Dealing with Difference Summer Institute Western Illinois University May 18, 2003 Latinos: Remaking...
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Dealing with Difference Summer Institute Western Illinois University May 18, 2003 Latinos: Remaking America Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco Victor S. Thomas Professor & Co-Director Harvard Immigration Projects Harvard Graduate School of Education 511 Larsen Hall, Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138 www.gse.harvard.edu/~hip/
Dealing with Difference Summer Institute Western Illinois University May 18, 2003 Latinos: Remaking America Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco Victor S. Thomas Professor
Dealing with Difference Summer Institute Western Illinois
University May 18, 2003 Latinos: Remaking America Marcelo M.
Surez-Orozco Victor S. Thomas Professor & Co-Director Harvard
Immigration Projects Harvard Graduate School of Education 511
Larsen Hall, Appian Way Cambridge, MA 02138
www.gse.harvard.edu/~hip/
Slide 2
Globalization has Stimulated the Largest Migratory Flow in
History The largest exodus in the history of Latin America and the
Caribbean has been structured by globalizations emerging regime.
Transnational labor recruiting networks, wage differentials, family
reunification (Love and Work), and the globalization of desire or
the libidinal logic of capitalism are behind new migratory
practices that cannot be easily contained by the state.
Globalization is predicated on the 1) internationalization of
production and distribution of goods and services that is fueled by
growing levels of international trade, foreign direct investment,
and capital market flows; 2) the emergence of borderless
information and communication technologies that stimulate the
traffic of data, symbols, and desire and that place a premium on
knowledge intensive work; and 3) ever growing, uncontainable waves
of world-wide migration. These phenomena give an unprecedented
momentum to todays global order.
Slide 3
Immigration Changes the World In 2003, there are 175 Million
Immigrants & 16 Million Refugees Worldwide Leicester, England,
will be the first European City with non-white majority Frankfurt
today is 25% immigrant; Rotterdam is 45 % immigrant. Amsterdam will
by yr. 2015 be 50 % immigrant China alone has over 100 million
internal immigrants. Since 1990 about a million new immigrants per
annum have come to the US. There are over 32.5 million immigrants,
the largest number in history (larger than the entire Canadian
population) but proportionally less than in the previous eras of
large-scale immigration.
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Immigrants Admitted to the United States 1821-1996 Adapted from
INS, 1996
Slide 7
Source: Bureau of the Census
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REMARKABLY DIVERSE Economic Backgrounds Some are amongst the
most educated and affluent Others have limited education and are
working poor Linguistic backgrounds Over 100 languages in New York
Public Schools Over 90 languages in Los Angeles Public Schools Five
Top Languages: Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Tagalog
Ethnicity, Race, & Color Nearly 80 % are of color
Slide 10
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Immigrants Admitted from Top Countries of Birth: 1990-2000
Slide 12
Latino Population of the United States 1990: 249 million total
population 22.4 million Latino 9% of total population 2000: 281
million total population 35.3 million Latino 12.5% of total
population 1990 to 2000 change: 13.0 million 58% increase since
1990
Slide 13
By 2003 Latinos are the nations largest ethnic group If we add
Puerto Rico and count undocumented immigrants to the US, there are
now over 43 million Latinos in the US more than there are people in
Spain, Colombia, Argentina and any other Spanish speaking country
except for Mexico One in six babies born today have a Latina mother
By 2050 the US will have nearly 100 Million Latinos The Latino GDP
at 600 billion dollars is now larger than the GDP of Spain and
Mexico. By 2010 it will reach a trillion dollars.
