Day1 Panel3A Hefner · • HVDC, DC circuits, SST, SSCB provide stability, functionality and low cost ... different Paradigm – and System • Readily Controllable (remotely) •

Smart Grid Power Condi0oning Systems

Allen Hefner

Na+onal Ins+tute of Standards and Technology Power Electronics Technologies, and Smart Grid

•  Today’s Grid: •  Electricity is generated by rotating machines with large inertia •  Not much storage: generation instantaneously matches load using

•  load shedding at large facilities •  low efficiency fossil generators for frequency regulation

•  Future Smart Grid: •  High penetration of renewables with power electronic grid interface:

•  dispatchable voltage, frequency, and reactive power •  response to abnormal conditions without cascading events •  dispatchable “synthetic” inertia and spinning reserve (w/ storage)

•  Storage for frequency regulation and renewable variability / intermittency •  High-speed and high-energy storage options •  Load-based “virtual storage” through scheduling and deferral

•  Plug-in Vehicles increase efficiency, provide additional grid storage •  HVDC, DC circuits, SST, SSCB provide stability, functionality and low cost

•  Microgrids & automation provide secure, resilient operation

Grid Transformation via PCS Functionality

• Back to Back DC links with short term (mandatory) area balance (µTile the Country)

• Distributed Inverters (many provided through renewable integra0on)

• Local Voltage Regula0on -‐ fast! Even sub cycle, can mi0gate exis0ng flicker, increase quality and reliability, achieve voltage regula0on with no tap-‐changers, line regulators, or capacitors

• Fault Limi0ng

• Storage Integra0on (very cost effec0ve as element of renewable power plant)

Some Possible Game Changers

Contributed by: Leo Casey (Google)

Electronics can be Transformative – BUT different Paradigm – and System

•  Readily Controllable (remotely) •  Supply Real Power, P, Dynamically •  Reactive power, Q, (|P + jQ| < SINV), Dynamically •  Active Damping (stabilizing) •  Controllable or Synthetic Inertia •  Fault Clearing •  Rapid Dynamics •  Unbalanced •  Non-linear sourcing •  Active Filtering •  Harmonic cancellation •  Also, high speed series devices would limit faults and enable

robust interactive microgrids

1

Southern Control AreaGenerator UF coordination curve

54

54.5

55

55.5

56

56.5

57

57.5

58

58.5

59

59.5

60

1 10 100 1000 10000

Time (Cycles)

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

Trip Point per IEEE 1547

Trip Point of Turbines


Power electronics key to affordable, controllable and reliable renewables (e.g. PV) •  Classic Tradeoffs for Power Conversion

-‐cost -‐efficiency -‐reliability

•  Direct Pathways -‐topologies -‐switching frequency -‐devices (WBG) -‐packaging -‐integrated systems

•  Indirect Approaches -‐distributed harvest (MPPT) -‐reduced system costs -‐ancillary services, advanced performance (flicker control, voltage control, …) -‐scale (big vs. small, panel vs. string vs. array, centralized vs. decentralized) -‐inverter vs BOS

Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors


HV-HF Switch Mode Power Conversion

•  Switch-mode power conversion (Today): •  advantages: efficiency, control, functionality, size, weight, cost

•  semiconductors from: 100 V, ~MHz to 6 kV, ~100 Hz

•  New semiconductor devices extend application range: •  1990’s: Silicon IGBTs

•  higher power levels for motor control, traction, grid PCS

•  Emerging: SiC Schottky diodes and MOSFETs, & GaN

•  higher speed for power supplies and motor control

•  Future: HV-HF SiC: MOSFET, PiN diode, Schottky, and IGBT

•  enable 15-kV, 20-kHz switch-mode power conversion

Power Semiconductor Applications •  Switching speed decreases with voltage •  SiC enables higher speed and voltage

HVDC and FACTS

Power distribution, transmission and generation

A. Hefner, et.al.; "SiC power diodes provide breakthrough performance for a wide range of applications" IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, March 2001, Page(s):273 – 280.

