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Presentation by
���������������� �������������������������������� ����������������Addl Controller of Civil Defence,
Brihan Mumbai
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A serious disruption of the functioning of a society
causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the
ability of the affected society to cope using its own
resources
����������������������������������������
defines disaster as the occurrence of a sudden or major misfortune which
disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society
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2
TYPE OF DISASTERSWater and Climate related
Geologically related
Accident related
Chemical, Industrial
& Nuclear related
Biologically related
Last three categories are also called as
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LOW YIELD HIGH YIELD
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CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
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� Low Yield
Weapons
� High Yield
Weapons
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CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
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CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS
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Nerve Gases����!�!�����1���/���!�!�����5���!2�������!������!����������!6�
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Blister Gases����!�!�����5���!��������!����
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Choking Gases� ��5���!��������!�!����
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Tear Agents� ���!�!�����5���!��!����
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&2 %����/������,2 ���/������32 %����/�����/������
42 �����/ ���/*������
5
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Nose Gases� 1������!������������!2� #�!���!�����������"���!��2
� )��!����!������!������!�2
&2 #��������� )����!��8#2�29
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Biological Agents Biological Agent Characteristics
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Biological Agent Characteristics
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Bacteria Viruses Toxins
Biological Warfare Agents
6
�����"��
Anthrax Plague
Incubation period
1-7 days 2-3 days
Mortality 80-90% 90-100%
Contagious NOYES (Pneumonic )
NO (Bubonic)
Other Forms spores
Very resilient
&�"'���
SmallpoxViral Fevers
HemorrhagicIncubation period 10-12 days 3-21 days
Mortality 30% Up to 90%
Contagious YES YES (Ebola)
Other Considerederadicated
Weaponizationdifficult
ToxinsRicin Botulinum
Incubation period 1-7 days 1-3 days
Mortality Very HighDepends on
Detection
5 – 60 %Low if canrespirate
Contagious NO NO
Other No antidote
���������
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)"��*%���+��������
EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
� LIGHT - 15%
� HEAT - 20%
� BLAST - 45%
� RADIATION - 20%
LIGHT EFFECT
� TOTAL BLINDNESS- UPTO ½ KM.
� TEMPORARY BLINDNESS- ½ TO 1
KMS.
7
HEAT EFFECT
� FIRE BALL OF 1 TO 1.2 MILLION ‘ C - UPTO 1.6 KMS.
� TEMPERATURE BT. 30,000 & 50,000 ‘C
- 1.6 TO 4 KMS.
HEAT EFFECT
� 3rd Degree Burns- Upto 1.6 Kms.
� 2nd Degree Burns - 1.6 To 4 Kms.
� 1st Degree Burns - 4 To 6 Kms.
BLAST EFFECT
PRESSURE WAVE
H.E.Bomb - 0.005 sec
N. Weapon ( 20KT) - 0.7 sec
N. Weapon ( 1MT) - 5.0 sec
BLAST EFFECT
SUCTION WAVE
H.E.Bomb -- 0.025 sec
N. Weapon ( 20KT) – 3.5 sec
N. Weapon ( 1MT) – 25 sec
BLAST EFFECT
� Total Destruction - Upto 1kms.
� Heavy Debris - 1 to 1.5 kms.
� Medium Debris - 1.5 to 3.5 kms.(Only un-screened Bldgs.)
� Mixed debris - 3.5 to 6 kms
RADIATION EFFECT
� INITIAL Radiation --Occurring within 1 Minute.
� RESIDUAL Radiation --Occurring after 1 Minute.
8
� Weapons of Mass Destruction cause substantial terror, unprecedented, loss of
human lives & prolonged suffering, large scale destruction of property, disruption of society/ Government and degradation of
environment, to serve the purpose of terrorists wishing to make their presence felt.� Weapons of Mass Destruction can be
Nuclear, Biological or Chemical.
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The next best alternative with the terrorists could be Biological Weapons.State sponsors of terrorism possess these material and may make them available to terrorist groups.
�����+,
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Terrorism is the threat or use of violence, often against the civilian
population, to achieve political ends. Terrorism involves activities such as assassinations, bombings, random
killings, hijackings, and skyjackings. Terrorism reaches back to at least to
the first century A.D. and has occurred throughout history.
#�� �����%����(��-�
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9
&.�# ����*+,��������
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/ Aimed towards higher fatalities
/ Committed for immediate effects
/ Backed by self-motivated interests.
/ Cheap mode for a nation to commit acts of aggression with less fear of retaliation
� Security Forces - Headquarters, Camps, Communication Centres, & Logistics
Depots� Major Government establishments.� Railways (underground system ) Bus
terminals, underground Shopping Malls, other crowded areas in Metropolitan cities.
� Airports, Naval ports/ Harbors.� Satellite Control Ground Stations.
