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Estimates the contribution to the total value of exports originating from foreign suppliers. It is often considered as a measure of ‘backward linkages’ in analyses of GVCs. Gross exports in TiVA exclude
re-exported imports, i.e. imports that enter and exit a country without any further transformation.
From the mid-1990s up until the global financial and economic crisis, the foreign content of
exports in most OECD, G20 and East and Southeast Asian economies increased - reflecting
deepening international fragmentation of production. The precipitous fall in trade that
occurred at the height of the crisis saw the import content of exports fall sharply (in 2009).
After a brief recovery, since around 2011 the foreign content of exports has gradually been
falling in many countries.
Note, however, that during the period covered by the database there was significant volatility
in commodity prices, notably crude oil prices. The annual average cost of crude oil imports
rose from about 50 USD per barrel in 2005 to 100 USD in 2008, collapsed to 60 USD in 2009
before rising to about 110 USD in 2011. After three years of relative stability, the average
costs almost halved between 2014 and 2015 from about 100 USD to 55 USD.
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Presents for a given country, the value added originating from that country's manufacturing and
service industries that is embodied (via exporting activities) in foreign final demand - as a share of
the total domestic value added generated by that industry. It can be considered as a measure of
industry 'export orientation' as it shows the share of an industry’s value added that ultimately
meets foreign final demand (whether as a direct export or, as an indirect export i.e. embodied in
exports by other, downstream, industries and counties) .
Looking at GVCs through the prism of export orientation provides new insights into inter-
dependencies. In most countries, for example, export orientation rates in manufacturing are over
40%, with shares at the industry level often at 75% and above. Larger countries, including those
that are highly integrated within GVCs, often have rates significantly lower than smaller countries,
partly reflecting the size of the domestic market being served by domestic industries. Some
industries in smaller countries, especially those deeply involved in regional (e.g. EU) production
chains, can be heavily orientated towards foreign markets with over 75% of value-added meeting
foreign final demand. For China, often used as an example for ' high-integration', export orientation
rates have been below 20% in recent years.
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Shows the foreign content share of gross exports by industries (3a) and, a decomposition of total
gross exports into the foreign and domestic value-added content exported by each industry (3b).
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Presents, for a given country, the share of intermediate imports from partners’ industries that are
used domestically in producing goods and services for export, as a percentage of total
intermediate imports from partners’ industries.
The indicator provides a measure of the importance of intermediate imports to produce goods
and services for export and their role as a source of international competitiveness
In many countries, shares of imported intermediates that are eventually exported are significant;
with shares exceeding 75% for many products imported by some, particularly smaller, countries
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Presents for a given country the share of total exports to, or total imports from, main partners as
a percent of total export or imports in value-added and gross terms. Export figures do not include
re-exports.
Value-added relationships reveal that in gross terms, inter-dependencies between consumers in
one country and producers in another can be overstated when both countries have significant
industrial dependencies. Gross trade statistics overstate these relationships the closer the
countries are (geographically) and understate them they further they are. For example, for most
countries, with notable exceptions of Mexico and Canada, the United States is a more important
destination of value-added exports and source of value-added imports.
Shows the domestic value added that returns to a country embodied in imports. The left-hand
chart presents the top partner shares of total domestic value-added content in imports while the
right-hand chart presents the exporting partners with the highest shares of value added
originating from the importing country.
The indicator provides a measure of the extent of bilateral production relationships in global, or
quite often regional, value chains.
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Presents for a given country the contribution made by domestic and foreign services to exporting
activities by goods-producing industries. It reveals the extent to which manufacturing industries,
for examples, rely on services as intermediate inputs into the production and export of goods.
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Chart labelsISIC Rev.4
Divisions1
Agriculture 1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 01, 02, 03
2 Mining and extraction of energy producing products
3 Mining and quarrying of non-energy producing products
4 Mining support service activities
Food products 5 Food products, beverages and tobacco 10, 11, 12
Textiles & apparel 6 Textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products 13, 14, 15
7 Wood and products of wood and cork 16
8 Paper products and printing 17, 18
Coke, petroleum 9 Coke and refined petroleum products 19
Chemicals 10 Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20, 21
Rubber & plastics 11 Rubber and plastics products 22
Non-metallic minerals 12 Other non-metallic mineral products 23
Basic metals 13 Basic metals 24
Fabricated metals 14 Fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment 25
ICT & electronics 15 Computer, electronic and optical products 26
Electrical equip 16 Electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c 27
Machinery 17 Machinery and equipment n.e.c 28
Motor vehicles 18 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29
Other transport 19 Other transport equipment 30
Other manufacturing 20 Other manufacturing; repair and installation of machinery and equipment 31, 32, 33
Wholesale & retail 23 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles 45, 46, 47
Transport & storage 24 Transportation and storage 49 to 53
Accomodation & food 25 Accomodation and food services 55, 56
26 Publishing, audiovisual and broadcasting activities 58, 59, 60
27 Telecommunications 61
28 IT and other information services 62, 63
Finance & insurance 29 Financial and insurance activities 64, 65, 66
Other business services 31 Other business sector sevices 69 to 82
32 Public admin. and defence; compulsory social security 84
33 Education 85
34 Health and social work 86, 87, 88
35 Arts, entertainment, recreation and other personal service activities 90 to 96
36 Private households with employed persons 97, 98
Total 01 to 98
Total Manufactures 10 to 33
Total Services 45 to 98
TiVA industries not shown in the country notes
Utilities 21 Electricity, gas, water supply, sewerage, waste and remediation services 35 to 39
Construction 22 Construction 41, 42, 43
Real estate 30 Real estate activties 68
Other services
Information & comms
05 to 09
TiVA 36 industry list
Wood, paper, printing
Mining
Annex Table 1. Industry breakdown used in the TiVA 2018 country notes
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Annex Table 2. Country list for 2018 release of ICIO and TiVA indicators
code OECD countries code2 Non-OECD economies
AUS Australia ARG Argentina
AUT Austria BRA Brazil
BEL Belgium BRN Brunei Darussalam
CAN Canada BGR Bulgaria
CHL Chile KHM Cambodia
CZE Czech Republic CHN China (People's Republic of)
DNK Denmark COL Colombia
EST Estonia CRI Costa Rica
FIN Finland HRV Croatia
FRA France CYP Cyprus 2
DEU Germany IND India
GRC Greece IDN Indonesia
HUN Hungary HKG Hong Kong, China
ISL Iceland KAZ Kazakhstan
IRL Ireland MYS Malaysia
ISR Israel 1 MLT Malta
ITA Italy MAR Morocco
JPN Japan PER Peru
KOR Korea PHL Philippines
LVA Latvia ROU Romania
LTU Lithuania RUS Russian Federation
LUX Luxembourg SAU Saudi Arabia
MEX Mexico SGP Singapore
NLD Netherlands ZAF South Africa
NZL New Zealand TWN Chinese Taipei
NOR Norway THA Thailand
POL Poland TUN Tunisia
PRT Portugal VNM Viet Nam
SVK Slovak Republic ROW Rest of the World
SVN Slovenia ESP Spain SWE Sweden CHE Switzerland TUR Turkey GBR United Kingdom USA United States
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