December 3, 2013

Dr. Jeffrey Musser

http://www.ghananewsagency.org

Bugs in your Blood: Malaria!

Malaria’s ImpactWorldwide Incidence

350 to 500 million clinical cases

> 1,000,000 deaths each year

800,000 are children < 5 yrs. old

Where does malaria occur?

World Health Organization, January 2004

Tropic ofCancer

Equator

Tropic ofCapricorn

Malaria - Questions

Where does malaria occur?

How did it get there?

What is malaria?

How people get malaria?

What are the clinical signs?

- what happens to infected people?

- life cycle of malaria?

Questions

Malaria in Texas -how did it get here and

why is it not here now?

Misinformation on the Web

What do you know aboutMalaria?

What is Malaria?

What is Malaria?

Art.com Art.com

What is Malaria?

Art.com

protozoan parasite, a single-celled organisms, that infects red blood cells

Plasmodium sp.

Early History

Has infected man during known history

Originated in Africa and followed human migration

Malaria

Where and when did Malaria first occur?

AFRICA

Malaria3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches

Nei Ching 2700 BC

Great cold, intense shivering, body convulsing

Fever up to 106º, great thirst

Massive headaches

~6 hours, fever breaks

Cycles every 48 or 72 hrs., depending on malaria species

Miasma theorya poisonous air exhaled by decaying

vegetable matter, especially by swamps

Malaria lifecycle before 1876

3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches3 Demons: Chills, Fever, Headaches

MiasmaMiasma

Charles Laveran

                     

Military physician stationed in Algeria in 1876

Malaria in 1876

Algeria

What did he see?

Plasmodium spp.protozoan parasite – single-celled organisms

Malaria lifecycle

Malaria in 1897

India

Sir Ronald RossIndia 1897

                                           20 August 1897

Found the malaria protozoan in the stomach of an Anopheles mosquito…

                                          

“… clear and almost perfectly circular outline … another, and another exactly similar cell.

Here was the clue … the mosquito itself had become infected”

The Anopheles mosquito was the vector

An organism (such as an insect or rodent) that transmits a pathogen

Malaria lifecycle

Malaria lifecycle

Malaria lifecycle & illness

Malaria is species specific

Humans

Primates

Birds

Reptiles

All Plasmodium but different species

http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-malaria-parasite.html http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-malaria-parasite.html

Malaria comes to the Americas

No malaria priorNo malaria priorto 1492to 1492

Malaria comes to the Americas1492 – European exploration

Malaria in the U.S.

circa 1850

Malaria in the U.S.

circa 1912

Malaria in the U.S.

circa 2012

For Malaria to persist, need

Reservoir – where the mosquitoes get the parasite

Vector – Anopheles mosquitoes

Host – the animal that gets infected

Elimination andPrevention of Malaria

• Reduce contact with vector• Reduce reservoir

Elimination andPrevention of Malaria

• Reduce contact with vector

Is the vector in Texas?

Mosquito is the vector

YES!!!

Elimination andPrevention of Malaria

• Reduce contact with vector

Elimination andPrevention of Malaria

• Reduce contact with vector

Elimination andPrevention of Malaria

• Reduce contact with vector• Reduce reservoir

Infected person

Infected person

Infected mosquito

Infected Mosquito gets infected by biting infected person

- where the mosquitoes get the parasite

Elimination andPrevention of Malaria

• Reduce contact with vector• Reduce reservoir

No endemic malaria

Land Area

www.worldmapper.org

www.worldmapper.org

www.worldmapper.org

Malaria Deaths

www.worldmapper.org

Mortality 1-4 Year Olds

www.worldmapper.org

Remember, protect yourselfRemember,