Defence Research and Development Canada Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada (CRTI Project: 07-0179RD) Explosive Vapors Standoff Detector

Defence Research andDevelopment Canada

Recherche et développementpour la défense Canada Canada

(CRTI Project: 07-0179RD) Explosive Vapors Standoff Detector – Multi-Option Differential

Detection and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer (MoDDIFS)

J.-M. Thériault, E. Puckrin, H. Lavoie, F. Bouffard and S. Désilets DRDC Valcartier

Pierre Caron, PM - Public Safety Canada

Public Security S&T Summer Symposium 2009Ottawa, June 16-18, 2009

Defence R&D Canada – Valcartier • R & D pour la défense Canada – Valcartier

CRTI Project: 07-0179RD Explosive Vapors Stand-off Detector

MoDDIFS* Project

• Needs:

– Crime Prevention associated with Illicit Products Fabrication by Clandestine Laboratory

• Project Objectives:

– To develop leading edge Infrared (IR) hyperspectral methods and sensing technology and optimize it for the standoff detection of explosive vapors and precursors.

* MoDDIFS: Multi-options Differential Detection and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer


Outline of Presentation

Introduction: Passive Standoff Detection of CWA Vapours:

• Differential detection approach

• CATSI* and CATSI EDM

Passive Standoff Detection of Explosives and Precursors:

• Differential and imaging approach

• MoDDIFS sensor project

• Spectral signatures of explosives and precursors

• Option-1 for vapours

• Option-2 for liquids and solids

*CATSI – Compact Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer


Direct vs Differential Detection

• Difficult Problem ?

– Atmosphere Emission

– Background emission

– Implies large clutter/signal ratio

0

2 10-6

4 10-6

6 10-6

0

2 10-6

4 10-6

6 10-6

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

Wavenumber (cm-1)

Lgas

Lclear

L

Slant Path

Differential Approach

IR Spectroscopy

Direct Approach

IR

IR Hyperspectral SensingLWIR (7-13 m)


Differential FTIR Spectroscopy with CATSI*

* CATSI - Compact ATmospheric Sounding Interferometer

Ref FOV

Target FOV

Cloud

• Novel Sensing Approach

– Double-beam FTIR Spectroscopy

– Optimized for real-time background suppression

• Milestones

– Develop CATSI instrument (1996-2000)

– Detection algorithm (1998-2007)

– Int`l Trials: Short (0.1 km), mid (1.5 km) and long (5.7 km) ranges (1998-2004) IR Hyperspectral Sensing

LWIR (7-13 m)


IR Signatures of CWAs:


Differential Detection Sensor Development: CATSI Engineering Development Model

CATSI EDM

• Development: 2005-2009

• Militarized for CF

• Milestone (Sep 2008):

– Autonomous detection of CWA simulants at 3 and 5 Km ranges


CRTI Project: 07-0179RD CATSI Imager: MoDDIFS*

(New Generation)

Program: CBRNE Research and Technology Initiative (CRTI)

Project Objectives:-Standoff detection and identification of illicit products fabrication

-Primary: Explosives and Precursors-Parallel: CWAs, Drugs, IEDs

Partners/End Users :- Defense R&D Canada- Public Safety Canada- Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) - HAZMAT Division - Montreal - Montreal Port Authority - Port of Montreal- Montreal Advisory Committee on Antiterrorism - Industries: Telops, AEREX

Start-End: 07/08 to 2011 Gas Detection

MoDDIFS(CATSI Imager)

* MoDDIFS: Multi-Options Differential Detection and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer

??


High Spatial Resolution Recording: Strategy

MODDIFSCATSI

0.33SNR

m300 m300

Adet=1mm Adet= 0.03 mmDTel= 12 in. DTel= 12 in.

