#DeepXcav Users Manual_2011

DeepXcav2011UsersManual

DeepExcavation Page1

USERSMANUALDeepXcavsoftwareprogram(Version2011)

(ParatiePluswithinItaly)

Version1.0Issued:20May2011DeepExcavationLLC

www.deepexcavation.com



TableofContentsCHAPTER1:INTRODUCTIONTODeepXcav...................................................................................................51.1AboutDeepXcav(DeepExcavationEngineeringProgram).................................................................61.2SoftwareCompatibility&Installation.................................................................................................71.3Support&TechnicalAssistance..........................................................................................................71.4EndUserLicenseAgreement..............................................................................................................71.5Whatisnew!.....................................................................................................................................101.6Activatingthesoftware.....................................................................................................................101.6.1Activatingthestandalonelicense.............................................................................................10

1.6.2Activatingthenetworklicense......................................................................................................12CHAPTER2:USINGDeepXcav.....................................................................................................................152.1DeepExcavationsBackground..........................................................................................................162.1.1.Background...............................................................................................................................16

2.1.2.RETAININGSYSTEMSFORDEEPEXCAVATIONS............................................................................172.1.2.A.SoldierPileandLaggingWalls..............................................................................................172.1.2.B.SheetPileWalls.....................................................................................................................192.1.2.C.SecantPileWalls...................................................................................................................202.1.2.D.SoilMixWalls........................................................................................................................212.1.2.E.DiaphragmWalls(SlurrywallsUS)........................................................................................22

2.1.3SUPPORTSYSTEMSFORDEEPEXCAVATION:.................................................................................232.1.3.A.Tiebacks/RockAnchors.........................................................................................................232.1.3.B.Crosslot/InternalBracing.....................................................................................................252.1.3.C.Top/DownConstruction........................................................................................................27

2.2UsingDeepXcav.................................................................................................................................282.3.1DeepXcavToolbarFunctions..........................................................................................................312.3.2WallList,DesignSectionList,andProjectTreeView....................................................................352.4Generalmenu...................................................................................................................................362.5Propertiesmenu...............................................................................................................................482.6Modelmenu......................................................................................................................................592.7Load/Supportmenu..........................................................................................................................67



2.8Seismicmenu....................................................................................................................................712.9Analysismenu...................................................................................................................................752.10SlopeStabilitymenu.......................................................................................................................882.11Stability+menu...............................................................................................................................942.12Designmenu...................................................................................................................................972.13Resultsmenu.................................................................................................................................1002.14Reportmenu.................................................................................................................................1022.15Viewmenu....................................................................................................................................1052.16Optimizemenu..............................................................................................................................1062.17Helpmenu.....................................................................................................................................109

CHAPTER3:DATAENTRY..........................................................................................................................1103.1Dataentry:General.........................................................................................................................1113.2Designcodes...................................................................................................................................1113.3Dataentry:Projectinformation......................................................................................................1183.4Dataentry:SoilData.......................................................................................................................1193.5Dataentry:SoilLayers....................................................................................................................1273.6Dataentry:Water...........................................................................................................................1283.7Dataentry:Walldata......................................................................................................................1293.7.1Dataentry:Wallsections.........................................................................................................1303.7.2Walltype:Soldierpiles.............................................................................................................1353.7.3Walltype:Sheetpiles..............................................................................................................1423.7.4Walltype:Secanttangentpiles.............................................................................................1453.7.5Walltype:Diaphragmwalls(slurrywallsUS)..........................................................................1503.7.6Walltype:Soldierpileandtremiedconcretewalls.................................................................1543.7.7Walltype:Custom....................................................................................................................155

3.8DATAENTRY....................................................................................................................................1573.8.1Dataentry:Tiebacks................................................................................................................1573.8.2Dataentry:Tiebacksections....................................................................................................1583.8.3Dataentry:Helicalanchorsections.........................................................................................163

3.9Dataentry:Strutsections...............................................................................................................1653.10Dataentry:Slabsectionsandslabsupports.................................................................................167



3.11Dataentry:Fixedsupports............................................................................................................1703.12Dataentry:Springs........................................................................................................................1703.13Dataentry:SlopeStability.........................................................................................................1723.13.1SlopeStabilityAnalysis...........................................................................................................1723.13.2Soilnailing..............................................................................................................................184

3.14Dataentry:Walebeams............................................................................................................190CHAPTER4:MODIFYINGMODELS&VIEWINGRESULTS..........................................................................1994.1Modifyingsurfaceelevations..........................................................................................................2004.2Addingsupportsgraphically............................................................................................................2044.3AddingSurchargesGraphically.......................................................................................................2074.4ViewingResultsonMainForm.......................................................................................................2094.5ReportOptions(PrintedReports)...................................................................................................2154.6FootingLoads(3DimensionalLoads).............................................................................................2174.7Buildings&BuildingWizard............................................................................................................219



CHAPTER1:INTRODUCTIONTODeepXcav



1.1AboutDeepXcav(DeepExcavationEngineeringProgram)DeepXcavisauserfriendlyrobustsoftwareprogramthatevaluatesandaidsthedesignofdeepexcavations.Thedesignofdeepexcavationscanbeaverycomplicatedmatter.Thedesignerhastocontentwithmanyunknownsandfactorsthatinfluencethebehavioroftheexcavation.Typically,therearetwosystems inexcavationsthatmustbedesigned:A)theEarthRetentionSystemthatcontainstheearthi.e.thesupportwall(sheetpile,diaphragmwall,etc.),andb)theSupport System (i.e. the internalorexternalbracing such as rakers, struts,or tiebacks) thatsupportstheearthretentionsystem.Performing detailed calculations for both systems can be a very time consuming process,especiallywhenparametershavetobechanged.Inaddition,manycurrentsoftwareprogramsdonotofferan integratedplatformofstructuralandgeotechnicalanalysesrequiredtodesigndeepexcavations.Asa result, thedesigner is forced tousenumerous softwareprograms toanalyze the excavation and the structural system separately.With the exception of finiteelementanalyses,thereareveryfewtheoreticalsolutionsforcalculating lateralsoilpressuresfromcomplexsurfaceprofiles.Furthermore,thedesignerhastosaveunderdifferentfilenamesthe different stages of the same excavation. As a result, the whole process can becomeunnecessarilycomplicatedandtimeconsuming.DeepXcavaddressesmostofthese issuesandprovidesanintegratedstructuralandgeotechnicalplatformfordesigningdeepexcavations.ThecurrentversionofDeepXcavoffersbothtraditionalmethodsofanalysesanddiscretesoilspring solutions. While it is generally accepted that traditional methods of analysis haveobvious limitations inpredicting realbehavioraccurately, theyare important for framing theproblem and providing a backcheck formore rigorous finite elementmethods. Soil springsolutionscangiveabetterapproximationtorealwallbehavior.ThebeautyofDeepXcavisthatitcanperformbothtraditionalandspringanalysessoefficientlythatitleavesthedesignerwithampletimetoperformmoretimeconsumingfiniteelementanalysis.



1.2SoftwareCompatibility&InstallationDeepXcav iscompatiblewithWindows (OS)XP,Vistaand7.Aminimumof380Mbmustbeavailableonyourharddisk.1.3Support&TechnicalAssistanceSupportandtechnicalassistanceforDeepXcavisofferedthroughourwebsiteat:www.deepexcavation.com1.4EndUserLicenseAgreement"TERMSOFUSE/LICENSEAGREEMENT"This legal document is an agreement between you (the end user) and Deep Excavation. BY CONTINUINGWITH/OPENING/DOWNLOADING THIS SOFTWARE PROGRAM, YOUAREAGREEING TOBECOMEBOUNDBY THETERMSOFTHISAGREEMENT,WHICHINCLUDESTHESOFTWARELICENSE,SOFTWAREDISCLAIMEROFWARRANTY,ANDHARDWARELIMITEDWARRANTY"collectivelythe"Agreement".ThisagreementconstitutesthecompleteagreementbetweenyouandDeepExcavation.IFYOUDONOTAGREETOTHETERMSOFTHISAGREEMENT,DONOTCONTINUEWITHTHISSOFTWAREPROGRAM.Promptlyreturnordeletethesoftwareprogram(cdandjewelcase)andotheritemsthatarepartofthisproducttoDeepExcavation,foracompleterefundifapurchasingfeewascharged.DEEPEXCAVATIONENGINEERINGPROGRAM,"SOFTWARELICENSE",APPLICABLETOALLVERSIONSTHELICENCEAPPLIESTOPURCHASHEDANDFREEOFPURCHASEVERSIONSOFTHEDEEPEXCAVATIONSOFTWARE.LICENSE. Inconsiderationofpaymentof theLICENSE fee,which isapartof thepriceyoupaid for thisproduct,DeepExcavation,asLicensorgrantstoyou,theLICENSEE,anonexclusiverighttouseanddisplaythiscopyofDeepExcavationEngineeringProgram,Software (hereinafter referred toas"SOFTWARE"onasingleCOMPUTER (i.e.,



withasingleCPU)atasinglelocation.Any"networking",namelyoperatingthisprogramona"network"isstrictlyforbidden.YouasaLicenseearestrictlyforbiddentooperate,utilize,transfer,distribute,connect,network,linkto,attach, or operate in any manner this software on the internet, worldwide web, via email, any website,networking, anymultimedia device, electronic or otherwise or any form of electronicmediawhatsoever. Thisincludesbut isnot limited to thewrittenmaterials, results,output,or resultinganswersand/orprintedmatterwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofDeepExcavation.DeepExcavationreservesallrightsnotexpresslygrantedtoLICENSEE.SOFTWAREOWNERSHIP.AstheLICENSEE,youownthemagneticorotherphysicalmediaonwhichtheSOFTWAREis originally or subsequently recorded or fixed, however, Deep Excavation retains title and ownership of theSOFTWARErecordedontheoriginaldiskcopy(ies)andanysubsequentcopiesoftheSOFTWARE,regardlessoftheformormedia inoronwhich theoriginalandothercopiesmayexist.This License isnota saleof theoriginalSOFTWAREoranycopythereof.COPY AND/ORMODIFY RESTRICTIONS. All Licensed Products are copyrighted andmay not be further copied,withoutthepriorwrittenapprovalofDeepExcavationexceptthatYoumaymakeonecopyforbackuppurposesprovided You reproduce and include the complete copyright notice, disclaimer, etc., on the backup copy.AnyunauthorizedcopyingisinviolationofthisAgreementandalsoaviolationoftheUnitedStatesCopyrightlaw.Youmay not use, transfer,modify, copy of otherwise reproduce the License Product, or any part of it, except asexpresslypermittedinthisEndUserLicenseAgreement.USERESTRICTIONS.AstheLICENSEE,youmayphysicallytransfertheSOFTWAREfromonecomputertoanotherprovided that the SOFTWARE isusedononlyone computerata time.Youmaynotelectronically transfer theSOFTWARE fromonecomputer toanotheroveranetwork.Youmaynotdistributecopiesof theSOFTWAREoraccompanyingwrittenmaterialstoothers.Youmaynotoperate,utilize,transfer,distribute,connect,network,linkto, attach, or operate in anymanner this software on the internet,worldwide web, via email, any website,networking,anymultimediadevice,electronicorotherwiseoranyformofelectronicmediawhatsoever.Youmaynotmodify,adapt,translate,reverseengineer,decompile,disassemble,orcreatederivativeworksbasedontheSOFTWARE. Inaddition,youmaynotmodify,adapt, translate,orcreatederivativeworksbasedon thewrittenmaterials,results,output,orresultinganswersand/orprintedmatterwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofDeepExcavation.RESTRICTIONS AGAINST TRANSFER. This SOFTWARE is licensed only to you, the LICENSEE, and may not betransferredtoanyonewithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofDEEPEXCAVATION.AnyauthorizedtransfereeoftheSOFTWAREshallbeboundbythetermsandconditionsofthisAgreement. Innoeventmayyoutransfer,assign,copy,rent, lease,sell,ordisposeoftheSOFTWARE inanymanneronatemporaryorpermanentbasisexceptasexpresslyprovidedherein.



