deepak marwadi

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHUBANESWAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled SEMINAR ON ELECTRIC CAR is submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics engg. incollege of engineering, Bhubaneswar.

It is faithful record of bonafied seminar work carried by

SANAT KUMAR UPADHYAYA(Regd.no.0701219203)

under my supervision & guidance. It is further certified that no part of this report has been submitted to any other University or

institute for award of any other degree or diploma.

Stutee soumya Pani Anshuman Nayak Dr.Amiya.Ku. Rath

Seminar in charge H.O.D Director (A&R)

Department Of Electrical Engg Department Of Electricall Engg. College Of Engineering, BBSR


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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BHUBANESWAR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to my Head of the

Department Mr. Anshuman Nayak and seminar in chargeMs Stutee soumya Pani of Electrical and Electrical Department for their valuable guidance .

I am also grateful to the staff members of Electrical and ElectricalDepartment for their immense help and support in the making the

seminar a success.

SUBMITTED BY:-

SANAT KUMAR UPADHYAYA

REGD NO.- 0701219203

BRANCH := EEE (1)


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ABSTRACT

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION:

Power line carrier communication(PLCC) provides significant

services for the electric utilities in particular and to the industrial

and consumer sectors in general. Since its inception in the early

1920s, PLC has been used for voice communication, protective

relaying, telemetry and supervisory control. Lately PLCC has proved to

render the most efficient means for distribution automation & load

management.

PLCC is used in all power utilities as a primary

communication service to transmit speech, telemetry and

protection tripping command.

PLCC system uses HV power transmission line of utility as

a metallic medium for telecommunication. No need for

laying separate telephone lines on the electric poles or

hire lease lines from public telephone companies.

This is very economic, secure communication compared to

any other means like HF, wearless, lease line etc. It is

feasible for line length up to 800km.


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CONTENTS

Sl.No. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 12 History 2

3 Why electric car? 3

4 Different parts 4

5 Motor 56 Controller 6

7 Batteries used in electric cars 8

8 Obstacles 10

9 Future 11

10 Conclusion 12

11 References 16


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INTRODUCTION

Fast and efficient communication is a pre-requisite for

management of modern power systems. To maintain a large power

grid in optimum working condition, the Central LoadDespatcher has

to have at his command a large battery of communication systems.

The load dispatcher may use the commercial P&T telephone system

using open wires or under-ground cables for communication over

short distances such as communications between the load dispatch

centre and generating/receiving stations in the same city where the

load despatch station is located. In some cases, VHF wireless

communication may also be used. For communication over medium

and long distances in a power network, Power Line carrier

communication is the most economical and reliable method of

communication, this is because of the higher mechanical strength and

insulation level of the high voltage power lines which contribute to

the increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over

the longer distances involved.

During the last years PLC technologies have been widelydeveloped mainly due to new modulation techniques used for wireless

telecommunication systems that can also be applied to PLC systems. The

current state of the art of PLC communications is presents many

possibilities and opportunities for the utilities.

Power Line Carrier communication systems consist of a high

frequency signal injection over the electrical power lines. This kind of

technology has been used since the 1950 decade in order to provide

signalling and ripple control in High Voltage lines, at transmissionlevel. In the last years the interest for this technology has suffered a

revival because the impressing increase of the mobile

telecommunications has brought a big development in transmission

technologies for this kind of communications. In particular, new

modulation technologies used for wireless communication are especially


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suitable for PLC communication and make massive data transmissions

possible. The voice signal is converted/compressed into the 300 Hz to 4000

Hz range, and this audio frequency is mixed with the carrier frequency.

The carrier frequency is again filtered, amplified and transmitted. The

transmission of these HF carrier frequencies will be in the range of 0 to+32db. This range is set according to the distance between substations.

Bennfits:

Power line carrier communication integrates the transmission of

communication signal and 50/60 Hz power signal through tha same

electric power cable. The major benefit is the union of two important

application on a single system.

Data link appears transparent to the user . Although devicesare connected through power line, consumer perceive that there is a

separate link available for data communication.

Since the existing lines are used for signal transmission, the

initial heavy cost and investment for setting up a data communication

system is avoided. Setting up such a communication system then involves

installation of transmitter and/or receiver at appropriate points.

The Challenge:Since the power line is devised for transmission of power at 50/60 Hz and

at most 400 Hz, The use this medium forData transmission (at high

frequencies) presents some technically challenging problems. It is one of

the most electrically contaminated environments which makes it hostile

for transmission of data signals. The channel is characterized by high

noise levels and uncertain (or varying) levels of impedance and

attenuation. In addition, the line offers limited bandwidth in comparision

to cable or fibre optics links.