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Census 2000: Top 10 States By Latino Population
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Census 2000: Top 10 Latino States By Percent Of Total
Latino
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Census 2000: Top 10 States By Latino Percent Change
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Immigrant Children and Youth Research & Theory is largely
focused on adults One in Five Children in the U.S. is the child of
an immigrant -- one in four in one generation Immigrant children
are now the fastest growing sector of U.S. child population School
Adaptation Patterns Second Generation Improvement/Third Generation
Decline Best of Times Worst of Times Prison/Princeton
Yale/Jail
Slide 24
Birth Outcomes of Mexican-Born, U.S.-Born Mexican American, and
White Non- Latina Women in California, From Emerging Issues in
Hispanic Health, National Research Council, 2002, p. 16 U.S.-Born
Mexican American Women Mexican-Born Women Non-Latina White Women
Infant Mortality per 1,000 live births 7.45.35.7 Low-birthweight
babies (%) 6.34.05.6 Neonatal mortality per 1,000 live births
4.83.63.7 Postneonatal mortality per 1,000 live births
2.61.72.1
Slide 25
TABLE 6 Lifetime Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among
Migrant Workers and Residents in the Mexican American Prevalence
and Services Survey, Among Residents of Mexico City, and Among
Respondents to the National Comorbidity Survey^ Mexican American
Prevalence and Services Survey Respondents, % (SE) Comorbidity
Survey Respondents, % (SE) Migrant Workers Immigrants 13 Years in
U.S. U.S. Born Mexico City Responden ts % (SE) Hispanic SampleTotal
Any mood disorder 5.9 (0.8)5.9 (1.4)10.8 (2.0) 18.5 (1.7) 9
0.1)20.4 (2.8)19.5 (0.6) Any anxiety disorder 12.1 (1.1)7.6
(1.2)17.1 (2.1) 24.1 (2.0) 8.3 (0.8)28.0 (2.5)25.0 (0.8) Any drug
or dependence 10.0 (1.1)9.7 (2.6)14.3 (1.9) 29.3 (2.0) 11.8
(0.8)24.7 (2.7)28.2 (1.0) Any disorder 21.1 (1.5)18.4 (2.7)32.3
(2.6) 48.7 (2.3) 24.7 (51.4)51.4(2.7)48.6 (1.0) SE, standard error.
^All prevalence rates are adjusted to the National Comorbidity
Surveys total age-sex distribution and are for people ages 18 to
54. SOURCE: Alderete et al. (2000). Reprinted with Permission.
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STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE NEW INTER-AMERICAN IMMIGRATION
SYSTEM By 2000, over 50% of All Immigrants to the USA Originated in
Latin America or the Caribbean. THREE DOMINANT FEATURES:
Uninterrupted flows of large scale Mexican immigration--rapidly
intensifying after 1980-- structured by powerful economic forces
and socio-cultural practices unaffected by unilateral policy
initiatives. By 1990 there were more legal immigrants from Mexico
alone than from all of Europe combined. By 2000 over 7 million
Mexican immigrants were living in the USA--constituting a third of
the total foreign-born population of the country. More than one
quarter of all Mexican immigrants arrived in the last five years.
Mexican immigrants constitute 40 percent of the Mexican-origin
population of the US. About 40 percent of all undocumented
immigrants in the USA today are Mexicans. Time-limited waves of
large scale immigration from Central and South America--by the
1980s Central American replaces Cuba as the largest source of
asylum seekers from the Spanish- speaking world. During the early
1980s well over a million Central Americans settled in the USA.
Today one in every six Salvadoreans lives in the USA. (10 years = 1
mill. law). About 2 million Colombians have been displaced by the
war roughly 500,000 now make the US their home. Caribbean pattern
of intense circular movement--driven by transnational
circuits--typified by the Dominican and PR experience in New York
where they are now the largest immigrant group.
Slide 30
KEY POINTS Structural demand for foreign workers remains;
indeed seems to be recession proof. The recent immigration
momentum, the 4th largest wave the 20 th century, seems structured
by economic forces, social practices, & cultural models that
are not easily contained by unilateral policy initiatives. Paradox
of Transnationalism: While transforming Latin America (1million = 1
bill. law), Latinos are transforming the US
Slide 31
Concluding Thoughts Current trends suggest that our country and
the state of Illinois will be more diverse in the future Current
trends suggest diversity will penetrate and transform all sectors
of our country and your community from the research at the
University, to a more global student body, and a more diverse
population Current trends suggest that next generation is more
likely than ever before in human history to need need the skills
and sensibilities to work with others that will be of different
race, color, religion, national origins, and linguistic background
Diversity is at the heart of democracy's promise and it is also a
most invigorating force