DARPA/EPRI Megawatt Program

DARPA/ONR/NAVSEA HPE Program 10 kV HV-HF MOSFET/JBS

High Speed at High Voltage

-5

0

5

10

15

20

5.0E-08

6.5E-08

8.0E-08

9.5E-08

1.1E-07

1.3E-07

1.4E-07

1.6E-07

1.7E-07

1.9E-07

2.0E-07

Time (s)

Dra

in C

urr

en

t (A

)

-1500

0

1500

3000

4500

6000

Dra

in-S

ou

rce V

olt

ag

e (

V)

Area = 0.125 cm2

T = 25o C

Vd

Id

SiC MOSFET: 10 kV, 30 ns Silicon IGBT: 4.5 kV, 2us

1us /div

3000 V

15 ns /div

0 V

Area= 0.15 cm2

A. Hefner, et.al. “Recent Advances in High-Voltage, High-Frequency Silicon-Carbide Power Devices,” IEEE IAS Annual Meeting, October 2006, pp. 330-337.

ARPA-e ADEPT NRL/ONR 12 kV SiC IGBT 4.5 kV SIC-JBS/Si-IGBT Future option Low cost now

SiC JBS: improves Si IGBT turn-on SiC IGBT: HV, high Temp, 1 us

Sei-‐Hyung Ryu, Craig Capell, Allen Hefner, and Subhashish BhaRacharya, “High Performance, Ultra High Voltage 4H-‐SiC IGBTs” Proceedings of the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposi+on (ECCE) Conference 2012, Raleigh, NC, September 15 – 20, 2012. K.D. Hobart, E.A. Imhoff, T. H. Duong, A.R. Hefner “Op+miza+on of 4.5 kV Si IGBT/SiC Diode Hybrid Module” PRiME 2012 Mee+ng, Honolulu, HI, October 7 -‐ 12, 2012.

10 kV SiC MOSFET/JBS Half-Bridge Module Model and Circuit Simulation

•  Half-bridge module model: •  10 kV SiC power MOSFETs •  10 kV SiC JBS for anti-parallel diodes •  low-voltage Si Schottky diodes •  voltage isolation and cooling stack

•  Validated models scaled to 100 A, 10 kV half bridge module

•  Model used to perform simulations necessary to:

•  optimize module parameters •  determine gate drive requirements •  SSPS system integration •  high-megawatt converter cost analysis

Tj

Th

Tc

Ta Ta

Tc

Th

Tj

TjTj

Th

Tc

Ta Ta

Tc

Th

SiC_MOS1

SiC_MOS2

SiC_JBS1

SiC_JBS2

Si_JBS2

Si_JBS1

G1

G2

S1

S2_D1

D2

Half-Bridge

Si_Sch1

Si_Sch2

Semiconductors Packaging and Interconnects

HF transformers Filter Inductors and Capacitors

Cooling System 60 Hz Transformer up to 18 kV

Breakers and Switchgear

Ripple < 2% Stack Voltage Range ~700 to 1000 V

$40-$100 / kW

SECA: 300 MW PCS

18 kV AC

345 kV AC

Approx. 500 Fuel Cells

~700 V DC

~700 V DC

IEEE – 519 IEEE – 1547

Harmonic Distortion Future: HVDC transmission ?

http://www.nist.gov/pml/high_megawatt/

$0$20$40$60$80$100$120$140$160$180$200Transformer &

SwitchgearOther PE

Semiconductor

Cooling

Magnetics

Inverter Voltage Medium Medium High High High HV-SiC Diode 　 Schottky Schottky Schottky PiN HV-SiC Switch 　 MOSFET MOSFET IGBT　

HF Transformer Nano Nano Nano Nano Nano 60 Hz Transformer yes yes 　　　

Estimated $/kW: MV & HV Inverter

Risk Level: High Considerable Moderate Low

loss

loss

DOE Sunshot - SEGIS-AC, ARPA-E “$1/W Systems: A Grand Challenge for Electricity from Solar” Workshop, August 10-‐11, 2010

Goal : 1$/W by 2017

for 5 MW PV Plant

$0.5/W – PV module

$0.4/W – BOS

$0.1/W – Power electronics

Smart Grid FuncRonality

High PenetraRon

Enhanced Grid Value

$1/W achieves cost parity in most states!