�������������������
� Pilgrimage spots.� Strategic bottlenecks like the
Salinger corridor, Chicken Neck, & Animal Tunnel in J & K.� Nuclear establishments.� Major strategic Industrial
complexes.
�������������������
¥ Making or stealing of a Nuclear Weapon & its detonation - Improvised Nuclear
Device (IND) - worst case scenario¥ Making or stealing of a Nuclear Weapon
for blackmail - worst case scenario¥ Damaging a Nuclear Plant through attack
with explosives or technical sabotage to engineer radioactive release. Attack on a Nuclear Weapon storage site.
¥ Takeover of Nuclear Weapons or of a Nuclear Plant for blackmail .
����������� ��������������������
10
¥ Theft of special nuclear materials for blackmail, or radioactive release
through Radioactivity Dispersal Devices ( REDs)¥ An attack or hijacking of a transporter of radio active materials or waste.¥ Release of a chemical agent in aerosol form (nerve or mustard gas ) in a confined space.¥ Release of biological vectors into the
atmosphere in aerosol from.
����������� ��������������������
¥ Dispersal of infected hospital materials.
¥ Release of infected vectors in populated areas in the form of diseased dead
animals
¥ Poisoning of water supply of a major city with toxic radioactive materials, biological
agents or toxins.
����������� ��������������������
¥ Poisoning of food and water of VIPs in a similar manner.
¥ Dispersal of WMD substances as insecticide spray on crops
either manually or by aircraft.
����������� ��������������������
� ��������������� ����������������� ����������������� ����������������� ��
������ ���������� ���������� ���������� ����
� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������
� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������
� �������������� � ���������������� � ���������������� � ���������������� � ��
11
�Focus on key issues
�Consideration of vulnerability issues
�Integration into development
�Assurance of community involvement
�Accommodation into local conditions
� Incorporation in all spheres of Goverment
� Legitimacy
� Flexibility and adaptability
� Efficiency and Effectiveness
% �!����!���(�' �!����!���(�' �!����!���(�' �!����!���(�' for accurate damage assessment
% Special team for ���"���!�����'����"���!�����'����"���!�����'����"���!�����'� of victims. Provision of an Specialist First-
Aid mechanism & transportation of the victims.
% Effective ��!�"���!����"��!����!��!�"���!����"��!����!��!�"���!����"��!����!��!�"���!����"��!����! of all services at the operations area.
% Arranging for clearance of ��!��)�!������!��)�!������!��)�!������!��)�!����
��*"����*"����*"����*"��
GENERAL MEASURES
Detection of source of Radiation & Contaminated area.
Establishment of Radioactive perimeter & of safe area for evacuation of victims.
Steps to contain spread of radioactivity, & Decontamination of affected areas.
Medical counter measures to radioactivity affected victims.
���� �����!�"�#�"�$��� "%�������!��
�Provision of uncontaminated food, water, and
clothing to affected victims.�
Protective clothing & radiation monitoring of Rescuers & their equipment.
�Monitoring of wind pattern and anticipated
spread of radioactivity to warn & advice the public for Do’s and Don’ts.
�Media management to defuse panic.
���� �����!�"�#�"�$��� "%�������!��
�Scene control / establishment of perimeter(s).
�Product & antidote identification
�Pre-entry examination and donning of Protective clothing and eqpt.
�Establishment of a decontamination area.
Measures specific to a Chemicaland Biological Weapon Release
12
Entry planning/ preparation of equipment.
Containment of spill / release.Neutralisation of spill / release.
Decontamination of victims / Rescuers.
Evacuation of casualties on priority.
Biological Virus care.Hospital / Expert consultation.
Measures specific to a Chemicaland Biological Weapon Release
Transport of patients to appropriate hospitals.
Post-entry evaluation and examination of Rescuers / equipment.
Complete sterilisation of the release & collection of collection of evidence.
Final clean-up by responsible experts.Record keeping /after-action reports.Complete analysis of actions for lessons
learnt to revise the action plan .
Measures specific to aChemical and Biological Weapon Release
� �������������������
� ����������������������� ������� ����������������
�������� ������������ �������������������
������������������ ��������������������������
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Additional measures specific toBiological Weapon Release
��������!����+,"�������!
�Time Source Result Dose
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
1 meter 1 meter
Dose RateSource�Distance
�Shielding
PAPER LEAD
Emergency Mass Casualty Decontamination Procedures
�.��!����!��������
�Handlines, Fog Nozzles
�Direct Victims Through Corridor
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13
����������������++++,"�������!,"�������!,"�������!,"�������!Greater Hazard
LevelA
LevelB
LevelC
LevelD
BunkerGear?
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Decontamination Procedures
.�&�.�&�.�&�.�&�
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1. Air Raid Warning - �� - by Sirens / on Radio / T.V.