TERM.ThisEndUserLicenseAgreement iseffectivefromthedateofpurchasebyYouorgrantingtoyouoftheLicensedProductandshallremaininforceuntilterminated.YoumayterminatethisEndUserLicenseAgreementat any time by destroying the Licensed Product togetherwith any backup copy in any formmade by You orreceivedbyYou.Inaddition,yourrighttousetheLicensedProductwillterminateifYoufailtocomplywithanyofthetermsorconditionsofthisEndUserLicenseAgreement.UponsuchterminationYoushalldestroythecopiesoftheLicensedProductinyourpossession.DISCLAIMEROFWARRANTYANDLIMITEDWARRANTYTHE SOFTWARE ANDACCOMPANYINGWRITTENMATERIALS (INCLUDING RESTRICTIONS FORUSE) IF ANY,AREPROVIDED "AS IS"WITHOUTWARRANTY OF ANY KIND. FURTHER, DEEP EXCAVATION DOES NOTWARRANT,GUARANTEE,ORMAKE ANY REPRESENTATIONS REGARDING THEUSE,OR THE RESULTSOF THISUSE,OF THESOFTWAREORWRITTENMATERIALS IN TERMSOF CORRECTNESS, ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, CURRENTNESS,OROTHERWISE.THEENTIRERISKASTOTHERESULTSANDPERFORMANCEOFTHESOFTWAREISASSUMEDBYYOU.DeepExcavationwarrantstotheoriginalLICENSEE(a)thedisk(s)onwhichtheSOFTWARE isrecordedtobefreefromdefectsinmaterialsandworkmanshipundernormaluseandserviceforaperiodofsixty(60)daysfromthedateofdeliveryasevidencedbyacopyofthereceipt.Inaddition,DeepExcavationherebylimitsthedurationofanyimpliedwarranty(ies)onthediskorsuchhardwaretotherespectiveperiodstatedabove.Deep Excavation's entire liability and your exclusive remedy as to the disk(s) or hardware shall be, at DeepExcavation'soption,either(1)returnofthepurchasepriceor(2)replacementofthediskorhardwarethatdoesnotmeetDeepExcavation'sLimitedWarrantyandwhichisreturnedtoDeepExcavationwithacopyofthereceipt.Iffailureofthediskorhardwarehasresultedfromaccident,abuseormisapplication,DeepExcavationshallhavenoresponsibilitytoreplacethediskorhardwareorrefundthepurchaseprice.Anyreplacementdiskorhardwarewillbewarrantedfortheremainderoftheoriginalwarrantyperiodorthirty(30)days,whicheverislonger.THEABOVEARETHEONLYWARRANTIESOFANYKIND,EITHEREXPRESSORIMPLIED,INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOTHEIMPLIEDWARRANTIESORMERCHANTABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSETHATAREMADEBY DEEP EXCAVATION ON THIS PRODUCT. NO ORAL ORWRITTEN INFORMATION OR ADVICE GIVEN BY DEEPEXCAVATION,ITSDEALERS,DISTRIBUTORS,AGENTS,OREMPLOYEESSHALLCREATEAWARRANTYORINANYWAYINCREASETHESCOPEOFTHISWARRANTY,ANDYOUMAYNOTRELYONANYSUCHINFORMATIONORADVICE.NEITHERDEEPEXCAVATIONNORANYONEELSEWHOHASBEEN INVOLVED INTHECREATION,PRODUCTION,ORDELIVERY OF THIS PRODUCT SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTALDAMAGES(INCLUDINGDAMAGESFORLOSSOFBUSINESSPROFITS,BUSINESS INTERRUPTION,LOSSOFBUSINESSINFORMATION,ANDTHELIKE)ARISINGOUTOFTHEUSEOFORINABILITYTOUSESUCHPRODUCTEVENIFDEEP



EXCAVATION HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN ALL CASES A LICENCEDPROFESSIONAL ENGINEER SHALL APPROVE AND STAMP ANY RESULTS BY D.E.E.P. AND THAT ENGINEER ISULTIMATELYRESPONSIBLEFORANYCONSEQUENCESORMISUSEOFTHESOFTWARE.

ThisDisclaimerofWarrantyandLimitedWarranty isgovernedby the lawsof theStateofNewYork.Shouldyouhaveanyquestionsregardingthisagreementpleaseemail:DeepExcavation,[email protected]!ThelatestversionofDeepXcav2011comeswithmanyexcitingnewfeaturesthatinclude:i.Walerswallbracing.ii.Slopestabilityandsoilnailinganalysis.iii.Customlayermode.iv.Multiplewallbeams.1.6Activatingthesoftware1.6.1ActivatingthestandalonelicenseInordertoactivatethelicense,thefollowingstepsarerequired;1)Downloadandinstallthesoftware.2)KeeptheSHIFTkeypressed(orCAPSlocked)andstartDeepXcav20113)Theactivationwindowshouldappear(Figure1.6.1).4)EmailustheSITEandMIDcodesthatappearinthiswindow(seeFigure1.6.1).5)Wewillthenemailbacktheusersactivationcode6)Restarttheprogram(withCAPSlocked)andentertheactivationcodeintheDeepParatieactivationwindow(selecttheoptionUnlockapplication)(Figure1.6.2).(pleasepayattentionnottopastetheactivationcodewithanyadditionalspacecharacters)7)SelectEnterApplicationandpressContinue.



Figure1.6.1:TheDeepXcavactivationwindowSITEandMIDcodes.

Figure1.6.2:Theactivationcodearea.

ThisprocedureisusedtoactivateallDeepXcavsmodules.



1.6.2ActivatingthenetworklicenseInordertoactivateanetworklicense,thefollowingstepsmustbefollowedbythenetworkserverandbytheendusers:SERVERSIDEINSTRUCTIONS1.InstallthedriverfortheUSBkeyontheSERVER.TheHASPdriverisavailablefrom: http://www.deepexcavation.com/downloads/Sentinel_HASP_Runtime_setup.zip Youwillneedtoextractthisfileandperformtheinstallation.2.TheHASPdriversetupinincludedinthefollowinglink:http://localhost:1947/Runitontheserver(thePCwiththedongle).After the driver installation, the user can open a browser and enter the urlhttp://localhost:1947/.Thiswillbringupawindowasitappearsinthefollowingimage:



CLIENTSIDEINSTRUCTIONS(UserPC)3.InstallthedriverfortheUSBkeyontheCLIENT.TheHASPdriverisavailablefrom: http://www.deepexcavation.com/downloads/Sentinel_HASP_Runtime_setup.zip Youwillneedtoextractthisfileandperformtheinstallation.4.InstalltheDeepXcavprogramintheclientpc.Theprogramisavailablefrom: http://www.deepexcavation.com/downloads/Setup_DeepXcav_2011.exe5.Yourdistributorwillprovidetoyouaceas.pwdfile.Pleaseplaceacopyoftheceas.pwdfileinthe client side, where DeepXcav is installed. The ceas.pwd file contains your HASP keypasswords(itisrecommendedthatyoukeepacopyofthefileforyourrecords).

Sampleceas.pwdfilecontainingonepasswordfile.



PleaseensurethatthefirewallontheserverisdisabledsothattheclientPCcanseetheserverports. Otherwise, the user must open the 'port' used by the driver and network key.



CHAPTER2:USINGDeepXcav



2.1DeepExcavationsBackground2.1.1.BackgroundAdeepexcavationistypicallydefinedasanexcavationinsoilorrockthatisdeeperthan15ft(4.5m).Deepexcavationsrequirecarefuldesignandplanningespeciallywhenconstructed incongested urban areas. Selecting and designing an appropriate earth retaining and supportsystemcanhavesignificantimpactoncost,time,andperformance.

Figure2.1.1:Diaphragmwallexcavationsupportedbysoilanchors.

Deepexcavations involve twomainsystemsa)TheRetainingSystem thatcontainsearthandwater fromenteringdirectly into theexcavated site,andb)The Support System (orbracingsystem) that contains the resist forces generated by soil, surcharges, andwater. Cantileverexcavationsdonotrequirebracing.Theterm"RetainingSystem"foradeepexcavationreferstothestructuralsystemthatretainssoil andwater and prevents it from collapsing into the open cut.Many types of retainingsystemsexist.Theselectionoftheproperretainingsystemdependsonawiderangeoffactorssuch as: Economical, soil conditions,protectionof adjacent structures, easeof construction,environmentalissuesandsoon.Typicalretainingsystemsincludesoldierpileandlagging,sheetpiling,secantpileortangentpilewalls,soilmixwalls,anddiaphragmwalls(alsoknownasslurrywallsintheU.S.).



The roleofsupport systems is toprovide lateralbracing for retainingwalls.Support systemscan be subdivided into external and internal depending on the load transfer mechanism.External supports (namely tiebacks)workby transferring lateralexcavation loadsbeyond theactive zoneof soilmovements (retained side).On theotherhand, internal supports suchasstruts,rakers,orfloorslabs,transferlateralloadswithintheexcavation(acrossopposingwallsortootherinternalstructures).Inallcases,supportandretainingsystemshavetoworkcloselytogetherinordertoguaranteeahighlevelofperformance.Moredetaileddescriptionsof typicalretainingandsupportsystemsareavailable in followingsections.2.1.2.RETAININGSYSTEMSFORDEEPEXCAVATIONS2.1.2.A.SoldierPileandLaggingWalls

Figure2.1.2:SoldierPile&TimberLaggingWalls.