Power line networks are generally made up of a variety of

conductor types and cross section joined almost at random. Therefore a

wide variety of characteristic impedances are encountered in the network.

This imposes interesting difficulties in the designing the filters for this

communication system. So a power line carrier communication system


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uses its proper design and its implementation causes connection of two

microproceesor/ microcontroller kits as also two personal computers. The

device should be able to transfer data using power lines as their link of

communication.

HISTORY

Engineers started thinking about using power lines for

communication at the beginning of the 20th century. Practical power

line carrier communication systems came into operation in several

countries after 1920. In those early days antennae similar to those

used in radio work were used to couple the telephone systems to the

power lines. This was because capacitors capable of withstanding the

high voltages used in power transmission had not yet been developed

at that time. These antennae were more than 100 meters long and

were tuned to the carrier frequencies employed. The coupling

systems using antennae were inefficient and were affected by

interference from nearby long wave radio transmitters.

By about 1930, suitable paper and oil capacitors weredeveloped which could withstand high voltages and serve as effective

coupling devices for power line carrier communication equipment.

These early PLC Communication systems have now developed

into extremely sophisticated and complicated systems which handle

not only speech communication but also telemetry, tele-signalling,

tele-control, tele-printer and tele-protection signals. Such

comprehensive PLCC systems are now widely used in all power grids.


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FrequencySelection:

Selecting 24 KHZ:

y Harmonics,switching andlightningsurge andcorona whichwillbepresentonhigh voltage powerlines allhavecomponentsinthe frequency

bandbetween 100 Hz to 24 Khz,whichcancauseconsiderablenoiseinthe

communicationcircuits,if frequencies. Thesignal-to-noiseinsuchcircuits

willbequite poor.

y Itwillbe verydifficulttoseparatethe powerfrequencyandradio

frequencycomponentbelow24 KHz, asthedifferenceinthe frequencies

willbesmaller, andtheunwantedpowerfrequencyvoltageswillbe very

highcomparedtosignalvoltageswhichwillbeoftheorderofmilivolts.

y Thecostofcouplingequipmentbecomes prohibitive below24 KHz,

becauseof thesize andcomplexityoftheequipmentrequiredfor

operatingefficientlyatsuchlowfrequencies.

Selecting 500KHZ:

* Above 500 KHz,theradiationlosses becomes veryhigh.

* Interferenceto andfromotherservicesincreases.

Thelowerandupperfrequencylimitsof 24 KHz and500 KHz have beendecided

bythe CCITToftheITU forthe abovereasons.

Inmanycountries,therangeof frequenciesusedforPLCcommunicationis

restrictedbythegovernmentconcernedassomeoftheotherutilitiessuch as

longwaveradiostations,navigationreasonsetc.,havetosharethe available

frequencyband.


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CARRIER S AND MODULATION

CARRIERS:

The carriers used in modern PLC communication systems are

radio frequency currents of frequencies between 24KHz and 500KHz.

The use of radio frequency carrier current enables several channels

of communication to be had over a single physical circuit.

The reasons for the low frequency limit of 24KHz are:

1)Harmonics, Switching, lightening surges and corona will be present

on HV power lines in thefrequency band between 100Hz and 24KHz.

2)It will be very difficult to separate the power frequency and radio

frequency components below 24KHz.

3)The cost of coupling equipment becomes prohibitive below 24KHz.

The reasons for the high frequency limit of 500KHz are:

1)Above 500KHz, the radiation losses become very high.

2) Interference to and from other services increases.

MODULATION:

In PLC telephony, the carrier currents are modulated by voice

frequency currents and the modulated currents are transmitted over

the power lines. Modern PLCC system use almost exclusively single

side band amplitude modulation system for voice communication.


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11

RF carrier

(40-500kHz)

Power Line

(50Hz)

WT

CC

PAX

RTU

(ABB-ETL41)

PLCC TERM NAL

POWER FREQUENCY & CARRIER FREQUENCY

MATERIALS REQUIRED AND SPECIFICATION

BILL OF MATERIALS:

1)48 Volt DC supply-> For uninterrupted power supply.

2) PLCC Equipments-> consists of transmit and receive equipments.

3)Co-axial Cable-> Also called Coax, is used to transmitRF signals.

4) Line Matching Unit-> Provided for matching the characteristic

Impedance of the power line to that of

Co-axial cable.5)Coupling Capacitor-> U sed as a part of filter network which allows

a fairly wide band of frequency to pass

through to the PLC transmit-receive equipment.

