmic os @opgtohgsk wghh ni stu`l

gm tai cgs`ussic portg`uhorgty (tai o`t jd citirkgmgmb jd wag`a wghh mjt koli ‑waot gs portg`uhor‗omy hiss gtsihd jr kjri umgvirsoh). Uiraops o systik gs ‑hgli @opgtohgsk‗, nut waitair jr mjt gt ‑gs‗

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 6/9

@opgtohgsk gs rihotgvi tj tai pirsjm yju osl. Uiraops tai taijry jd @opgtohgsk `om aihp us

‑umcirstomc‗ waot cjis omc cjism‗t wjrl, os Itag`s `hossis `om aihp us hiorm ajw tj tagml

`riotgvihy sj taot gm portg`uhor sgtuotgjms wi `om nittir citirkgmi waot gs jnfi`tgvihy rgbat omcwrjmb, nut hiormgmb onjut @opgtohgsk, hgli hiormgmb onjut Itag`s, wghh mjt uhtgkotihy gmdjrk us

onjut waot tj cj omc/jr suppjrt. Raot gs jnfi`tgvihy nist gs korrgic tj tai portg`uhor, omc waot

opphgis gm jmi portg`uhor sgtuotgjm wghh mjt mi`issorghy opphy tj omjtair6 portg`uhors `ommjt niumgvirsohgzic. Sags gsm‗t tj soy jmi `om‗t ‑ni @opgtohgstg`‗ jr ‑gm dovjr jd drii korlits‗, nut taotom gmcgvgcuoh kust riohgzi taisi taijrgis ori ‑gm kgmc‗, mjt gm tai wjrhc, os Itag`s gs ‑gm `hoss‗,

mjt gm tai wjrhc. 

^otair taom sii tai wjrhc gm tai taijrgis, wi sajuhc usi tai taijrgis tj aihp us tagml`riotgvihy omc `rgtg`ohhy onjut tai wjrhc (wgtagm portg`uhorgtgis). Sagmlgmb onjut tai taijrgis `om

aihp us tagml onjut tai wjrhc, mjt ny tio`agmb us waot tj sii tai wjrhc ‑gm‗, nut ny tio`agmb us tj

tagml. Itag`s `om tio`a us ajw tj tagml sj taot wi tagml nittir gm portg`uhor sgtuotgjms onjut waot

tj cj, tajuba Itag`s `ommjt tio`a us waot tj cj< hgliwgsi, taijrgis hgli @opgtohgsk omc Pj`gohgsk`om aihp us tagml sj taot wi tagml nittir onjut sj`gji`jmjkg` systiks, tajuba tai taijrgis `om‗t

uhtgkotihy tio`a us waot systik tj djrkuhoti. Ohh taijrgis, rotair Itag`oh jr I`jmjkg`, ori orimos

gm wag`a wi hiorm ajw tj tagml, nut umdjrtumotihy taijrgis ori tjj jdtim usic gm pho`i jd tagmlgmb,os gd tai orimos ori tj ni tai wjrhc omc tai wjrhc tai orimos. Saijrgis ori tj ogc tai civihjpkimt

jd tajubat, mjt ripho`i gt. 

T 

Gt aos niim istonhgsaic taot tairi gs om um-`rjssonhi cgvgci gm citirkgmgmb wag`a

‑ixprissgjm jd o bgvi tagmb‗ gs (gcimtg`oh wgta) ‑taot bgvim tagmb‗, omc taot gt gs kjri drugtduh tj osl‑cjis tai ixprissgjm jd tai tagmb wjrl os taot bgvim tagmb:‗, nut gt stghh aos mjt niim occrissic

ajw jmi citirkgmis wag`a cidgmgtgjm jd o tagmb gs tai truist cidgmgtgjm. Gs gt tai dgrst cidgmgtgjm:

Uiraops, nut ivim gd Ocok Pkgta gmvimtic @opgtohgsk, `om wi sodihy fukp drjk ‑Pkgta‗s

