Defense Integration in Europe:Enhancing Europe’s Defense

Capabilities for New Missions

The Hague, December 14, 2005

Michèle A. Flournoy Senior Advisor

Center for Strategic and International Studies

AgendaPurposePremisesRecommendations

For European CountriesCountry clusters to address capability shortfallsFor NATOFor the EUFor the EU-NATO relationship

Purpose

To identify tangible ways in which To identify tangible ways in which

European countries – working together European countries – working together

and in conjunction with NATO and the EU and in conjunction with NATO and the EU

-- can create the military capabilities -- can create the military capabilities

needed to support their security strategies needed to support their security strategies

within projected resource constraintswithin projected resource constraints

Premise #1Europe faces new security challenges that Europe faces new security challenges that require new military and civilian capabilitiesrequire new military and civilian capabilities

In light of:In light of:

•TerrorismTerrorism•Proliferation of WMDProliferation of WMD•Regional conflictsRegional conflicts•State failureState failure•Organized crimeOrganized crime

European forces must be:European forces must be:

•Deployable out of areaDeployable out of area•SustainableSustainable•Able to conduct multiple Able to conduct multiple simultaneous operationssimultaneous operations•InteroperableInteroperable•AdaptableAdaptable

EU/ECAP NATO/PCC

•Attack Helicopters/Support Helicopters

•Theater Ballistic Missile Defense

•Deployable Communication Modules

•Medical Role 3/Medical Collective Protection Role 3

•Headquarters (OHQ, FHQ, CCHQs)

•Carrier Based Air Power

•Strategic ISR IMINT Collection

•Early Warning and Distant Detection Strategic Level

•Combat Search and Rescue

•Deployable combat support and combat service support units.

•Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Protection•Strategic Air and Sea Lift

•Air-to-Air Refueling

•Combat Effectiveness, including Precision Guided Munitions and Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

•Unmanned Air Vehicles

•Surveillance and Target Acquisition units

•Command, Control and Communications

•Air-to-Ground Surveillance

•Special Operations Forces

AREAS OF OVERLAP

European Defense Capability Shortfalls

Premise #2

Given projected resource constraints, Given projected resource constraints, Europe cannot meet emerging military Europe cannot meet emerging military requirements unless it pursues greater requirements unless it pursues greater defense integrationdefense integration

Future Resource ConstraintsFuture Public Benefits to the Elderly, as a % of GDP

Source: CSIS Global Ageing Initiative

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2040

What is Defense Integration?

Coordinating the efforts of individual European countries, the EU, and NATO to create an enhanced set of collective defense capabilities and supporting processes to meet Europe’s future security needs.

Defense Integration Strategies

Develop compatible visions of Develop compatible visions of requirements, roles and responsibilitiesrequirements, roles and responsibilities

Cooperative research and procurementCooperative research and procurement Pool resources to field multinational Pool resources to field multinational

capabilities/units, share infrastructurecapabilities/units, share infrastructure National development of specialized National development of specialized

capabilitiescapabilities

Premise #3

European defense integration is in the European defense integration is in the interests of both sides of the Atlanticinterests of both sides of the Atlantic In Europe’s interest to have military In Europe’s interest to have military

capabilities needed to implement its capabilities needed to implement its strategy, strengthen diplomacystrategy, strengthen diplomacy

In United States’ interest to have Europe In United States’ interest to have Europe as a more capable partner as a more capable partner

Individual Countries

Recommendations for Individual Nations

Forge complementary transformation visions and Forge complementary transformation visions and plans through NATO and EUplans through NATO and EU Enhance transparency, collaborationEnhance transparency, collaboration

Aim to spend no more than 40% of defense Aim to spend no more than 40% of defense budgets on personnel and 25% on modernizationbudgets on personnel and 25% on modernization

Eliminate or transform conscriptionsEliminate or transform conscriptions Redesign home guard and territorial defense Redesign home guard and territorial defense

forces to be more cost effective forces to be more cost effective Reinvest savings in capability enhancementReinvest savings in capability enhancement Stabilize defense spending via five-year plans and Stabilize defense spending via five-year plans and

budgetsbudgets

Recommendations for Individual Nations II

Create incentives for military officers to gain Create incentives for military officers to gain combined operations/unit experiencecombined operations/unit experience

Forge service partnerships across national Forge service partnerships across national boundariesboundaries