MV Direct Connect Solar Inverter (ARPA-E)

•  Utilize 10kV, 120 A SiC MOSFET Module: –  Design Developed for DARPA/ONR/NAVSEA WBG HPE Program –  Already tested at 1 MW-scale system for HPE SSPS requirements

•  MV Solar Inverter Goals: –  Improve cost, efficiency, size, and weight –  High speed, series connected to grid: rapidly respond/clear faults, tune power quality

S1D2

S2

D1 G1

G2


High PenetraRon of Distributed Energy Resources

•  Power Conditioning Systems (PCS) convert to/from 60 Hz AC for interconnection of renewable energy, electric storage, and PEVs

•  “Smart Grid Interconnection Standards” required for devices to be

utility-controlled operational asset and enable high penetration: •  Dispatchable real and reactive power •  Acceptable ramp-rates to mitigate renewable intermittency •  Accommodate faults faster, without cascading area-wide events •  Voltage/frequency regulation and utility-controlled islanding

Energy Storage Plug-in Vehicle to Grid Renewable/Clean Energy

PCS PCS Communication

Power Smart Grid PCS

http://www.nist.gov/pml/high_megawatt/2008_workshop.cfm

PCS Architectures for PEV Fleet as Grid Storage

PCS PCS

Energy Storage Renewable/Clean Energy

Communication

Power Smart Grid

Plugin Vehicle Fleet

PCS PCS PCS

http://www.nist.gov/pml/high_megawatt/jun2011_workshop.cfm

Large Inverter with DC Circuits to Fleet PEVs


DC Circuits or DC Bus


Storage Asset Management

Charging Station (Multiple Vehicles)

DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC

PCS PCS Communication

Power Smart Grid DC-AC

Islandable Microgrid

DC-AC

DC Microgrid: DC-‐AC with DC Circuits



Device Asset Management

DC Circuits / DC Bus

DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC

24 V DC Loads

380 V DC Loads

Smart Grid

Flow Control Microgrid: AC-‐AC with AC Circuits


PCS PCS PCS


PCS PCS

AC-AC DC Options Smart Grid

Microrid Controller

AC Loads & Generators

AC Circuits



Microgrid using Disconnect and Local EMS

Smart Grid


PCS PCS PCS


PCS PCS

Disconnect Switch

Microgrid Controller

AC Loads & Generators


AC Circuits


Task 4: Develop and Harmonize Object Models

IEC 61850-‐7-‐420: Expanded to include •  Mul+func+onal ES-‐DER opera+onal interface

•  Harmonized with CIM & Mul+Speak •  Map to MMS, DNP3, web services, & SEP 2

a) b) c) d e)

Task 0: Scoping Document

Priori+zed +meline for ES-‐DER standards

Task 1: Use Cases, *EPRI PV-‐ES Inverter Define requirements for different scenarios

Task 5: Test, Safe and Reliable Implementa0on

Implementa0on UL 1741, NEC-‐NFPA70, SAE, CSA and IEC

Task 3: Unified interconnec0on method with mul0func0onal opera0onal interface for range of storage and genera0on/storage.

IEEE 1547.8 (a) Opera+onal interface

(b) Storage without gen (c) PV with storage (d) Wind with storage (e) PEV as storage

Task 2: IEEE 1547.4 for island applica0ons and IEEE 1547.6 for secondary networks

PAPs

MIC Info exchanges

PAP 7: Smart Grid ES-‐DER Standards

Iden+fy Needed Func+ons

Represent in Standard

Informa+on Model

IEC 61850-‐7-‐420

DNP3

Smart Energy Profile

MMS, Web

Services, Other

Map to Protocols

Select a Specific Way to Implement each Func+on

Interest Group, Demonstra+ons, PAP7, IEEE 1547

Smart Inverter Focus Group

Published IEC 61850-‐90-‐7

Informa0ve document

Standards Groups, Funded Efforts

EPRI/Sandia NL Smart Inverter IniRaRve

courtesy: Brian Seal (EPRI)

