1. What is meant by collaborative processing?2. What are the key elements of a protocol? Explain.3. Difference between point to point and multipoint.4. What is meant by DTE and DCE?5. Define refraction and reflection.

Explain propagation modes.

How will you translate digital data? Explain briefly.

Explain EIA – 232,EIA - 530,X.21,EIA – 449.Explain types of multiplexing.

1. What is meant by error? How will you detect errors? Explain briefly.2. Explain guided media.3. Explain data link layer and net work layer.