Soldierpileand laggingwallsaresomeoftheoldest formsofretainingsystemsused indeepexcavations. These walls have successfully being used since the late 18th century inmetropolitancitieslikeNewYork,Berlin,andLondon.Themethodisalsocommonlyknownasthe "BerlinWall"when steelpilesand timber lagging isused.Alternatively,caissons,circularpipes, or concrete piles can also be used as soldier piles (but at an increased cost). Timberlaggingistypicallyusedalthoughreinforcedconcretepanelscanalsobeutilizedforpermanentconditions.Soldierpileandlaggingwallsareformedby:1.Constructingsoldierpilesatregularintervals(6ftto12ft,typically)2.Excavatinginsmallstagesandinstallinglagging.3.Backfillingandcompactingthevoidspacebehindthelagging.



Moment resistance in soldier pile and laggingwalls is provided solely by the soldier piles.Passivesoilresistanceisobtainedbyembeddingthesoldierpilesbeneaththeexcavationgrade.Thelaggingbridgesandretainssoilacrosspilesandtransfersthelateralloadtothesoldierpilesystem.Soldierpileand laggingwallsare themost inexpensive systems compared toother retainingwalls.Theyarealsoveryeasyandfasttoconstruct.Themajordisadvantagesofsoldierpileandlaggingsystemsare:1.Theyareprimarilylimitedtotemporaryconstruction.2.Cannotbeusedinhighwatertableconditionswithoutextensivedewatering.3.Poorbackfillingandassociatedgroundlossescanresultinsignificantsurfacesettlements.4.Theyarenotasstiffasotherretainingsystems.5.Becauseonlytheflangeofasoldierpileisembeddedbeneathsubgrade,itisverydifficulttocontrolbasalsoilmovements.



2.1.2.B.SheetPileWalls

Figure2.1.3:SheetPileSection.

Sheet pile walls are constructed by driving prefabricated sections into the ground. Soilconditionsmayallow for thesections tobevibrated intoground insteadof itbeinghammerdriven. The full wall is formed by connecting the joints of adjacent sheet pile sections insequentialinstallation.Sheetpilewallsprovidestructuralresistancebyutilizingthefullsection.Steelsheetpilesaremostcommonlyused indeepexcavations,although reinforcedconcretesheetpileshavealsobeenusedsuccessfully.Steel sheetpiling is themost commonbecauseof its severaladvantages compared toothermaterials:1.Provideshighresistancetodrivingstresses.2.Lightweight3.Canbereusedonseveralprojects.4.Longservicelifeaboveorbelowwaterwithmodestprotection.5.Easytoadaptthepilelengthbyeitherweldingorbolting6.Jointsarelessapttodeformduringdriving.



2.1.2.C.SecantPileWalls

Figure2.1.4:TypicalSecantPileWallSection.

Secantpilewallsareformedbyconstructingintersectingreinforcedconcretepiles.Thepilesarereinforcedwitheither steel rebarorwith steelbeams and are constructedbydrillingundermud.Primarypilesareinstalledfirstwithsecondarypilesconstructedinbetweenprimarypilesoncethelattergainsufficientstrength.Pileoverlapistypicallyintheorderof3inches(8cm).Inatangentpilewall,thereisnopileoverlapasthepilesareconstructedflushtoeachother.Themainadvantagesofsecantortangentpilewallsare:1.Increasedconstructionalignmentflexibility.2.Increasedwallstiffnesscomparedtosheetpiles.3.Canbeinstalledindifficultground(cobbles/boulders).4.Lessnoisyconstruction.Themaindisadvantagesofsecantpilewallsare:1.Verticalitytolerancesmaybehardtoachievefordeeppiles.2.Totalwaterproofingisverydifficulttoobtaininjoints.3.Increasedcostcomparedtosheetpilewalls.



2.1.2.D.SoilMixWallsVarious methods of soil mixing, such as mechanical, hydraulic, with and without air, andcombinationsofbothtypeshavebeenusedwidelyinJapanforabout20years.SoilmixinghasbeenusedformanytemporaryandpermanentdeepexcavationprojectsincludingtheCentralArteryproject inBoston.Knownmethods includeas JetGrouting,SoilMixing,CementDeepMixing(CDM),SoilMixedWall(SMW),GeoJet,DeepSoilMixing,(DSM),HydraMech,DryJetMixing(DJM),andLimeColumns.Eachofthesemethodsaimsatfindingthemostefficientandeconomicalmethodtomixcement(orinsomecasesflyashorlime)withsoilandtransformsoiltobecomemorelikeasoftrock.Mechanical soil mixing is performed using single or multiple shafts of augers and mixingpaddles.Theaugerisslowlyrotatedintotheground,typicallyat1020rpm,andadvancedat2to5ft(0.5to1.5m)perminute.Cementslurry ispumpedthroughthehollowstemoftheshaft(s)feedingoutatthetipoftheaugeras theaugeradvances.Mixingpaddlesarearrayedalong theshaftabove theauger toprovidemixingandblendingoftheslurryandsoil.Slurry lubricatesthetoolandassists inthebreakingupofthesoilintosmallerpieces.Spoilscometothesurfacesincefluidvolumeisbeingintroducedintotheground.Thesespoilscomprisecementslurryandsoilparticleswithsimilarcementcontentaswhatremains intheground.Afterfinaldepth isreached,thetoolsremainon thebottomof thehole, rotating forabout0.5 to2minutes for completemixing.At thispoint, the toolsare raisedwhile continuing topump slurryata reduced rate.Withdrawal istypicallyattwicethespeedofpenetration,4ftto10ft(1mto3m)perminute.Steel beams are typically inserted in the freshmix to provide reinforcement for structuralreasons.Acontinuoussoilmixwall isconstructedbyoverlappingadjacentsoilmixelements.Soilmix sections are constructed in an alternating sequence with primary elements beingformedfirstandsecondaryelementsfollowingoncethefirsthavegainedsufficientstrength.The soilmixmethod can be very effective at providing very stiff andwaterproof retainingsystems.However, it is rather limited tomediumand largescaleprojectsbecauseof itshighmobilizationcosts.Insufficientmixstrengthmayresultwhenmixingorganicsoilsunlessahighreplacement ratio ismaintained. Other issues such as difficulties inmaintaining consistentcompressivestrengthsthroughoutthesectionofasoilmixwallcanalsoemerge.



2.1.2.E.DiaphragmWalls(SlurrywallsUS)

Figure2.1.5:TypicalDiaphragmWallSection.

Thecontinuousdiaphragmwall(alsoreferredtoasslurrywall)isastructureformedandcastinaslurrytrench(Xanthakos,1994).ThetrenchisinitiallysupportedbyeitherBentonitepolymerbased slurries. The term "diaphragmwalls" refers to the final conditionwhen the slurry isreplacedbytremiedconcretethatactsasastructuralsystemeitherfortemporaryexcavationsupport or as part of the permanent structure. This construction sequence is illustrated inFigure1.The termslurrywall isalsoapplied towalls thatareusedas flowbarriers (mainly inwastecontainment),byprovidingalowpermeabilitybarriertocontaminanttransport.Slurrywall technology hinges on specialized equipment for excavating slurry trenches. Thesimplest type of trenching equipment is themechanical clamshell attached on a kelly bar.Individualcontractorshavedevelopedtheirownspecializedtrenchingequipmentlikehydraulicclamshells, fraise or hydromills (sample manufacturers: Icos, Bauer, Casagrande, CaseFoundation,Rodioetc).Thefirstdiaphragmwallsweretestedin1948andthefirstfullscaleslurrywallwasbuiltbyIcosin Italy in1950(Puller,1996)withBentoniteslurrysupportasacutoffwall. Icosconstructedthefirststructuralslurrywall inthe late1950sfortheMilanMetro(Puller,1996).SlurrywallswereintroducedintheUSinthemid1960sbyEuropeancontractors.ThefirstapplicationintheUSwasinNewYorkCity[1962]fora7mdiameterby24mdeepshaft(Tamaro,1990),thatwasfollowedby theBankofCalifornia in San Francisco (Clough andBuchignani, 1980), theCNAbuilding inChicago (CunninghamandFernandez,1972),and theWorldTradeCenter inNewYork(Kapp,1969,Saxena,1974).ThemajorityofdiaphragmwallprojectsintheUSarelocatedinsixcitiesBoston,Chicago,WashingtonDC,SanFranciscoandNewYork.Diaphragmwalls are extensivelyused in theCentralArtery/Tunnelproject (CA/T) inBoston,Massachusetts.Work intheCA/T involvesmanycutandcovertunnelsconstructedundertheexistingartery.SomeofthedeepestTslurrywalls,extending120'belowthesurfacehavebeenconstructedfortheCentralArtery(Lambrechtsetal.,1998).



2.1.3SUPPORTSYSTEMSFORDEEPEXCAVATION:2.1.3.A.Tiebacks/RockAnchors

Figure2.1.6:Generalinstallationsequenceoftiebacks.Anchored walls have become popular in braced excavations because of a) the substantialprogressinthetechnologyandavailabilityofhighcapacityanchorsystems,andb)theabsenceof interior obstructions that permit uninterrupted earth moving and thus improve theconstructionconditionsof theundergroundportionofabuilding (Xanthakos,1994). In someprojects tiebacks have been used in combinationwith rakers and soil berms and/or cornerbraces(Gnaedingeretal.,1975).Tiebackanchorscompriseabarrelanchoragelocatedeitherinabearing layerwhich is tensionedat the front faceof thewall.Thepartof theanchor thattransferstheforcetothesurroundingsoilisfrequentlycalledthe"fixedlength",whilethe"freelength"transmitsforcesfromthefixedlengththroughtheanchorheadtotheslurrywall.Inordertominimizewallmovementandgroundsettlement,tiebackanchorsaredesignedtoachieve the highest stiffness possiblewithin economical considerations. In urban cities likeBoston,Chicago,NewYork,andWashingtonwherelandisprecioussuchdeepexcavationsaremorecommon.Tiebackcapacitydependsontheverticalandhorizontalspacingofanchorsandonsurchargeconditions.Prestresslevelstypicallyrangefrom40to250kipswhenthegroutedportionof tiebacks iswithinsoil,higher loadsareusedwhen the tiesare located inbedrock.