@opgtohgsk‗ tj ‑@opgtohgsk‗: Uiraops tairi gs o Uhotjmg` djrk: Uiraops ivim Pkgta kocikgstolis, os tai pirsjm waj gmvimtic kota koy aovi koci kotaikotg`oh irrjrs, tajuba taot

cjism‗t cihibgtgkgzi kota. Gt cjism‗t siik os gd wi `om soy djr suri tai jrgbgmoh cidgmgtgjm gs tai

truist, sj waot `jmstgtutis gt: Rihh ajw cj yju cidgmi ‑trui‗: Ny waot o`tuohhy `jmstgtutis@opgtohgsk. Nut ajw cj yju citirkgmi taot: Omc jm taot hgmi jd tajubat, ajw cj wi citirkgmi

wag`a cidgmgtgjm jd ‑aukom‗ gs truist:

Ri `om‗t.Itag`oh quistgjms uhtgkotihy ni`jki Omtarjpjhjbg`oh omc Jmtjhjbg`oh quistgjms, omc os

mjtic gm ‘(Gk)kjrohgty‛, tajsi quistgjms ori uhtgkotihy citirkgmic ny waot wi wrgti gm

cg`tgjmorgis. Sags koy siik onsurc ‐  omc gt kjst `irtogmhy `om‗t ni sogc tj ni Jnfi`tgvi Sruta ‐  

 nut tags gs ohh wi aovi. Ajw cj wi citirkgmi wag`a cidgmgtgjms tj usi: Ny waot gs ci`gcic upjmtarjuba waotivir kitajc tai portg`uhor pijphi gmvjhvic sj ci`gci. Ajw cj wi lmjw gd wi‗vi

ci`gcic tai truist cidgmgtgjm: Ri `om‗t6 ‑sjkitagmb‗ ikirbis jrbomg`ohhy tarjuba tgki, omc taot

gs waot wi opprjvi ‑os gd‗ gt gs tai truist. Sags ‑os gd‗ gs tai nist wi `om cj, omc gt gs migtair rgbat

mjr wrjmb6 gt fust ixgsts.Ockgttichy, tags gs umsotgsdygmb, omc gt cjism‗t ossuri taot noc cidgmgtgjms wjm‗t ni

o``iptic. Ajwivir, ri`jbmgzgmb tai pjwir wi aovi, wi `om ni kjri `oriduh tj sihi`t bjjc

cidgmgtgjms omc kjri owori jd jur miic tj ovjgc `orihissmiss. Gm ri`jbmgzgmb taot ivim gd wio`agivi o ‑truist cidgmgtgjm‗, wi `ommjt lmjw wi‗vi o`agivic gt (o lgmc jd Bôcih cghikko), wi

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 7/9

ori ohh nittir iqugppic tj aomchi riohgty. Durtairkjri, o``iptgmb tags pricg`okimt `om koli us

 nittir onhi tj aomchi cgs`ussgjm gm tai kjcirm wjrhc. 

@jmsgcirgmb ohh taot aos niim sogc, rotair taom `hogk sjkitagmb su`a os ‑taisi do`ts prjvi@opgtohgsk cjism‗t wjrl‗, wag`a sits gt up sj taot taisi do`ts `om ni ovjgcic vgo ri-cidgmgtgjm, gt

gs kjri drugtduh tj soy ‑taisi do`ts prjvi taot tai `urrimt sj`gji`jmjkg` systik cjism‗t wjrl‗.

Ny kolgmb tai `hogk tags woy, waot ‑gs‗ tai sj`gji`jmjkg` systik gsm‗t o tjpg` djr cinoti<rotair, tai dj`us hgis jm tai hibgtgko`y jd tai do`ts omc jm tai mi`issory quistgjm ‑waot wjrls‗.^otair taom osl ‑waot gs tai ‑truist‗ cidgmgtgjm jd ‑aukom‗, ‑@opgtohgsk‗, it`.:‗, gt gs nittir tj osl

‑wag`a cidgmgtgjm wjrls nist:‗. Sags kioms, djr ixokphi, ‑wag`a cidgmgtgjm jd ‑aukom‗ ovjgcs

tai kjst cgs`rgkgmotgjm omc ro`gsk:‗. @hiorhy om ixpomsgvi cidgmgtgjm wag`a gm`hucis os komycgddirimt lgmcs jd pijphi os pjssgnhi, omc gm ky jpgmgjm, tai nist cidgmgtgjm gs ‑taot wgta aukom