Pool broader range of capability areas and Pool broader range of capability areas and accelerate pooling of infrastructure and logisticsaccelerate pooling of infrastructure and logistics

Form ‘core capability groups’ to develop niche Form ‘core capability groups’ to develop niche capabilities and ensure depth of capabilitycapabilities and ensure depth of capability

Develop “country clusters” to address critical Develop “country clusters” to address critical capability shortfallscapability shortfalls

“Country Cluster” Methodology

Identify critical capability shortfalls that have not Identify critical capability shortfalls that have not been adequately addressedbeen adequately addressed

For each area, identify cluster of countries with For each area, identify cluster of countries with comparative advantagecomparative advantage Operational capability/experienceOperational capability/experience National level of ambitionNational level of ambition Political leadershipPolitical leadership Historical or political-military tiesHistorical or political-military ties Relevant industrial capacity/expertiseRelevant industrial capacity/expertise

Determine best institutional context(s) for taking Determine best institutional context(s) for taking actionaction

Capability Areas Examined Strategic sealiftStrategic sealift Strategic airliftStrategic airlift Air-to-air refuelingAir-to-air refueling Deployable logisticsDeployable logistics C4ISRC4ISR

AGS, Space, or UAVsAGS, Space, or UAVs CBRN defenseCBRN defense Precision munitionsPrecision munitions Special OperationsSpecial Operations Deployable follow-on forcesDeployable follow-on forces

NATO

NATO Recommendations

Rethink 1999 Strategic Concept Overhaul and integrate defense

planning process Leverage ACT as European center of

gravity for requirements definition and force planning

Give ACT lead for reinvigorating PCC

NATO Recommendations II

Strengthen NRF with greater focus on key enablers and enhanced U.S. participation

Enhance NATO capabilities for stabilization and reconstruction operations

Create a common fund for NATO operations

Transform NATO headquarters.

European Union

EU Recommendations

Accelerate Comprehensive Capabilities Accelerate Comprehensive Capabilities Development ProcessDevelopment Process

Reinvigorate ECAP within EDAReinvigorate ECAP within EDA Empower EDA to do more than coordinateEmpower EDA to do more than coordinate

Develop close collaboration with ACTDevelop close collaboration with ACT Give EDA a large research and Give EDA a large research and

technology budgettechnology budget

EU Recommendations II Strengthen BattlegroupsStrengthen Battlegroups

Assess quality / readiness of forces committedAssess quality / readiness of forces committed Conduct joint training exercisesConduct joint training exercises Develop maritime and air BattlegroupsDevelop maritime and air Battlegroups

Expand common fund for operationsExpand common fund for operations Enhance civilian capabilitiesEnhance civilian capabilities Expand Structured CooperationExpand Structured Cooperation

Enable members with greatest interest and Enable members with greatest interest and capabilities to pursue greater levels of capabilities to pursue greater levels of cooperation with EU framework cooperation with EU framework

EU – NATO

EU-NATO Recommendations Expand and deepen EU-NATO strategic Expand and deepen EU-NATO strategic

dialoguedialogue Cooperate on defense planningCooperate on defense planning

Establish close cooperation between ACT and Establish close cooperation between ACT and EDA to develop common tools, metricsEDA to develop common tools, metrics

Strengthen PCC/ECAP linksStrengthen PCC/ECAP links Redouble efforts to solve information Redouble efforts to solve information

sharing problemssharing problems

EU-NATO Recommendations II De-conflict force commitmentsDe-conflict force commitments

Hold periodic force commitment review Hold periodic force commitment review conferencesconferences

Designate DSACEUR as ‘strategic Designate DSACEUR as ‘strategic coordinator’coordinator’

Consolidate coordination cellsConsolidate coordination cells Create a Berlin Plus in reverse Create a Berlin Plus in reverse

Bottom Line

Substantial gap between Europe’s security and Substantial gap between Europe’s security and capabilities capabilities Current initiatives inadequateCurrent initiatives inadequate

Defense budgets generally flat or in declineDefense budgets generally flat or in decline Requires a more integrated approach to defense Requires a more integrated approach to defense

planning and investmentplanning and investment Compatible visions of requirements, roles and Compatible visions of requirements, roles and

responsibilitiesresponsibilities Pooling of capabilities and infrastructurePooling of capabilities and infrastructure National specialized capabilitiesNational specialized capabilities

Your thoughts and questions?