Typical tieback spacing ranges from 7ft to 13ft in the vertical, and from 5ft to 15ft in thehorizontaldirection.Tiebackcapacity isreduced ifthespacing istooclosedueto interferencebetweenadjacentgroutedzones.Oftenthetiebacksareusedonlyfortemporaryexcavationsupport,whilethebasementfloorsprovidepermanent lateralearthsupport. Insuchprojectsthetiebacksaredetensionedwhenthebasementfloorshavegainedsufficientstrength.Thebasementfloorsshouldbedesignedtoresistpermanent lateralearthpressures, since stress transfer from the tiebacks to the floorsystemwilltakeplacewhenthetiesaredetensioned.Thisstresstransferhasreportedlycausedlongtermcrackingofmanythebasementfloors.Tieback installation follows a predetermined sequence as tominimize soilmovements andspeedtheexcavationconstruction.Theexcavationiscarriedacoupleoffeetbelowthetiebacktoenableaccess for thedrillrig.Furtherexcavationoccursonlyafterprestressingandprooftestingoftheanchors.Theprocesscanberepeated foradditional levelsoftiebacks.Buildingcodesrequirethatalltiebacksareprooftestedtoanexcesspercentageoftheir final lockoffload,whichusuallyrangesfrom120to150%ofthefinallockoffload.Regroutabletiebacksaremost commonly used because their capacity can be increased by regrouting (tomeet testrequirements)withouthavingtodrillanewanchorhole.Atieback ismadebyfirstdrillingaholewithanaugerandthenplacingabar(tendon) inthehole,concreteisthenpouredintheholeandtheconnectionwithwallismade.Differenttypesofaugersareusedtodrillthetiebackholes.Thechoiceofthedrillingmethoddependsonthesoil/rockconditionsonthesite.Drillingshouldbedonecarefullysince inadequateprocedurescancausesignificantsoil losses.Thebyproductofdrilling isremovedbyflushingtheholewithair,water,orslurry.Air ismostefficient in dry ground, but it requires special attention because it can become entrappedduringdrilling,buildingupzonesofhighpressureinthesoilthatcanejectmaterialforseveralfeet and at high speeds (potentially injuringworkers).Water flushing is best used in stickyclayeysoil,anditalsocleansthesidesoftheholebyitssweepingaction,providingastrongerbond at the groutanchor interface. Bentonite slurry flushingworks the best since it keepsparticlesinsuspension,whilethesealingactionkeepstheholefromcollapsing.Significant soil losses through the tiebackscause significant settlementseven if the retainingwallsdonotmovetowardstheexcavation. Ingranularsoilsthedrilledholemustbecasedtoavoidcollapse.Sometiebackcreepcanbeexpectedespeciallyifthetiesareveryshortandthefixedlengthofthetie iswithinsoftground.Forstabilityreasons,thefixedanchorshouldbe locatedbeyond



the active zone ofmovements. As a result, tieback anchorsmay not be an option at sitescongestedwhere there are adjacent underground utilities orwhen adjacent owners do notgrantpermissiontodrillthemundertheirproperties.Specialattentionshouldbegiventothewaterproofingdetailsattheanchorheadsandatthetiebackholes.Significantleakagecanbecausedbyinadequatewaterstoppingdetailsattheselocations.2.1.3.B.Crosslot/InternalBracing

Figure2.1.7:Acrosslotproject.

Crosslotorinternalbracingtransfersthelateralearth(andwaterpressures)betweenopposingwalls through compressive struts. Rakers resting on a foundationmat or rock offer anotherinternal bracing alternative. Typically the struts are either pipe or I beam sections and areusuallypreloaded toprovideavery stiff system. Installationof thebracing struts isdonebyexcavatingsoil locallyaroundthestrutandonlycontinuingtheexcavationoncepreloading iscomplete.Thestrutstypicallyrestonaseriesofwalebeamsthatdistributethestrutloadtothediaphragmwall.Preloading ensures a rigid contact between interacting members and is accomplished byinsertingahydraulicjackaseachsideofanindividualpipestrutbetweenthewalebeamandaspecial jackingplatewelded to the strut. The strut load can eitherbemeasuredwith strain



gagesorcanbeestimatedusingequationsofelasticitybymeasuringthe increasedseparationbetweenthewaleandthestrut.In someearlierprojects the strutswerenotpreloaded,andasa resultwhen theexcavationprogressed deeper the soil and the wallmovements were large (C1). Thus it has becomestandard practice to preload struts in order tominimizewallmovements. Crosslot bracingmakessenseinnarrowexcavations(60ftto120ft)whentiebackinstallationisnotfeasible.Thestruts canbendexcessivelyunder theirownweight if theexcavation spacing is too large. Inaddition,specialprovisionshavetotakentoaccountforthermalexpansionandcontractionofthestruts.Thetypicalstrutspacingisintherangeof15ft,bothintheverticalandthehorizontaldirection.This is larger than the typicalspacingwhen tiebacksareused,because thepreloading levelsaremuchhigher.A clearbenefitofusing struts is that thereareno tiebackopenings in theslurrywall,thuseliminatingonesourceofleakage.



2.1.3.C.Top/DownConstruction

Figure2.1.8:TypicalTop/DownSequence.



Top/down or up/down construction methods are another method for constructing deepexcavations.Inthiscasethebasementfloorsareconstructedastheexcavationprogresses.Thetop/downmethodhasbeenusedfordeepexcavationprojectswheretieback installationwasnot feasible and soilmovements had to beminimized. The general top/down constructionsequenceisshowninthefigureabove.ThePostOfficeSquareGarageinBoston(7levelsdeep)isoneofthebestinstrumentedanddocumentedtop/downprojects intheUS(Whittle,etal.,Whitmanetal.,1991).The sequence construction begins with retaining wall installation and then loadbearingelements that will carry the future superstructure. The basement columns (typically steelbeams) are constructed before any excavation takes place and rest on the load bearingelements. These load bearing elements are typically concrete barrettes constructed underslurry(orcaissons).Thenthetopfloorslab isconstructedwithat leastonconstruction(glory)holeleftopentoallowremovalofspoilmaterial.The excavation starting at the glory hole begins once the top floor has gained sufficientstrength. Soil under the top basement floor is excavated around the basement columns toslightlylowerthanthefirstbasementfloorelevationinordertoallowfortheinstallationoftheforms for the first levelbasement slab.Gloryholes are leftopenwithineachnewly formedbasementfloorslabandtheprocedureisrepeated.Eachfloorrestsonthebasementcolumnsthatwereconstructedearlier.2.2UsingDeepXcavDeepXcav is a userfriendly software program and includes powerful features and versatileoptions. InDeepXcavwecanworkwithmanydesignsectionsofanexcavation. Inasense,adesignsectionisadesignscenario.Eachdesignsectioncanbeindependentorcanbelinkedtoa parentmodel. This way,multiple conditions can be examined simultaneously. Themaininterface is shown in Figure 2.2. The general philosophy in creating an excavationmodel inDeepXcavis:1)Specifytheglobalcoordinates.



2)Specifythesoiltypesandproperties.3)Specifythelayers.4)Createageneralizedwatertable.5) Specify the retaining wall system (soldier pile, sheet pile, secant pile, tangent pile, anddiaphragmwalloptions).6)Createadatabaseofsupportmembers(tiebacks,struts,orconcreteslabs).7)Addastageanddrawinnewsupports.8)Modifythestageelevations.9)Specifyloadcasesordesignapproachcombinations.10)Analyzetheproject.11)Performslopestabilityanalysis.Thegeneraltabsthatappearonthetopoftheprogramhavethefollowingfunctions.1.General: This tab includes general information about the project,model limits and someexamplesthatmayhelpyougetstartedusingtheprogram.2. Properties: This tab contains various information about Borings, soils, wall sections,Structuralsectionsofsupportssuchasanchors,slabs,strutsandHelicalanchorsfortiebacks.Inadditionthereisinformationandsettingsaboutthestructuralmaterialsbeingused.3.Model:Herewecandefineborings,numberofwallsused,surfaceandwaterelevations,addordeletestagesandapplysomeotheradvancedfeatures.4.LoadsandSupports:Herewecanmodify/editoptionsforsupportsandexternalloads..5.Seismic:Inthistabwecanincludeandeditseismiceffects.6.Analysis: In this tabwe can define the type of the analysis performed (limit equilibrium,elastoplasticorboth).7.Slope:Thisisanextramodulewhichincludesoptionsforslopestability.



8.Stability+: Inthistabwecancontroloptionsforthecalculationofwallembedmentsafetyfactors,surfacesettlementsandCloughbasalstabilitymethod.9. Design: In this tab we can control the structural design codes and other options forcalculatingthedesigncapacitiesofwallsandsupports.10.Results:Inthistabwecanselecttopresentresultsdirectlytothescreenaftertheanalysisisperformed.11. Report: In this tab we can select options for generating output reports, or viewingcalculationprogressfiles..12.View:Inthistabwecanmodifyvariousviewoptionsorgenerateatopviewofthemodel.13.Optimize:This tabprovidesoptions foroptimizingwallsandsupportsafterananalysis iscompleted.14.Help:Thistabprovideslinkstohelpandtechnicalmanuals.

Figure2.2:GeneralDeepXcav2011Interface



2.3.1DeepXcavToolbarFunctionsThe following section provides a detailed list of all toolbar functions. The first tab group toencountercontainsthefollowingoptions:

Startbutton

Figure2.3.1:Mainbutton

Tool Description

Createanewproject.

Openanexistingproject.

Savestheproject.

Save aprojectwithdifferentnameordestination folder,or in anolderversion.

ImportafilecreatedwiththeParatieprogram (Italianusersonly).

Listofrecentlycreatedormodifiedprojects.

Exitstheprogram.



Averticaltoolbox isavailableonthe leftscreenside.Theavailabletoolsaredescribed inthetablebelow:

Tool Description

Selecttooldragandmoveobjects

Eraseanitem.Selectanitemonthemodeltoerase.

Splitsasurfaceline andinsertsapoint.

Addsatiebackanchor (firstclickonthewallandthenintheground).

Adds a strut (first click on thewall and then in the ground, or on thesecondwall).

Addsarakerclickonthewallandthenintheground).

Addsa slab (firstclickon thewalland thendefine theendpointof theslab).

Addsafixedsupport (clickonthewalltoaddafixedsupport).

Addsaspring(clickonthewalltoaddaspring).

Addsasurfacesurcharge (definethestartandendpointofthesurcharge).

Addsasurfacelineload (clickasurfacepointtoaddapointload).

Addsasurchargeonthewall (definetwowallpointstoaddasurcharge).

Addsalineloadonthewall (defineawallpointtoaddawallpointload)

Addsaprescribedconditionatawall (clickonthewalltoaddaprescribedcondition).

Addsafootingload(3D) (defineapointwheretoinstallafootingload).

Createsanewbuilding (defineapointwheretoinstallabuilding).

Performsanexcavation (clickonscreentodefinetheexcavationlimits).

Performsabackfilloperation (clickonscreentodefinethebackfilllimits).