CMO‗ (gt ohsj siiks tai kjst brjumcic gm riohgty). Sags cidgmgtgjm jd ‑aukom‗ sits o nrjocir

rombi djr ovjgcgmb gkkjrohgty obogmst nigmbs jd ohh motgjmohgtgis, rihgbgjms, it`. Nut way sajuhc

wi cisgri o wjrhc taot ovjgcs gkkjrohgty (os umovjgconhy cidgmic gm o portg`uhor woy): Ajw cjwi lmjw taot gs jnfi`tgvihy nist: Ri cjm‗t, nut gd taot gs tai wjrhc wi ci`gci wi womt, taot gs

bjjc imjuba. Raot gd wi ci`gci pjjrhy: Saim wi nittir ocfust. Rghh pijphi suddir gd wi aovi tj

ocfust: Wis, nut ot hiost tai suddirgmb wjm‗t ni o wosti. 

TG 

Ni`ousi wi kust `ajjsi cidgmgtgjms omc cidgmi taik jursihvis, o`ts wag`a s`gim`i,stucgis, it`., `ommjt cj gm jur pho`i, paghjsjpay omc tai aukomgtgis sajuhcm‗t ni riocghy

cgskgssic os G dior taiy jdtim ori gm tjcoy‗s kota omc s`gim`i dj`usic wjrhc. Ri kust hiorm tj

tagml, omc wi kust hiorm tj tagml onstro`thy, mjt fust omohytg`ohhy (wi kust tagml gm tirks jd ‑agbajrcir `jkphixgty‗, mjt fust ‑hjw jrcir `jkphixgty‗, os cgs`ussic gm ‘Ixpirgim`gmb Sagmlgmb‛ ny

J.B. ^jsi). Mj kitajc `om ripho`i tai aukom ihikimt6 wi try aorc tj ni purihy jnfi`tgvi, nut

sunfi`tgvgty `ommjt ni imtgrihy rikjvic. Omc G dior jur ridusoh tj ockgt taot sunfi`tgvgty gs

gmis`oponhi aos risuhtic gm us ‑pritimcgmb hgli gt gsm‗t tairi‗ gm kjcirm cinoti omc cgs`ussgjm(tajuba taot gsm‗t tj soy wi cjm‗t jdtim o``usi tajsi wi cgsobrii wgta jd ‑mjt nigmb jnfi`tgvi‗). 

Cidgmgtgjm, omc sj sunfi`tgvgty, pri`icis ivgcim`i, ivim gd truhy jnfi`tgvi, mj kottir ajw

aorc wi try6 sunfi`tgvgty ohwoys drokis jnfi`tgvgty. Ivgcim`i `om mivir bit ‑niagmc‗ cidgmgtgjm(os nigmb `om mivir bit ‑niagmc‗ nigmb gmtj Nigmb, tj ohhuci tj Aigcibbir). Ivim gd wi cj droki

jnfi`tgvgty gm jnfi`tgvgty, wi `ommjt lmjw wi‗vi cjmi sj (o sjrt jd Bôcih porocjx). ^iborchiss

ajw ikpgrg`oh wi kgbat ni, wi `ommjt ni ikpgrg`oh onjut tai vgiwpjgmt tarjuba wag`a wi siiikpgrg`ohhy ‐  wi `ommjt ni ‑jnfi`tgvi‗ onjut tai sunfi`tgvgty ‑niagmc‗ jur jnfi`tgvgty ‐  omc gd wi

cjm‗t hiorm ajw tj tagml onstro`thy omc paghjsjpag`ohhy, wi wghh toli up o pjjr pirspi`tgvi omc

mjt ivim lmjw wi‗vi cjmi sj. Djr gd wi ori usgmb ivgcim`i ‑obogmst @opgtohgsk‗ obogmst taot

wag`a gsm‗t o`tuohhy @opgtohgsk jr gd wi‗ri usgmb ivgcim`i taot cjism‗t dum`tgjm hgli wi tagml gtcjis, ajw `om wi lmjw wi ori cjgmb sj: Jur drokiwjrl bgvis us mj simsi taot wi o`t wrjmbhy,

os o ho`l jd `rgtg`oh tagmlgmb `ommjt bgvi us riosjm tj tagml wi ho`l `rgtg`oh tagmlgmb (os ixpomcic

jm gm ‘Jm @rgtg`oh Sagmlgmb‛ ny J.B. ^jsi). Omc sj wgtajut onstro`t, `rgtg`oh, omc paghjsjpag`oh

tajubat, wi wjm‗t riohgzi taot wi gkpici `gvgh cgs`jursi, tagmlgmb rotair taot wi occ jnfi`tgvgtytj gt, irrjmijushy.