6) Wave trap-> Consists mainly of suitably designed choke coils

connected in series with power line. It offers a suitably

high impedance to RF carrier current.

SPECIFICATION:

a)Co-axial cable: 75ohmb)Coupling capacitor: (4nF-10nF)

c)Wave trap:y 132kv (600A, 0.5 mH)

y 220kv (800A, 1mH)

y 400kv (1200A, 2mH)


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10

Components of PLCC

Wave Trap

H.V Line

PLCC T minal

Translates voice

and data into

Radio Freq.

Carrier.

LMU

Coupling Capacito

Coaxial

cable

COUPLING ARRANGEMENTS

Since telephone communication system work at a low voltages,

they cannot be directly connected to high voltage lines. Suitable

coupling devices have therefore, to be employed. Those, usually,consist of HV capacitors with suitable line matching units for

matching the impedance of the power line to that of co-axial cable

connecting the matching unit to PLC transmit-receive equipment.

WAVE TRAPS:The carrier currents used for PLC communication have to be

prevented from entering the power equipment in the stations, as this

would result in high attenuation or even complete loss of

communication signals. For this purpose ,wave traps or line trapsare employed. What it does is trapping the high frequency

communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and

diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation

control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)

systems for communication among various substations without


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dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily

teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication

signals.Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the

high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote

substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in thesubstation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is

relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the

telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleprotection

signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.

The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency

communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the

substation busbars. If there were not to be there, then signal loss is more

and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

COUPLING CAPACITORS: A modern coupling capacitor consists of a stack of flat wound

elements of pure cellulose paper and aluminium foil held between

insulating rods under optimum pressure to minimize capacitance

changes with temp and time. The interconnections are designed to

obtain highest possible surge withstand capacity, highest cutoff

frequency and lowest series resistance at carrier frequencies.

Coupling capacitor is part of the tuning circuit in Power Line CarrieCommunication. It provides low impedance path for carrier energy to HV

line and blocks the power frequency circuit by being a high impedance

path.

A coupling capacitor allows AC to pass but blocks DC. Like any other

capacitor it has two conductive plates separated by an insulator. With AC,

current flows into it during one half cycle charging the capacitor. During

the other half cycle current flows out of it discharging it and then charging

it it the opposite direction. With DC, the current flows in once when the

voltage is first applied, the capacitor is charged, and then current stops.

Anyway, a coupling capacitor is to join two circuits together. Normally

the function is to blockDC and transmit AC signals. Typical use in a

transistor amplifier to connect the signal from the collector of one stage to

the base of the next stage, as they are at differentDC potentials.


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A coupling capacitor is a capacitor used to separate the various stages

in a circuit, for example, to separate the stages of a multistaged amplifier.

It separates the dc and ac components and 'couples' the output of one

stage to the input of the next stage.

coupling capacitors are used in circuits to filter noise signals from

passing on to the next stage. for example, a coupling capacitor is used in

the input of an R-C coupled amplifier to filter dc noise. As u may know, the

reactance offered by a capacitor Xc= 1/(2*pi*f*C) where f is freuency, c is

capacitance. as d.c has 0 freq, so the reactance offered to dc by a capacitor

is very very large.

Coupling capacitors used in modern PLCC systems have a

capacity between 2 and 8 nF. The units are designed to have very

low loss (less than 0.5 dB). They are usually mounted on pedestalsbelow the line conductors where the line enters the station.

In many cases, the capacitive voltage dividers used for

measurement of line voltages are used as coupling capacitors for

PLCC, thus making for economy in the installation.

USE OF CVT AS COUPLING CAPACITORS: As capacitor voltage transformers are almost always used at the

entry of each power line into a power station both for line alive

Indication and for synchronizing purposes in a grid system, the idea of

using these devices for coupling the PLCC system to the power line

was tried and found to be successful. Their is considerable saving the

cost of communication system with this arrangement as the use of a

separate coupling capacitor is avoided.

The capacitors in series act as coupling capacitors for PLCC.

The voltage drop across C2 is applied to a suitable auxillary

transformer to get the potential required for line alive indication,metering and synchronizing circuits. A compensating choke/reactor is

used in series with the primary of this transformer to resonate with

the two capacitors and make the output voltage of the auxillary

transformer largely independent of the load. Taps on the compensating

choke are used for the correction of phase angle error at desired volt-

ampere borden on the CVT. Taps on the primary coil of auxiliary


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transformer are used for getting the exact voltage desired on secondary

side . The ferro resonance filter is provided to reduce subharmonic

resonance under unloaded condition of CVTsince such sub-harmonic

oscilation may cause mal operation of protection relays. The filter consists

of a parallal resonant circuit which resonates at 50 Hz and is loaded bydamping resistor. Some manufacturers provides the damping resistor on

a separate secondary winding of the auxiliary transformer.