Onthetop leftsideoftheprogram,rightunderthedesignsection listappearsatoolbarthathelps the user deal with the design sections (Figure 2.3.2). The icons are presented anddescribedinthetablebelow:

Tool Description

Editthenameoftheselecteddesignsection

Generateanewviewof thecurrentdesignsection

Addanewdesignsection

Deletedesignsection

Movedesignsectionup onthelist

Movedesignsectiondown onthelist

Addanewdesignsection(empty includingonlystage0)

Figure2.3.2:Designsectiontoolbars



On the bottom right corner of the program there is a toolbar that helps the user performcalculationsandcontrolviewingoptions.

Figure2.3.3:Viewandcalculatetools

Tool Description

Showsoilproperties

Showdimensions

Showassumptions

Showpointcoordinates

Showaxis

Turnthesnaponoroff

Zoomin

Zoomout

Zoomto1to1horizontaltoverticalscale

ZoomOriginal(all)

Calculatetheselecteddesignsection

Calculatealldesignsections

Performanintegritycheckofthemodel



2.3.2WallList,DesignSectionList,andProjectTreeViewDeepXcavoffers features that includemultipledesign sectionsanda treestyleprojectview.Thetreeviewenablestheusertoquicklyaccessvitalprojectdata,aswellasvisualizecrucialprojectsettings.ThenexttablebrieflydescribesthefunctionalityoftheWalllist,DesignSectionList,andTreeViewitems.

Selectscurrentdesignsection,showsavailabledesignsections.

Selects on which wall on current designsectionthesettingsshouldbeapplied.ShowsavailabledesignsectionsShowsusedwalltypesListssupports(rightclicktoaddorerase)Lineloads(rightclicktoaddorerase)Surcharges(rightclicktoaddorerase)Prescribed conditions (right click to add orerase)Momentloads(rightclicktoaddorerase)Available soil types (by clicking the user canselectwhichsoilspropertiestomodify)Available boreholes (by clicking the user canselectwhichboreholespropertiestomodify)Structuralmaterials (by clicking the user canselect to change the properties of thestructuralmaterials)Available wall sections (By clicking the usercan see the available wall sections, deletethem,activateanddeactivatethem)Available structural sections (buildings andfootings)Other3Dloads(Arealoads,3Dpointloadsandvehicleloads)



2.4Generalmenu

Figure2.4.1:Projectinfo,Modellimits,Locale,Wizards,Settings,Examplefiles

Project Info: by pressing the button ,we can change the project, file, company andengineername

Figure2.4.2:Projectinformationdialog.

Movemodelelevation:bypressingthebutton ,wecanchangethemodelelevationbyenteringanewtopofwallelevation.

Figure2.4.3:ModelElevationdialog.



Theusercanchoosetheobjectstobeaffectedbythechangeinelevation.Theseare:ThedesignsectioncoordinatesThesoillayerselevation(ofcurrentborehole)AllthesoillayerelevationsofallboreholesElevationsofallstagesElevationsofwallsElevationsofallsupportsElevationsofallsurchargesElevationsofallfootingsandbuildings

Thetopofthewallisusedaspointofreferenceforthechangeofelevations.

ModelDimensionLimits:bypressingthebutton ,wecanchangetheDesignSectionname, theused StratigraphyorBoring and theModel Limits to create anice viewof themodel.

Figure2.4.4:ModelDimensionLimitsdialog.



Thisdialogincludesthefollowingoptions: Thedesignsectionname. Theboringthatisusedinthecurrentmodel. Themodellimits.Herewecandefinethetop,bottom,leftandrightlimitsofthemodel.

Theseareabsolutecoordinates. Addasecondwalltothemodel. Definetheangleofthewallinplanefromyyaxis(planviewi.e.fromtop). Linkselecteddesignsectiontoabasedesignsection.Thisconnectstwodesignsections

andtheyaredevelopedasone,withthecapabilityofuseofdifferentloadcasesineachdesignsection.

Locale:Changethelanguageandtheunitsusedinthismodel.

Wizard: by pressing the button , theWizard dialog appears. Thewizard can create amodelreallyfast.

WelcomeTab:HeretheusercandefinetheAnalysismethod.

Figure2.4.5:WizardWelcomeTab.

Theuser can choose toperformabeamonelastoplastic foundations (non linear)analysis,aconventional(limitequilibrium)analysis,orbothanalyses.



DimensionsTab:Herewecandefineunitsandbasicmodeldimensions.

Figure2.4.6:WizardDimensionsTab.

Afterselectingtheunits,theusermustdefinethefollowingdata: Thefinalexcavationdepth(D). Thewalllength(H). Theexcavationwidth(B). Thetopofthewallelevation. Groundwaterelevation.

Inaddition,withtheoptionsModelHalfSpaceofExcavationandIncluderightwall,wecanchoosewhethertousetwowallsinthemodelornot.



WallTypeTab:Herewecandefinethebasicwalltypetobeused.

Figure2.4.7:WizardWallTypeTab.

Forthedefinitionofwalltype,theusercandefinethefollowingdata: Thesectionsofsheetorsoldierpilesused(ifnecessary). Thesizeofthewall(width). Thepassivewidth(belowexcavation). Theactivewidth(belowexcavation). Thehorizontalspacingofthewall.

Inaddition,theuserhasthepossibilitytochooseawallfromthealreadyavailablelistofwallscreatedbytheuser.



SupportsTab:HeretheusercandefinetheSupporttypeandsectionstobeused.

Figure2.4.8:WizardSupportsTab.

Withthedefinitionofthesupports,theusercandefinethefollowingdata: Thestructuralpropertiesofthesupport(section). Whethertocreateanewstructuralsectionforeachsupportlevelornot. Whethertoestimatestructuralsectionfortiebacksornot. Whethertoincludeprestressfortiebacksornot(noyieldingrecommended). Whethermodeltiebacksaswiresornot. Define the angles of the supports from horizontal (when supports can be installed

inclined). Definethefreelength(optionavailableonlyfortiebacks). Definethehorizontalspacing. Definethebondzone(fixedlength,optionavailableonlyfortiebacks). Definethesetback(distanceofthetopofthesupportfromthewall,availableonlyfor

tiebacksandrakers).



Stages Tab:Here the user can define the surface elevations for each constructionstage.Therearethreemainchoices:

Automaticelevations:With this option the program will equally space supports and automaticallydetermine excavation depths for each stage. There are also options to include aninitialstagewithnoexcavation(recommended).

Figure2.4.9.a:WizardStagesTab,Automaticelevations.

Tabulatedelevations:With thisoptionsupportelevationscanbemanuallydefined.Theheightdifferencebetweenthelowestsupportandthesubgradecanalsobedefined.



Figure2.4.9.b:WizardStagesTab,Tabulatedelevations.

Cantilever:Selectthisoptiontocreateacantileverexcavation(withnosupports).

Figure2.4.9.c:WizardStagesTab,Cantilever.



SurchargesTab:Heretheusercandefinealoadingsurchargethatwillbeappliedasanexternalloadtothewall.

Figure2.4.10:WizardSurchargesTab.

Wecanchoosebetweentwostepwallsurcharge,triangularsurchargeornotusingawallsurchargeatall.

CodesTab: In this tabwecandefine thestructuralandgeotechnicalcodesused toanalyzethisproject.

Figure2.4.11:WizardCodesTab.



Settings:bypressingthebutton ,theDefaultSettingsdialogappears.

Generaltab:Inthistabwecandefinethedefaultunits,companyandengineernameand the Auto save directory. The option save files in default directory savestemporaryprogressfilesinthefolderwherethe.deepfileissaved.

Figure2.4.12:SettingsGeneralTab.

Fonts/Viewtab:Inthistabwecandefinethefontsandsomeotherviewingoptions.

Figure2.4.13:SettingsFonts/ViewTab.



Theavailableviewoptionsare: Showaxes. Showsoilinformation. Showsoillayersonleftsideofmodel. ShowKaandKpvaluesnexttothewall. Showassumptionstableonmodel.

Furthermore,herewecandefinesomeviewoptionsregardingtheresultpresentation. Soil/Propertiestab:Herewecandefinethesteelmemberstandard(EuropeanorUS)

andwhethertoreadthemembersmetricdatabaseornot.

Figure2.4.14:SettingsSoil/PropertiesTab.



Design tab:Herewecandefine thedefaultcodeused forstructuraldesignofsteelandconcretemembers.

Figure2.4.15:SettingsDesignTab.

Paratie Nonlinear tab:Herewe can define the default folder location forNonlinearanalysisengine.Itisrecommendedthattheinitialsettingsarenotmodified.

Figure2.4.16:SettingsParatieNonlinearTab.



2.5Propertiesmenu

Figure2.5.1:ThePropertiestabmenu.

Editsoiltypedata:bypressingthebutton ,thesoilpropertiesformappears.Herewe can add, delete and modify available soils by changing their type, the generalproperties like unit weights, strength parameters and permeability, modify theelastoplasticparametersandmodifythebondresistancefortiebacks.Asoilcanbeusedinaboringmore thanone time.Anumberofestimation tools thathelp theuserestimatevaluesarealso included.Paragraph3.4 includesalltheoptionsthatareavailable inthisform.

Figure2.5.2:Editsoilpropertiesdialog.



Borings (Soil layers):bypressing thebutton , thesoil layerdialogappears. In thisdialogwecanedittheboringsavailableforuseintheproject.Ineachboringtheusercanaddsoillayers.Todothis,wecantypethenewsoillayerselevation,choosethesoiltypefromthelistofsoiltypesanddefinethenewlayersOCRandKo.Inaddition,byclickingonEdit button, we can modify the selected soils properties (see paragraph 3.4). Thecoordinates X and Y refer to the plan location of the boring and do not affect analysisresults.

Figure2.5.3:Editsoillayersdialog.



CPT logs:bypressingthebutton ,wecanaddboringsandsoilsbyusingaCPTtestresultsfileasperformedbyGeologismikiCPT.TheoptionsofFigure2.5.4.aareavailable.BychoosingaCPTloginputfile,thefollowingdialogappears:

Figure2.5.4.a:AvailableoptionsforCPTlogs.

Thefollowingoptionsareavailable:ImportfromGeologismikiCPT SelectaCPTfiletoimportExtractCPTtoBoringsandsoils ChoosetoaddthesoilsfromCPTlogtothe

modelssoilsandboringsdatabasesCPTtable ThisopenstheCPTdialogwww.geologismiki.gr ThisleadstothesiteofGeologismiki

Figure2.5.4.b:AvailableCPTlogsdialog.

InthisdialogwecanexporttheCPTtestboringsandsoilstotheprogramsdatabase.



Editwallsections:bypressingthebutton ,theEditwallpropertiesdialogappears.Herewecanchoosethewalltypeanddimensions,choosethewallsectionsandedittherebar options for concrete walls. The properties that exist on this form and can bemodifiedaredescribedinparagraph3.6.

Figure2.5.5:Editwallpropertiesdialog.