Modbus-‐ Sunspec

EPRI/SNL Volt-‐Var Control FuncRon

VAR

s G

ener

ated

Capacitive

Inductive

System Voltage

V1 V2 V3 V4

Q1

Q4

Q3 Q2

Volt/Var Mode 1 – Normal

Regulation VA

Rs

Gen

erat

ed Capacitive

Inductive

System Voltage

V1 V2

Q2

Q1

Volt/Var Mode 2 –

Transmission VAR Support

Utility-Defined Curve Shapes

Simple Broadcast

courtesy: Brian Seal (EPRI)

Distributed Renewables, Generators and Storage

•  DRGS Domain Expert Working Group ini0ated September 2011 •  Iden0fy Smart Grid standards and interoperability issues/gaps for

–  Integra+on of renewable/clean and distributed generators and storage –  Opera+on in high penetra+on scenarios, weak grids, microgrids, DC grids –  Including interac+on of high-‐bandwidth and high-‐iner+a type devices

•  Focus on Smart Grid func0ons that –  mi+gate impact of variability and intermiRency of renewable generators –  enable generators and storage to provide valuable grid suppor+ve services –  prevent uninten+onal islanding and cascading events for clustered devices

•  Ac0vi0es of DRGS DEWG –  Consistent approaches for generators/storage types and domains –  Use cases and informa+on exchange requirements –  Define new PAPs to address standards gaps and issues

•  Subgroups: A-‐Roadmap, B-‐Informa+on, C-‐Microgrid, D-‐Test, E-‐Regulatory, F-‐Interconnec+on

ADEPT EFFICIENT POWER CONVERSION

Goals •  Improve the energy efficiency of electronic

devices and power systems •  Enable high efficiency, high power density power

electronics •  Contribute to the development of a smart grid

Highlights •  Advanced charge storage devices •  Magnetic materials •  Advanced solid-state switch technologies •  Advanced circuit topologies and converter

architectures

Mission Paving the way for more energy efficient power conversion and advancing the basic building blocks of power conversion: circuits, transistors, inductors, transformers, and capacitors. Program Director Dr. Tim Heidel

Year 2010

Projects 13

Total Investment $37.7 Million

25 Contributed by: Tim Heidel (ARPA-E)

ADEPT Program Technical Targets

26

Category

Voltage &

Power

Efficiency Switching Frequency

Power Density

Applications

Fully Integrated, Chip-scale power converters

>100V 10-50W

>93% >5 MHz >300 W/in3

Package integrated power converters

>600V 3-10kW

>95% >1 MHz >150 W/in3

Lightweight, solid-state, medium voltage energy conversion

13kV 1MW

>98% >50 kHz N/A

Contributed by: Tim Heidel (ARPA-E)

Goals • Increase the efficiency of solar energy systems • Reduce the size of PV components and systems • Make solar energy cost competitive with conventional electricity generation

Project Categories • Cell, module integrated electronics • AC modules • Lightweight central inverters

Mission Improve the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems by making the process of converting solar energy to electricity more efficient. Program Director Dr. Tim Heidel

Year 2011

Projects 6

Total Investment $14.1 Million

Solar ADEPT EFFICIENT SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS

DOE Goal: 5-6¢/kWh fully installed at the MW scale by

2020


GENI INCREASING GRID FLEXIBILITY

Goals • Enable 40% intermittent non-dispatchable generation penetration

•  >10x reduction in power flow control hardware •  >4x reduction in HVDC terminal/line cost

Project Categories • Power Transmission Controllers

– Power flow controllers for mesh AC grids. – Resilient multi-terminal HVDC network

technologies. • Grid Control Architectures

– Optimization of power grid operation; incorporation of uncertainty into operations; distributed control and increasing customer control.

Mission Modernize the way electricity is transmitted in the U.S. through advances in hardware and software that provide greater control over power flows. Program Director Dr. Tim Heidel

Year 2011

Projects 15

Total Investment $39 Million


DOE EERE AMO: Next Genera0on Power Electronics Na0onal Manufacturing Innova0on Ins0tute

hRps://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/innova+on/facili+es/wbg.html

Documents

Day1 Panel3A Hefner · • HVDC, DC circuits, SST, SSCB provide stability, functionality and low cost ... different Paradigm – and System • Readily Controllable (remotely) •