1OSNR A)

Aplume=10 cm Aplume=10 cm

B)

ACETONE

CATSI10 cm

AreaDetector

AreaTargetSNR


Explosives and their Precursors

Compounds Material Class Detectable Phase PotentialDetection

DetectionScenarios

Spectral Signature

TATP Explosive Vapor/Solid YES* Leak/Spill YES

HMTD Explosive Vapor/Solid MAYBE # Leak/Spill To be determined

NG Explosive Vapor/Liquid MAYBE # Leak/Spill To be determined

EGDN Explosive Vapor/Liquid MAYBE # Leak/Spill To be determined

TNT Explosive Solid YES* Spill YES

RDX Explosive Solid YES* Spill YES

PETN Explosive Solid YES* Spill YES

AN-FO Explosive Solid ? Spill NO

Chlorates** Explosive Solid MAYBE* Spill YES

Nitric acid Precursor Vapor/Liquid YES* Leak/Spill YES

Hydrogen peroxide Precursor Vapor/Liquid YES* Leak/Spill YES

Acetone Precursor Vapor YES* Leak/Spill YES

Hexamine Precursor Powder LIKELY* Spill YES

Glycerine Precursor Liquid LIKELY Spill YES

Ethylene glycol Precursor Liquid/Vapor LIKELY Leak/Spill YES

Ethylene oxide Precursor Vapor LIKELY Leak/Spill YES

Diesel fuel Precursor Liquid No in LWIR LeakMaybe In 3-5 micron band

MEKP Explosive Vapor/Liquid YES Leak/Spill YES


Ab

sorb

ance

(n

orm

aliz

ed)

Wavenumber (cm-1)

600 800 1000 1200 1400

Hydrogen PeroxideNitric Acid Acetone TATP

Gas Signatures

Detection Scenarios:

leaking windowsleaking doorschimneys, vents


500 mL acetonein fumehood


- 22 Aug 2007- 500 mL acetone in glass container in fume hood-Detection @ 100 m with vent on low

Acetone


Experiment-1

Garden shed venting acetone & HNO3


MoDDIFS Option-1: Long Range for Vapours

• Main optical specifications: Telops (main Contractor)

FOV 1

FOV 2

2.8 x FOV width

Parameter Units ValueWorking distance m 50 to >1000Effective Focal length mm 150FPA Window Size pixel x pixel 84 x 84iFOV mrad 0.20 (10 cm @ 500 m)FOVs (horiz. x vert.) mrad x mrad 16.8 x 16.8ΔFOVcenter-center mrad 47.0

Vignetting/Obscuration - none


Solid Signatures

Wavenumber (cm-1)

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

Refle

cta

nce

(arb

. u

nits)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4hexamine (Hexamethylenetetraamine) sodium chlorate RDX TNT PETN


MoDDIFS Option-2: Polarization for Liquids and solids

Parameter Units ValueWorking distance m 5 to ≥ 20FPA Window Size pixel x pixel 84 x 84iFOV mrad 0.1FOVs (horiz. x vert.) mrad x mrad 8.4 x 8.4ΔFOVcenter-center mrad 0 (none)

Vignetting/Obscuration % ~20%

• Main optical specifications: Telops (main Contractor)

FOV


1. PHASE I – Spectral Signatures : Identification of the IR spectral signatures of explosive and their precursors. (completed June 09)

2. PHASE II – System Specifications and Prototype Construction: Development of system specifications, detection algorithm and construction of the MoDDIFS prototype. (completed Aug 2010)

3. PHASE III – System Validation and Testing: Verify, validate, optimize the MoDDIFS prototype through

• laboratory experimentations

• open air trials under realistic scenarios recommended by end users. (completed - July 2011)

CRTI Project: 07-0179RD Project Summary / Phases


Potential Applications for Detection & Identification MoDDIFS

??

?

Vapours (2nd generation)TICs

Illicit explosive and drug fabrication

Liquid contaminants & spills Surfaces

Vapours (2nd generation)CWA Explosives IEDs

Suicide bomber

Explosives Powders

Liquid aerosols contaminants


Questions ?


Differential Spectroscopic Techniques

Existing and Potential Standoff Explosives Detection Techniques Committee on the Review of Existing and Potential Standoff Explosives Detection Techniques, National Research Council, The National Academies Press, 148 pp., Washington, D.C., 2004 Download free sample PDF : http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10998.html

Important recommendation stated:

“Research in the IR spectral range is needed to study the spectroscopic properties (e.g., thermal emissivity versus wavelength) of human skin, clothing, and other relevant materials. This information might lead to differential spectroscopic techniques that could improve IR imaging for explosive detection”.


Out of phase (180o)

Input 1

Input 2

DRDC Valcartier Approach:Dual Beam FTIR - CATSI

referencetarget

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Documents

Defence Research and Development Canada Recherche et développement pour la défense Canada Canada (CRTI Project: 07-0179RD) Explosive Vapors Standoff Detector