Edit anchor sections: By pressing the button , we can edit the structural andgeotechnicalpropertiesof thesectionsused inanchorsand tiebacks,orselect to importspecificsectionsfromtheprogramsdatabase.Thepropertiesthatexistonthisformandcanbemodifiedaredescribedinparagraph3.8.

Figure2.5.6:Editanchorsectionsdialog.

Edit slab sections: By pressing the button , we can edit the structural andreinforcement properties of the slab sections that are included in the model. Thepropertiesthatexistonthisformandcanbemodifiedaredescribedinparagraph3.10.

Figure2.5.7:Editslabsectionsdialog.



Editstrutsections:Bypressing thebutton wecanedit thestructuralpropertiesofthestrutsectionsthatarebeincludedinthemodel.Thepropertiesthatexistonthisformandcanbemodifiedaredescribedinparagraph3.9.

Figure2.5.7:Editslabsectionsdialog.

Edithelicalanchorsections:Bypressingthebutton wecaneditthestructuralandgeotechnical properties of the helical anchor sections (can be used in tiebacks). Thepropertiesthatexistonthisformandcanbemodifiedaredescribedinparagraph3.8.

Figure2.5.8:Edithelicalanchorsectionsdialog.



Structuralmaterials:Inthisareawecaneditthestructuralmaterialproperties.Thefollowingoptionsareavailable(Figure2.5.9):

Figure2.5.9:Structuralmaterialoptions.

Edit steel properties: By pressing the button we can edit the structural steelproperties.Wecan importalreadyavailablematerialsfromtheImportstandardsteelmaterialsbox.

Figure2.5.10:Editstructuralsteelpropertiesdialog.

ConcreteReinforcedsteelSteelTimber(wood)Userdefinedmaterial



Inthisformwecandefinethefollowingproperties:ThesteelnameTheyieldstrengthFyTheultimatestrengthFuThemodulusofelasticityEThedensitygThesteelmaterialusedImportandreplaceselectedmaterialImportandaddasanewmaterial

Edit concrete properties: By pressing the button we can edit the concrete

properties. We can import already available materials from the Import standardconcretematerialsbox.

Figure2.5.11:Editconcretepropertiesdialog.

Inthisformwecandefinethefollowingproperties:ThesteelnameTheconcretestrengthFcThetensionstrengthFt(%ofcompressivestrength)ThemodulusofelasticityEThedensitygThestandardconcretematerialreferencestandardTheconcretematerialImportandreplaceselectedmaterialImportandaddasanewmaterial



Edit reinforcement steel properties: By pressing the button we can edit thereinforcement(rebar)steelproperties.Wecan importalreadyavailablematerialsfromtheImportstandardrebarmaterialsbox.Steelreinforcementmaterialscanbeusedfortiebacksandreinforcedconcretesections.

Figure2.5.10:Editreinforcementsteelpropertiesdialog.

Inthisformwecandefinethefollowingproperties:ThesteelnameTheyieldstrengthFyThemodulusofelasticityEThestandardrebarmaterialreferencestandardThesteelmaterialusedImportandreplaceselectedmaterialImportandaddasanewmaterial



Edit user material properties: By pressing the button we can create acustommaterial, by defining themodulus of elasticity. Usermaterials are used forcustomdefinedwallsections.

Figure2.5.11:Editusermaterialpropertiesdialog.



Editwoodproperties:Bypressingthebutton wecanmodifythewoodmaterialproperties.Wood(timber)materialsareusedinlaggingsforsoldierpilewalls.

Figure2.5.12:Editwoodpropertiesdialog.

Inthisformwecandefinethefollowingproperties:ThewoodnameTheultimatebendingstrengthFbuTheultimatetensilestrengthFtuTheultimateshearstrengthFvuThemodulusofelasticityEThedensityg



2.6Modelmenu

Figure2.6.1:TheModeltabmenu.

Custom layers: by pressing the button , we can choose to use theDeepXcavsCustomlayermodeandusenonparallelsoillayers.Inthismode,amodelwillnotuseaboreholetodefinesoil layers. Instead,theusercandefinearbitrary layer linesfromlefttorightandcreatenonhorizontalsoillayerconditions.

Figure2.6.2:Customlayersmode.

TheoptionUsecustomlayersswitchesonthecustomlayermode. The reset layers fromboringoption, resetsallcustom layer lines tohorizontalusing the

boringapplicableforthecurrentdesignsection. Thedrawlayerlinetoolenablestheusertodrawalayerlinebyclickinginthemodel(left

toright).Pressentertocomplete.



Addsecondwall:bypressingthebutton ,wecanaddasecondwalltothemodelontherightsideoftheexistingwall.

Figure2.6.3:Addsecondwall.

Surfaceoptions:Byclickingon thebutton wecanedit thesurfaceoptions.Theseoptionsarepresentedinthetablebelow.Inaddition,wecanchangetheelevationnexttothewallintheareasignedinFigure2.6.4.

Figure2.6.4:Surfaceoptions.



Icon Description

Resetsglobalsurfacelevels

Setsrightsurfacelevel

Setsleftsurfacelevel

Tableofcoordinatesofsurfacepoints

Createabenchontheleftside

Createaslopeontheleftside

Createabenchontherightside

Createaslopeontherightside Waterelevation:Inthisareawecandefinethewaterelevationsnexttothewall.

Figure2.6.5:Waterelevationsettings.

With the draw customwater surface tool,we can draw a nonhorizontal groundwatertable.Todothis,selectthisoptionandthenstartclickingtheleftmousebuttonfromleftto right (pressenter tocomplete).Todelete thecustomwater line,moveon top in themodelandpressdelete.

ThedrawaUlinetoolisusedtodrawalineofconstantporepressureinthemodel.Thislineisonlyusedinslopestabilityanalysis.



The define userwater pressures tool launches the dialog for defining custom values ofwater pressures next to the walls. Please note that in the nonlinear engine, twoconsecutivezerovaluesofwaterpressurestillcount in increasingthetotalverticalstressbyw(seetheorymanual).

Byclickingonthebutton ,theGroundwatertabledialogshowsup.

Figure2.6.6:Groundwatertable.

Thefollowingtablepresentstheoptionsthatareincludedinthegroundwatertabledialog.Definetheretainedsidewaterelevation(leftside)OptiontousehydrostaticgroundwaterpressuresOptiontousesimplifiedflownetforgroundwater(1Dflowcalculations)Optiontoperformfullflownetanalysis(finitedifference)Choiceforconstantheadonlowerboundary(ifthepreviousoptionisselected)OptiontouseuserdefinedwaterpressuresOptiontomaintaincenterregionwateratsubgradeOptiontodewatercenterregionwaterbelowsubgradeOptiontousegeneralelevationforcenterregionwaterChoicetocreatesealatexcavationbottomDefinethewaterdensitywChoicetospecifydifferentcenterwaterelevationforsecondwall(thisoptionisavailableonlyifasecondwallisusedinthemodel)



Stages:Inthisareawecanadd,delete,insertorcopyaconstructionstage.

Figure2.6.7:Waterelevationsettings.

Icon Description

Addanewconstructionstage

Deletesthecurrent constructionstage

Insertaconstructionstageafterthecurrentstage

Copyselectedconstructionstage

Pasteconstructionstage



Advanced:Inthisareawecanmodifystructuralmaterialandsoilpropertiesduringaspecificstage. A change property command is valid for all subsequent stages, unless it issuperseded by another change command or anothermodel change. Please use theseoptionswithcare.

Figure2.6.8:Advancedoptions.

Figure2.6.9:Changestructuralmaterialsdialog.



Figure2.6.10:Changesoilpropertiesdialog.

IntheChangesoilpropertiesdialog,thefollowingpropertiesareavailable:DescribematerialchangeSelectstagetoMakematerialchangeeffectiveSelectmaterialtypeSelectmaterialtomodifyStandardvalueofmodulusofelasticityENewvalueofmodulusofelasticityE

Draw leftwallbeam:Bypressing thebutton ,we candraw a secondwallbeamadditional to theexistingwallandmodify itsproperties,as shown inFigures2.6.11and2.6.12.Todrawawallbeamclickononepointnearthewallandthenselectthenextwallbeampoint.

Figure2.6.11:Thedrawleftwallbeambutton.



Figure2.6.12:Editwallbeamdatadialog.

TheoptionsavailableintheEditwalldataformaredescribedinparagraph3.7.TheoptionDrawrightwallbeamisavailablewhenwechoosetouseasecondwallinthemodel(Figure2.6.13).

Figure2.6.13:Thedrawrightwallbeambutton.



2.7Load/Supportmenu

Figure2.7.1:TheLoad/Supporttabmenu.

Tool Description

Addsatiebackanchor (firstclickonthewallandthenintheground).

Adds a strut (first click on thewall and then in the ground, or on thesecondwall).

Addsarakerclickonthewallandthenintheground).

Addsa slab (firstclickon thewalland thendefine theendpointof theslab).

Addsafixedsupport (clickonthewalltoaddafixedsupport).

Addsaspring(clickonthewalltoaddaspring).

Addsasurfacesurcharge (definethestartandendpointofthesurcharge).

Addsasurfacelineload (clickasurfacepointtoaddapointload).

Addsasurchargeonthewall (definetwowallpointstoaddasurcharge).

Addsalineloadonthewall (defineawallpointtoaddawallpointload)

Addsaprescribedconditionatawall (clickonthewalltoaddaprescribedcondition). A prescribed condition is a predefined displacement orwallrotation(nonlinearanalysis)

Addsafootingload(3D) (defineapointwheretoinstallafootingload).

Createsanewbuilding (defineapointwheretoinstallabuilding).

Performsanexcavation (clickonscreentodefinetheexcavationlimits).

Performsabackfilloperation (clickonscreentodefinethebackfilllimits).



Addbuilding:Bypressing thebutton ,we can add abuilding in themodel,usingthebuildingwizarddialog.Thepropertiescontainedinthisdialogaredescribedinparagraph4.7.

Figure2.7.2:BuildingWizarddialog.

Addfooting:Bypressingthebutton ,wecanaddafootingloadinthemodel,usingthefootingoptionsdialog.Thepropertiescontainedinthisdialogaredescribedinparagraph4.6.

Figure2.7.3:Footingoptionsdialog.



Wales:Bypressingthebutton wecanaddawalebeamtoasupport.Thewalebeamdialog opens and the user can define the type and the loading case of thewaler. Thepropertiescontainedinthisdialogaredescribedinparagraph3.14.

Figure2.7.4:Walebeamdialog.

Loadcombinations:Bypressing thebutton , theLoadcombinationsdialogappears(Figure2,7,5). Inthisdialogwecancreate loadcombinations.Each loadcombinationcancontrolhow the load is treatedwhenadesignapproach isapplied, in termsof the loadcharacter (favorable,unfavorable,automatic, ignored). Thisdefinitioncanbeappliedoneach load thathasbeenapplied to themodel (surcharges, line loads, footings,buildingsandother3Dloads).