The two capacitors can be built as two separate units. This

arrengment is usually adopted when only one of the facilities namely

carrier communication is to be installed in the first place and the second

facility added at a later date. In this case, the capacitor C2, the auxillary

transformer, and the compensating choke are combined into one single

unit constructionally.

The two capacitors may also be built into a single porcelain bushing

if both metering and carrier facilities are required from the beginning.

This will ensure uniform dielectric conditions for the two capacitors and

temperature variations will affect both the capacitors equally. This results

in a constant voltage division ratio and thus one possible source of

metering erroris avoided.

LINE MATCHING AND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:

The line matching unit consists of matching transformer and

tuning capacitor. The matching transformer performs two functions.

Firstly, it isolates the communication equipment from the power line.

Secondly, it serves to match the characteristic impedance of the

power line(400-600 ohms)to that of the coaxial cable to

communication equipment(50-150 ohms). The tuning capacitors enable

maximum carrier energy transfer to take place between the power

line and transmit-receive equipment.


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17

CVT and HF connection

PLCC

TERMINAL

HF

8800 pf

8800 pf

20mH

Drain coil

DISCONNECT

THIS LINK

LMU

220kV

CVT

COAXIAL CABLE

TYPES OF COUPLING

There are three types of coupling,i.e.

a) phase-to-ground

b) phase-to-phase

c) inter circuit

PHASE -TO-GROUND COUPLING:

Wave traps and coupling capacitors are all connected to one

conductor of power line. Another two conductors do not have wavetraps, a portion of the carrier energy is lost. Also radiation losses

are high as earth forms a part of the circuit. It is more economical

as it uses only half the number of wave traps and coupling

capacitors as compared to others.


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PHASE-TO-PHASE COUPLING:

Four wave traps and four coupling capacitors are used for this

type of PLC coupling. Two power conductors are used for this

purpose. The signal attenuation is less because two conductors areused instead of one conductor and earth. This type of coupling is

more reliable over longer distances and is generally used in load

dispatch work.

INTER-CIRCUIT COUPLING:

In this case the two conductors used for communication belong

to two different power circuits carried on common towers. This type

of coupling is even more reliable than phase-to-phase coupling onthe same circuit in that it permits operation with one of the two

circuits opened out and grounded for maintainance purposes.

21

Inter circuit

Phase-to-Ground

LMU

Cc

LT

PLC

Cc

LMDU LMUPLC

Cc

LT

LT

Cc

LMDU LMUPLC

Cc

LT

LT

Phase-to-Phase

HF Coupling modes


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APPLICATIONSAND INTEREST

As we mentioned in the introduction, the interest of PLC

communications is growing, due to the current circumstances.

The active grid or intelligence gridconcept will define the

network of the future and needs of a parallel communication

system in order to give a successful response to its problems.

A. INDUSTRIALAUTOMATION:In an industrial environment the PLC communication networks

can be used to give electric energy related services, such as meter

reading,

demand management and remote billing but also to give value addedservices like remote control and security, automation or even, education,

information and e -business opportunities. On the other hand it can also

offer telecommunication services such as traditional telephony and

Internet.

B. TELECOMMUNICATIONSERVICES:

Current PLC networks are able to reach speeds of 200Mbps.

Telephony and Internet services can be delivered at high speed

through broadband PLC networks. Traditional telephony uses

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy, PDH. PDH uses Time Division

Multiplexing, TDM. One possibility is to send the TDM frame over IP,

and the voice overTDM, VoTDM. However, this service should

accomplish the quality and reliability criteria, like Bit Error Rate,

timing and latency, and unfortunately the delay in VoTDM transmissions

exceeds 25ms. Nevertheless, it is possible to give a good telephony

service over IP. OverTCP/IP, VoIP and Internet services can be delivered

at a 200Mbps speed, so it can be possible to compete with technologies

such as ADSL.