2. �!�������!��������" at Civil DefenceMain Control Centre to compile information on /�����"��!�����!�
prevailing in the town.
3. ����"���������"���������"���������"����� - Report shall be received from Civil Defence Wardens / Public / D.A.E. / Meteorological Dept.
������ �
4) Civil Defence Control Centre to identify the �����0��������0��������0��������0��� on the map and area likely to affected by Fall-out / Gas, including the plume path.
5) Immediately ���+ �1�1�1� are marked on the map for 23-�/�� �!��4$)54627$)54687$)�!�267$)
�����!��5 unless otherwise advised by D.A.E.
6) Area likely to be covered is ��#���� into ��#�����#�! zones.
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14
7) Civil Defence Control Room nominates �������"��!���)�!�
������"� ( 1 per zone )
8) Nearest Civil Defence Control Centre is directed to assume charge.
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.�&��������.
�����������������,�������
��,�����,��
�����+ � OPERATIONS IN SAFER ZONEBEYOND 2.5 KM
TO COMMENCE IMMEDIATELY AFTER BLAST.
�����+ �� OPERATIONS IN BAND - D AREA( 2.5 TO 1.75 KM )
(AFTER ABOUT 60 MINUTES)
����������@@ ������ OPERATIONS IN BAND - C AREA( 1.75 TO 1.25 KM)
AFTER ABOUT 7 DAYS
�����+ �& OPERATIONS IN BAND - B AREA (1.25 TO 1 K.M.)
AFTER ABOUT 14 DAYS
GROUND ZERO�����+& OPERATIONS IN BAND - A AREA
(LESS THAN 1 KM. )AFTER ABOUR 21 DAYS
��9�!���A:4B8C<
A Middle East Terrorist group poisoned Israeli oranges.
��!��"�DA:4B8B<
Release of 4 mg killed 400, and caused medical problems to 1200 in Former - USSR���*'! A:4BC3+4BC?)
Iran & Iraq War .��"#����A:4BB>E����!�!4BB7<
Aum Shrinkyo, a religious cult, attacked Tokyo Subway stations.
�����')+���������#�A:4BB7<
Placed by Chechen rebels in Moscow.
INDONESIA
RUSSIA
MONGOLIA
CHINA
KAZAKHASTAN
INDIASAUDIARABIA
IRAN
PAKISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
IRAQ
SYRIA
BURMA
NEPAL
YEMEN
OMAN
JORDAN
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
BHUTAN
BANGLADESH
VIETNAM
CAMBODIA
LAOS
THAILAND PHILIPPINES
MALAYSIA
JAPAN
SOUTHKOREA
NORTH KOREA
PAPUANEW GUINEA
AZERBAIJAN
SRILANKA
TAIWANHONG KONG
SINGAPORE
August, 1998 Pakistan had taken steps to produce Mustard and Nerve Gas.
Some reports also indicated possession of GasMasks by Pakistan troops.
Pakistan has a long tradition of illegal/ clandestinetransactions related to nuclear capabilities.
Following the breakup of Soviet Union, Pakistan attempted to acquire nuclear technology from the Soviet Republics. 10 lead containers of Strontium-90 were seized at the Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan border, in April,2000.
16
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� Al Qaeda –a group of Osama-Bin Laden
� Lashkar-e-Toiba� Hizbul Mujahideen� Harakat-ul-Ansar� Harket-ul-Mujahideen� Al-Badr� Tehrik-ul-Mujahideen� Jaish-e-Muhammad
3�3�3�3�44444�5�5�5�53�3�3�3�44444�5�5�5�53�3�3�3�44444�5�5�5�53�3�3�3�44444�5�5�5�5
WASHINGTON (Reuters) 4th December,02-Osama-bin Laden, chief suspect in the Sept.11 suicide plane attacks on the United States, may be closer than first thought to developing a crude nuclear, weapons. The Washington Post reported fear that Osama-bin Laden’s Al Qaeda network might be close to developing a ��"�9*�)* was a factor in the United States’ decision to issue a warning of possible attacks.
333444333444333444333444 ���%�������+�Bin Laden May Be Close to Nuclear Weapon
Œ Intelligence in-puts also indicate that Osama-Bin-Laden has established facilities to manufacture Chemical weapons in Afghanistan for use byJEHADI GROUPS.
Œ Yusuf Ramzi, a Pak national, who engineered the earlier bombing at World Trade Centre was looking for radioactive isotopes and waste to add to the explosive device.
Œ In 1987 the former Advisor to the Russian President disclosed that a number of Nuclear Suitcase Bombs developed for KGB were missing from the Russian Nuclear arsenal.
333444 ���%�������+�
�++�+�����%��������
17
CAN YOU PREDICT ?