O sj`gity duhh jd stucgis, pjhhs, omc stotgstg`s taot ho`ls onstro`t tajubat wghh siik

gm`riosgmbhy jnfi`tgvi, omc yit taot ‑oppiorom`i jd jnfi`tgvgty‗ wghh piraops nhgmc gt drjk taiirjsgjm jd trui tajubat. Nhgmcic ny om ‑oppiorom`i jd jnfi`tgvgty‗, tai gcio taot jnfi`tgvgty gs

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 8/9

hj`otic wgtagm sunfi`tgvgty ‐  taot jur kitajcs tj bit ‑niagmc‗ sunfi`tgvgty ori taiksihvis

gmis`oponhy sunfi`tgvi ‐  wghh siik ‑jnfi`tgvihy dohsi‗, omc yit taot diihgmb gtsihd wghh ni hj`otic

wgtagm sunfi`tgvgty. Gd wi cjm‗t o``ipt tags aorc truta, ku`a `gvgh cgs`jursi omc orbukimtotgjmwghh `jmtgmui tj ni wostic omc ‑cidgmic jut jd‗ kiomgmb omc usi.

Jur wjrhc gs jnsissic wgta ‑sajwgmb tai coto‗ omc cgs`jumtgmb ‑omi`cjtoh ivgcim`i‗, omc

tairi gs hibgtgko`y tj tags, nut G dior wi dogh tj riohgzi taot ohh coto gs sgtuotic wgtagm ‑taiomi`cjtoh‗, pir si. Wju `om jmhy lmjw tai vohgcgty jd o taijry drjk ixpirgim`i, wag`a `ommjt ni`jmdgrkic ny s`gimtgdg` kitajc6 ixpirgim`i gs omi`cjtoh, omc sj tai vohgcgty `jkis omi`cjtohhy

(omi`cjtoh ivgcim`i `om ni gmstom`is jd riohgty portg`gpotgmb gm o taijry). Sarjwgmb jut tai

omi`cjtoh gs tj tarjw jut tai portg`uhorgtgis mi`issory tj citirkgmi ‑waot wjrls‗. Sj tarjw juttai aukom ihikimt gs tj tarjw jut waot wi `om mivir rikjvi6 gt gs tj ci`igvi jursihvis, omc

sgkuhtomijushy koli us hiss iqugppic tj tagml omc cgs`uss gm o Uhurohgstg` Obi. Jur iddjrts tj

truhy sii tai wjrhc ori tai viry iddjrts taot koli tai wjrhc hiss onhi tj ni siim.

7/21/2019 Defining Evidence by O.G. Rose

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/defining-evidence-by-og-rose 9/9

Occgtgjms

?.  Ptucgis bgvi om oppiorom`i jd tihhgmb us kjri taom taiy cj, jd prjvgcgmb `irtogmty waim taiy prjvgci pjssgnghgty, jd

spiolgmb umgvirsohgty waim taiy aorchy ivim spiol spi`gdg`ohhy.

>.  Ivgcim`i cjis mjt ‑wior jm gts do`i‗ tai rgbat cidgmgtgjm jd tai `osi gt gs tj ni ‑tjworc‗ (tajuba gt jdtim strglis us os gd gtcjis, tai cidgmgtgjm ohriocy nigmb sit gm jur kgmcs).

0.  Sai okjumt jd gmdhotgjm gm o systik, punhg` sotgsdo`tgjm wgta bjvirmkimt, tai muknir jd umaoppy korrgobis, it`. ‐  ohh

jd tags `om ni koci tj hjjl os gd taiy ori gkprjvgmb jr dohhgmb oport ny sgkphy sagdtgmb o cidgmgtgjm.

J.B. ^jsi3-?9-?9