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C. SOLUTIONSFORELECTRICITYSUPPLIERS:

c.1. Ripple Control:

It is used for applications such as switched meters, local lightning,

connection and disconnection of load groups, generation units and

Individual controls. Traditionally, it has been done through a radio

communication through an antenna covering a 500km range, which

allows only a unidirectional communication. PLC would allow a

bidirectional communication and makes communications more flexible

and allows different applications.

c.2. Transformation centres telecontrol:Transformation centres operation and control functions could be

done via PLC. Currently, the distribution networks automation is of 2%

but in the near future it is expected to reach50%.

c.3 Fraud detection:

The energy provided by the transformer and the energy reaching

the end customer could be compared, losses more precisely calculated

and fraud detected.

c.4. Demand Side Management:

Demand side management systems cover a variety of policies in

order to decrease the customers energy consumption , increase the

energy efficiency, reduce the energy costs, vary the energy use times and

promote different energy sources. Instead of building new power plants,

consumption could be reduced by implementing special programs for

particular clients, industries and institutions.

c.5. Distributed Generation integration:

The distributedgeneration will grow significantly during the next

years.In thirty years the amount of energy produce by distributed


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generation units will equal to the conventionally produced one. To

minimize the impact on the stability and functioning of the grid, the

communication between installations and equipment will have to be

guaranteed. For this purpose, PLC is a feasible technology.

c.6. System protection:

The communication link can be used to transit control signals that

may be used to protect the system. For example, PLC can be successfully

used in order to detect islanding operation ofDER units.

c.7. Fault detection:

The synergies between the PLC communication system could beanalyzed and used for fault detection and location and also to do

preventive maintenance actions that can improve significantly the grid

operation.

Advantages:

PLCC integrates the transmission of communication signal and 50/60 Hz power

signal through the same electric power cable.

Higher mechanical strength and insulation level of the high voltage power lines

which contribute to the increased reliability of communication and lower

attenuation over the longer distances involved.


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CONCLUSIONThe communication flow of today is very high. Many applications are

operating at high speed and a fixed connection is often preferred. If the power

utilities could supply communication over the power-line to the costumers itcould make a tremendous breakthrough in communications. Every household

would be connected at any time and services being provided at real-time. Using

the power-line as a communication medium could also be a cost-effective way

compared to other systems because it uses an existing infrastructure, wires

exists to every household connected to the power-line network.

The deregulated market has forced the power utilities to explore new

markets to find new business opportunities, which have increased the research in

power-line communications the last decade. The research has initially been

focused on providing services related to power distribution such as load control,

meter reading, tariff control, remote control and smart homes. These value-

added services would open up new markets for the power utilities and hence

increase the profit. The moderate demands of these applications make it easier

to obtain reliable communication. Interested several researchers and utilities

during the last decade, trying to achieve higher bit-rates and more reliable

communication over the power lines.

The electric power grid is about to face an important renewal in which the

information and communication technologies are of vital importance. Thus, it is

important to have a solid communication infrastructure. Currently, PLC

networks provide a proprietary solution and enough reliability and qualityconditions.

When designing or analyzing a PLC network, the structure and

components of it, as well as its topology have to be taken into account. Also,

there are different providers that use different technologies so compatibility

is an issue. There is a narrow band standard and the broadband is very

developed.

The transmission quality is also an important factor. Inorder to

characterize a PLC network, attenuation, noise, SNR, crosstalk and Delay

Spread parameters have to be measured, analyzed and considered.

Finally, the application range of PLC is very wide, it can provide

telecommunication services and value added services but it can also be very

useful for distribution and transmission system operators in order to guarantee

the operation and control of the power grid.


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REFERENCES

[1] Elisa Garcia, MiguelA. Chileno, Luis Legorburu

TheexperienceoftheIberdrola Group in Power

Line Communications, 9 CHLIE Marbella, Spain,July2005.

[2] Electric power systemsresearch,Volume-4,Issue 2,

April1981, Page 85-104

[3] The OPERA ISTIntegratedProjectNo 507667

fundedbyEC PublicDeliverables.www.ist-opera.org

[4] J.G. Proakis DigitalCommunication. EditionMcGraw-HillInc. 2001

[5] Elisa Garcia, MiguelA. Chileno, Luis Legorburu

The OPERA IST Project, 9 CHLIE Marbella,

Spain, July2005.

[6] O. Abarrategui,I. Zamora, DM..Larruskain, M.

Gomez DLC Communications forIslanding

Detectionin Systemswith DGXCLEEFunchal,Madeira, Portugal, Spain, July2007.

[7] O. Abarrategui,I. Zamora, DM. Larruskain, M.

Gomez SmartGrid: A GlobalVisionXCLEE

Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, Spain, July2007.

SPECIALREFERENCE : OPTCL, Chandaka,BBSR.

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