Figure2.7.5:LoadcombinationsdialogLocalloads.



Figure2.7.6:LoadcombinationsdialogFootingsBuildings.

Figure2.7.7:LoadcombinationsdialogOther3Dloads.



2.8Seismicmenu

Figure2.8.1:TheSeismictabmenu.

Inthismenu,wecanchoosetoincludeSeismicoptionsandloadsinthemodelsanalysis.Thefollowingoptionsareincluded: Generalaccelerations:Inthisareawecandefinetheearthquakesaccelerationsfor

bothdirections(horizontalaxandverticalaz).

Figure2.8.2:Seismicaccelerations.

Method:InthisareawecanchoosetheSeismicmethod.Wecaneitherchoosefromthe

availablelist(Figure2.8.3)orpressthefullseismicoptionsbutton andloadtheseismiceffectsdialog(Figure2.8.4).

Figure2.8.3:Seismicaccelerations.



Figure2.8.4:Seismiceffectsdialog.

Thefollowing=gtablepresentstheoptionsthatareavailableintheSeismiceffectsdialog.ChoicetoincludeseismiceffectsinthisstageHorizontaldesignaccelerationAxdesignVerticaldesignaccelerationAzdesignOptiontouseabuildingcodeDefinebuildingcodeandsoiltypeclass(ifthepreviousoptionisselected)DefinethehorizontalbaseaccelerationAxbaseDefinethesitesoilresponsefactorSsDefinethetopographicsiteresponseStDefinetheImportancefactorlOptiontouserigidwallbehavior(woodmethod)OptiontouseflexiblewallbehaviorOptiontouseauserdefinedresponsefactorR(iftheflexiblewalloptionisselected)OptiondefineresponsefactorRaccordingtoBuildingcode(iftheflexiblewalloptionisselected)OptiondefineresponsefactorRaccordingtoRichardsElms(iftheflexiblewalloptionisselected)OptiondefineresponsefactorRaccordingtoLiaoWhitman(iftheflexiblewalloptionisselected)DefinevalueofR(ifuserdefinedRoptionisselected)DefinethePermanentdesigndisplacementDxperm(aftertheseismicevent)DefinetheVmax(peakvelocity)



Definetheamax(peakacceleration)DefinetheVmax/amax(option availableforestimation)OptiontouseSemirigidmethodforseismicpressuresOptiontouseMononobeOkabemethodforseismicpressuresOptiontouseRichardsShimethodforseismicpressuresOptiontouseuserspecifiedexternalpressuresOptiontouseWoodautomaticprocedureOptiontouseWoodmanualprocedureDefinetheuserdefinedseismicpressuresfortopandbottomDefinethewaterbehaviorasPervious,imperviousorautomaticChoicetouseactualwaterpressuresforHydrodynamiceffects(insteadofwxhw)OptiontocalculatethrusttoexcavationsubgradeOptiontocalculatethrusttobottomofthewallChoicetoincludewallinertiafornongravitywallsChoicetoapplysettingstoallstagesRecalculatedesignaccelerations ConventionalSeismic:Inthisareawecancontroloptionsforcontrollingtheheightof

applicationforseismicloads,andalsodefinetheSemirigidseismicmultiplierB(factorforcreatingarectangularseismicthrustdiagram).

Figure2.8.5:Conventionalseismicoptions.



ParatieSeismic: Inthisareawecandefinethewaterbehavior(Figure2.8.6)andseismicpressures (Figure 2.8.7) regarding the Nonlinear (Paratie) analysis. The pervious andimperviousoptionscontrolhowthewateristreatedinaseismiccondition.Intheperviouscase hydrodynamic loading is applied according to the Westeergard solution. If theautomaticEC8limitoptionisselected,thenthepervious/imperviousstateisautomaticallycontrolled from the horizontal soil permeability according to the limits specified inEurocode8.

Figure2.8.6:Waterbehavioroptions.

Figure2.8.7:Elastoplasticseismicpressureoptions.



2.9Analysismenu

Figure2.9.1:TheAnalysistabmenu.

Inthismenuwecaneditthebasicanalysissettings. Analysis: In thisareawecandefine theanalysismethod. Wecanchoose toperforma

conventional analysis (limit equilibrium), a nonlinear analysis or a combination of bothtwo.Inaddition,herewecandefinethespacingamongthepointsofthewall(meshdelta).Ingeneralitisrecommendedthatameshthatgeneratesatleast100nodesisadopted.

Figure2.9.2:Analysisoptions.

Designapproach:Inthisareawecandefinethedesignloadcasesofstandards.Thereisapossibilitytochooseaspecificcaseofadesignstandard(Figure2.9.3),ortogenerateallloadcases/designapproachesofadesigncode(Figure2.9.4).Paragraph3.2presentsalltheseoptions.

Figure2.9.3:Singleloadcase.



Figure2.9.4:Multipleloadcases.

Waterbehavior:Inthisareawecandefinetheclaybehaviorandthewateranalysistypeforeachstage(Figures2.9.5and2.9.6respectively).

Figure2.9.5:Claybehavior.

Fordrainedanalysistheprogramwilluseeffectivestrengthparameters(forclaysc isused inLEM analysis and global stability). The default behavior uses the initial drained/undrainedsettingasdefinedinthesoilsdialog.



Figure2.9.6:Wateranalysisoptions.

Hydrostatic Waterpressuresarecalculatedashydrostatic(wxh)Simplifiedflow Waterpressuresnexttothewallsarecalculatedfroma1DflowanalysisFullflownet Water pressures are calculated from a 2D finite difference flownet

analysisUserpressures SwitcheswaterpressurestotheuserdefinedvaluesSealexcavation This is an advanced option.With this,we can seal the excavation and

definean internalwater levelthat ishigherthantheexcavation level. Inthiscaseitisimportanttomaintainpositiveeffectiveverticalstresswithintheexcavation

Thrustoptions: By clickingon thebutton , theKaKpmainoptions dialog appear(Figure 2.9.8). In this dialog,we can choose the procedure for calculating lateral earthpressurecoefficients.Inthemostcases,thefullautomaticprocedurewilldeliverthebestresults.

Figure2.9.7:Thethrustoptionsbutton.



Figure2.9.8:TheKaKpmainoptionsdialog.

Inthisdialogthefollowingoptionsareavailable:Fullautomaticprocedure(automaticselectionofKaandKp)UserinputprocedureOptionA:Totaluserinput(iftheuserinputprocedureoptionisselected)OptionB:Approximateupdateofinitialparameters(iftheuserinputprocedureoptionisselected)OptiontoenableautomaticreadjustmentofKaandKpforfrictionangleanddesignapproachchanges(iftheoptionBisselected)OptiontoenableautomaticreadjustmentofKaandKpforsurfaceslopeanglemodifications(iftheoptionBisselected)OptiontoenableautomaticreadjustmentofKaandKpforearthquakeeffects(iftheoptionBisselected)OptiontoadjustKowhenfrictionanglechangesOptiontoallowmodificationofKaandKponeachstageandeachdesignsection.



Includewallfriction:Inthisareawecanchoosetoincludewallfrictiontothecalculationsonanywallside(resistinganddrivingside),aswellasdefinehowthewallfrictionistobecalculated.

Figure2.9.9:Includewallfriction.

OptiontosetthewallfrictiontozeroOptiontoaddwallfrictionasapercentageofsoilfriction(0to100%)OptiontouseaspecificvalueforthewallfrictionChoicetosetverticaladhesiononSudriving(limitequilibriumanalysis)ChoicetosetverticaladhesiononSuresisting(limitequilibriumanalysis) Choicetoalsoincludewallfrictionforclays

Figure2.9.10:Includewallfrictionfordrivingandresistingside.OptionignorewallfrictionOptiontouseLancellotta2007methodforwallfrictionOptiontouseCaquotKeriselmethodforwallfrictionOptiontouseCoulombmethodforwallfriction



ConventionalanalysismethodsDrivePressures:Inthisareawecandefinethetypeoflateralearthpressuresusedonthedrivingsideforalimitequilibriumanalysis.

Figure2.9.11:Activepressures.

Activepressures:Bychoosingtheactivepressuresoptionwecanchoosetouseactivepressureforthedrivingside.

Atrestpressures:Bychoosingtheatrestpressuresoptionwecanchoosetouseatrestpressuresforthedrivingside.

Peck1969apparent:BychoosingthePeckpressuresoptionandbypressingthebutton,thePeckpressureoptionsdialogappears.

Figure2.9.12:Thepeckpressuresoptionsdialog.



InthePeckpressuresoptionsdialogwecandefinethemultiplierforclaypressuresmClays,andinadditionthereisachoiceinstiffsoilprofilesnottoallowpressurestodroptozero. Custom trapezoidal: By choosing the Custom trapezoidal pressures option and by

pressingthebutton ,theTrapezoidalpressureoptionsdialogappears.

Figure2.9.14:Thetrapezoidalpressuresoptionsdialog.

In the trapezoidalpressuresoptionsdialogwe candefine themultiplier for theactiveearthpressuresM,thetoptriangularpressuretoapercentageofexcavationdepthfromtopandthebottomtriangularpressuretoapercentageofexcavationdepthfrombottom. FHWAapparent:By choosing theFHWApressuresoptionandbypressing thebutton

,theFHWApressureoptionsdialogappears.

Figure2.9.15:TheFHWApressuresoptionsdialog.

HerewecandefinethemultiplierforclaypressuresmClays,themultiplierfortheactiveearthpressuresMandinadditionthereisachoiceinstiffsoilprofilesnottoallowpressurestodroptozero.



Two step rectangular:By choosing theTwo step rectangularpressuresoptionandbypressing thebutton , theTwo step rectangularpressureoptionsdialog appears.With thisoption lateralearthpressures above theexcavation are calculated asM1 xHexcabovethewatertableandasMzxHexcbelowthewatertable.

Figure2.9.16:TheTwosteprectangularpressuresoptionsdialog.

Herewe candefine themultiplier forabovewater tableM1and themultiplierbelowwatertableM2.

Userpressures:Bychoosingtheuserpressuresoptionandbypressingthebutton thecustompressuresdialogappears.

Figure2.9.17:Thecustompressuresdialog.

Herewecandefinethevaluesofpressuresatseveralelevations. Wecanchoosewhethertooptimizethewedgeanalysisornot.



Wedge analysisoptions:By choosing thewedge analysisoptions, thewedge analysisoptionsdialogappears.

Figure2.9.18:Thewedgeanalysisoptionsdialog.

Thefollowingtablepresentstheoptionsthatareavailableinthewedgeanalysisoptionsdialog:ChoicetouseactivewedgesforthetwowallsChoicetousepassivewedgesforthetwowallsChoicetooptimizewedgeanalysisDefinetheminimumandmaximumactiveandpassivewedgesearchlimits.TheselimitsareusedwhentheOptimizewedgeanalysisoptionisselected.



ConventionalanalysismethodsResistPressures:Inthisareawecanchoosethetypeoflateralearthpressuresusedontheresistingside.

Figure2.9.19:Resistpressures.

Choicetousepassivepressuresattheresistingside(Figure2.9.20)ChoicetouseatrestpressuresattheresistingsideChoicetomultiplythepassivepressureswithamultiplier(Figure2.9.21)Choicetosetresistingearthpressuresfrompassivedividedbyasafetyfactor.(Figure2.9.22)Choicetoincludeeditamaximumpassivepressurelimit(Figure2.9.23)

Figure2.9.20:Passivepressuresdialog.



Thefollowingtablepresentstheoptionsthatareavailableinthepassivepressuresdialog:ChoicetouseRankineKp(nowallfriction)ChoicetouseCoulombKpChoicetouseLancellottaKpChoicetouseCaquotKeriselKpChoicetouseSoubraKp

Figure2.9.21:PassivepressuresMultiplierdialog(foratrestpressures).

HerewecandefinethemultiplierMfortheresistingatrestpressures.

Figure2.9.22:PassivepressuresSafetyfactordialog.

Herewecandefine thesafety factorFS.Passiveearthpressureswillbedividedby thisFS toobtaintheresistingearthpressures.



Figure2.9.23:Maximumpassivepressurelimitdialog.

Herewecandefinethemaximumpassivelimitspmax. ConventionalanalysismethodsCantilever:Inthisareawecanchoosethecantilever

method(FreeorFixedearth)

Figure2.9.24:Cantilevermethod.



Conventional analysis methods below grade pressures: By clicking on the button,weusercanchoosethebelowgradepressuremethod.Ingeneralit

isrecommendedtokeeptheNormaloptionselected.The=0pressuresoptionwillapplyzeroearthpressuresbelowtheexcavation,whiletheKaActiveoptionforcesactiveearthpressuresbelowexcavation.

Figure2.9.25:Belowgradepressures..

Advancedoptions:Bypressingthebutton ,wecanfindsomeadvancedchoicesregardingtheactiveandpassivecoefficients.

Figure2.9.26:Advancedoptions.

AdjustKowithfriction AdjustKowhenchangesduetoamaterialchange(Eurocode7)Use actual Ka and Kp inparatieengine

UsesthetheoreticallyconsistentequationsforKaandKpAllow tension gaps toformforslaveelements

Allows the formationof tensiongapsbetweenmasterandslavenodeswhenslaveelementshavebeendefined(supportsorwallelements).Thisoption canbeusedwhen linerwallshave tobemodeled



2.10SlopeStabilitymenu

Figure2.10.1:TheSlopetabmenu.

ImportfromDXF:Bypressingthebutton ,wecanimportaDXFfileinDeepXcavandusethedefinedgeometry.Somelimitationsintheimportapply.

Options:Bypressingthebutton ,theslopestabilityoptionsdialogappears.Herewecan define the method and options for the slope stability analysis. The propertiescontainedinthisdialogaredescribedinparagraph3.13.

Figure2.10.2:TheSlopestabilityoptionsdialog.



Analysismethod:Bypressing thebutton ,wecandefine theslopestabilityanalysismethod.

Figure2.10.3:Slopestabilityanalysismethods.

Bishop Use the Bishop simplifiedmethod for analyzing slope stability(onlycircularsurfaces)

GLE UsetheMorgensternPricemethodforanalyzingslopestabilitySpencer UsetheSpencermethodforanalyzingslopestabilityStoreintermediatesurfaceresults

With this option the programwill store all intermediate slopestabilitysurfacesandsafetyfactors

In some design codes (such as AASHTO)minimum safety factors are defined for differentconditions (long term, short term etc). Theseminimum safety factorswill appear once theanalysishasbeenperformed.

Typicalslopeconditions UsesageneralsafetyfactorTemporaryexcavation Usedforanexcavationdesignedtolast48hoursTemporarystructure UsedforatemporarylongtermstructurePermanentstructure UsedforapermanentlongtermstructureExtremeeventseismic Describesanextremeevent(seismic)Extremeeventhighwater Describesanextremeevent(highwater)



Failure surface: By clicking on the button ,we can define the shape of the failuresurface.

Figure2.10.4:Slidingsurfaceshapeoptions.

Radiussearch:Byclickingonthebutton ,wecandefinesomeoptionsfortheradiussearch.

Figure2.10.5:Radiussearchoptions.

Singleradius OneradiusRadiipassingfromspecifiedlimits

RadiidefinedfromtwopointsRadiibetweenspecifiedvalues

Radiidefinedfromafirstradiusvaluetoasecondradiusvalue



Drawtools:Theusercanusethistoolbarto drawtheslidingsurfaceordrawthesearchrectangleetc.The iconsareexplained inthe

tablebelow:

Icon Description

Drawasingleradiusfailingsurface.

Draw a custom failure surface by clicking on a series of points on thescreen.

Definethestartandendpointswherethefailingsurfaceistopassfrom.

Definethebaselimitsforsblockwedgeanalysis.

Drawarectangularboxthatcontainsthecentersofthefailuresurfaces

Define a single point for the center of the sliding surface (circular typesurfaces).

Soilnails:Inthisareawecandefinethepropertiesofsoilnailsusedwithinthemodel.

Soil nails table: By pressing the button , the Soil nails table appears. This tablecontainsthebasicdimensionsandpropertiesofeachsoilnail.Byclickingthebutton,wecan choose some furtheroptions regarding the slope stability analysiswith soilnails.Thisoptionscanalsobesetforeachsoilnailseparately.

Figure2.10.6:Soilnailstabledialog.



Figure2.10.7:Soilnailsoptions.

Thefollowingtablecontainsthesoilnailoptionsthatareavailable:IncludeshearforallsoilnailsIgnoreshearforalsoilnailsConsideronlyexternalstabilityIncludebothexternalandinternalanalysisRepositionnailsonsurfaceActivateallnailsDeactivateallnailsEraseallnailspermanently

Externalstabilityassumesthatthesoilnailfailsbypulloutofthenailbeyondthefailuresurface.When internalanalysisis included,thepossibilityonanailfailingfromtheheadface(internalside)isalsoconsidered.



Drawasoilnail:Bypressingthebutton ,wecanaddasinglesoilnailtothemodel.Toaddanailfirstclickonthesurface(head)andthenontheendpointofthenail.

Figure2.10.7:Addasoilnail.

Drawanailgroup:Bypressingthebutton ,wecanaddagroupofsoilnailstothemodel. To do so, click on the first point (close to the surface) and then clickon thesecondpoint.

Figure2.10.8:Addasoilnailgroup.

Analyze:Bypressingthebutton ,theprogramwillperformaslopestabilityanalysis and calculate the factor of safety of the slope, without performing a wallanalysis.Tousethisoptionthegeneralanalysismustbeperformedandgeneralsettingsnotchanged.



2.11Stability+menu

Figure2.11.1:TheStability+tabmenu.

In this areawe can controloptions regarding the calculationofwallembedment safetyfactors,basalstabilityandsurfacesettlement.

LimitequilibriumFS:Inthisareawecanselecttouseaconventionalfactorofsafetywhenthe nonlinear analysis is performed (Passive pressures will be calculated from LEManalysis).

NonlinearFS:InthisareawecanforcethepassiveandactiveforcelimitstobecalculatedfromLEManalysis.

B.E.F.Stability: In thisareawe canuseaZcut command in thenonlinearanalysis.Thiscommanddeactivatesallwallnodesbelowthiselevation.

Wallembedmentstabilityequations: InthisareawecancontrolwhichFactorsofSafety

regarding thewallembedmentare includedwithin the limitequilibriumanalysis (Figure2.11.2.)

Figure2.11.2:Thewallembedmentsafetyequations.



Basal stability and Clough method: In this area we can define whether to estimatemaximum wall displacements according to the semiempirical Cloughmethod.We canselectfromoptionspresentedinFigure2.11.3.Byclickingonthebutton ,thedialoginFigure2.11.4appears.

Figure2.11.3:BasalstabilityandCloughoptions.

Figure2.11.4:BasalstabilityandCloughoptionsdialog.

In this formwecanchoose tocalculate thebasalstabilityFS,and tocalculate themaximumhorizontalwalldisplacementswithCloughmethod.



Surfacesettlements:Inthisareawecandefinewhethertoestimatesurfacesettlementsornot.We can select the options that are presented in Figure 2.11.5. By clicking on thebutton , thedialog inFigure2.11.6appears.ForLEManalysis, theoriginalmethoduses the Clough calculated displacements with some modification factors. Thesemodification factors can be enabled by selecting the Use modifications for Cloughoption.

Figure2.11.5:Thesurfacesettlementoptions.

Figure2.11.5:Thesettlementcalculationoptionsdialog.

Thefollowingtablepresentstheparametersthatwecandefineinthisdialog:DefinetheSprandellengthDsintermsoftheexcavationheightDefinetheconcavemaximumsettlementDcminInflectionpointconstantSettlementpoints(wheresettlementiscalculated)CantileverAvs/Ahs(verticalSprandelvolumetohorizontaldisplacedSprandelvolume)SupportsremainAv/Ah(ratioofverticaltohorizontalvolume)SupportsremoveAv/Ah(ratioofverticaltohorizontalvolumewhenthesupportsareremoved)OptiontouseCloughmethodinBEFanalysis.ThisoptionforcestheprogramtocalculatethehorizontaldisplacementvolumewiththeCloughmethod.

Formoreinformationpleaseseetheorymanual.



2.12Designmenu

Figure2.12.1:TheDesigntabmenu.

Code options: By clicking on the button , we can define which structural codessettings to apply in analysis. These code settings control structural codes and otheroptions.

Figure2.12.2:Codeoptions.

Thefollowingoptionsareavailable:UseEurocode2,3settings ApplyEurocodesettingstothedesignUseUSallowablesettings ApplyUSallowablesettingstothedesignUseUSLRFDsettings ApplyUSLRFDsettingstothedesignUseAASHTO(US)LRFDsettings ApplyAASHTOLRFDsettingstothedesignEnableindividualcodes Enablesthepossibilitytousedifferentcodesfor

concreteandsteeldesignDonotperformwalldesign ThiscancelsthewalldesignUsehighseismiccriteria Useshighseismiccriteriaforstructuraldesign

(whenapplicable)



Members:Byclickingonthebutton ,wecandefinewhichstandardstobeusedinselectingsteelmembersandreinforcementbars.

Figure2.12.3:Steelmembercodeoptions.

Concrete cracking: In this area we can define the allowable cracking widths whenserviceability design is performed

Documents

#DeepXcav Users Manual_2011