Day I Prepositions and Discourse Markerssis.posestacio.com.br/arquivos_sistema/81/professores/materiais... · Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -

Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua

Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -

Gramática II

Day I – Prepositions and Discourse Markers

Container, Flat surface or Point?

• a room - C

• the beach – FS/P

• a plate - FS

• a bowl - C

• a platter or a tray - FS

• a roof - FS

• a river – C/FS/P

• a shelf- FS

• a cabinet – FS/C

• a bank – C/P

• a company – C/P

• a tree – C/P



Gramática II

Container, Flat Surface or Point?

• Christmas - P

• Weekend – FS/P

• Easter - P

• The winter, spring, summer, fall - C

• Sunday - FS

• Carnival - P

• A fortnight - C

• January - C



Gramática II

Guess the preposition

• You can buy batteries at/in the corner shop.

• David is studying at university

• What's on at the cinema tonight?

• Is Sam on/in the basketball team?

• The library is not on this side of the street

• We sat in the living room and watched a great classic movie.



Gramática II

Guess the preposition?

• Mike worked at/in the airport for six years

• Go back to bed! You should be asleep.

• David is out. He is not at home

• The burglar climbed over the fence and into the garden.

• It's not far. We're getting close to the station



Gramática II

Guess the preposition?

• Jack was leaning on/against the wall

• I was under the impression that you liked it.

• You are liable for your son's debts as he is under age

• My mum went to hospital last week.

• Traveling in your own car is better than going onfoot.



Gramática II

Some simple prepositions raise a few doubts as to usage

• Above X Over

• Below X Under

• Underneath X Beneath

• Between x Among

• Next to X Close to X Near

• To X For

• At X To

• In X Inside

• Near X Nearby

• By X Until



Gramática II

Under, underneath, beneath

• Beneath and underneath can occupy final position in a sentence:

– Who knows what lies beneath/underneath?

• Beneath, under, and underneath function as the head of a prepositional phrase:

– I can't find anything underneath/under/beneath all that mess.

• Under can appear in final position when the accompanying noun phrase is omitted, but implied:

– I come from the land down under.



Gramática II

Between X Among: two or more referents

• There is no difference between one and the other

• It would seem we have a traitor among us.

• Mastering a language can be the difference betweenlanding a well-paid job, achieving job stability, working in a dead-end job or furthering a career.



Gramática II

Next to X Close to X Near

• Next to means the same as "at the side of", close to and near imply an indefinite proximity:

– Come sit near /close to me (anywhere in the vicinity of)

– Come sit next to me = Come sit beside me

• Close to implies a more intimate position than near; near usually refers to buildings or locations

– The closer I get to you, the more you make me feel.

– The new mall is near the old train station



Gramática II

In X Inside

• Inside can be used in final position of a sentence with the noun phrase omitted:

– That's a big box. I wonder what's inside (it).

– That's a big box. I wonder what's in it.

• In can only be used at the end of the sentence if it precedes a noun phrase , NOT a pronoun:

– Are you coming with us to the market? Hop in (the car)!

• Inside is usually more specific or emphatic than in:

– Get inside the house now! You could get shot!



Gramática II

Near X Nearby

• Near is only used as a preposition or advebr e.g. Is there a post office near here?

• Nearby is an adverb, e.g. After the play, we can do some shopping nearby.

• Nearby is also used adjectivally e.g. I'm trying to find a nearby service station.

To x For

– Could you send this invite out to everyone forme? Thanks so much

– Could you send this invite out to everyone by the end of the day?

– The notions of cartoon are important to Elena Sisto, in that images from popular illustration and comics come up in her paintings …

– Dr. Benton claims that breakfast is extremely important for the elderly.

– See here for more examples and further discussion.Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua


Gramática II

http://www.sk.com.br/sk-tofor.html

At X To

– At: final point of movement, aggression: Don't raise your voice at me young man!

– To: direction, destination, cooperation: Throw the ball to me, will ya?



Gramática II

By X Until

By

• The last moment in which something has to be done.

• An ultimatum

• At or prior to a given time.

• The deadline itself.

Until

• The total amount of time to accomplish something.

• A grace period

• Prior to a time that follows

• Lead-up to the deadline

Any difference?

• You have to get to school by 8:00 a.m.

• You have until 8:00 a.m. to get to school. (until = no later than)

• I am to finish a task by sundown.

• I can finish a task until sundown.

Simple prepositions – formation

• Prepositions formed by prefixing Old English be-: before (replacing the older afore and tofore), behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, betwixt, beyond

– Please find the aforementioned list in the attached file

– Betwixt (in an intermediate position, indecisive or middle position): She found herself caught betwixt her loyalty to her friend and the need to do the right thing.



Gramática II


• Prepositions formed by compounding two prepositions, or a preposition and an adverb: into, throughout, toward, towards, underneath, until, unto, upon, within (also inwith in older works), without (also outwith in older works)

– He climbed upon his horse and rode off into the horizon

– Upon seeing her (When he saw her) after all these years, he burst into tears

– Once upon a time = There once was a time (on the occasion of)



Gramática II


• Participles that became prepositions: bating, barring, concurring, during, excepting, notwithstanding, regarding, respecting, touching, considering, excluding, failing, following, pending, and saving, concerning, considering, given, granted, pending, including

– Given the time it will take to thaw we can run off to the store and get the wine.

– Barring the Supply Manager, everyone seems to be in agreement about the campaign .



Gramática II


• Imperative verbs used as prepositions: save, except

– The trip went smoothly, save the airport delays (but for)

• Adjectives used as prepositions, implying a following to: nigh, near, next, opposite

– Repent for the end is nigh.

• Conjunctions used as prepositions: but

• Loanwords used as prepositions: vis-à-vis, anti, versus

– Vis-à- vis the current economic storm, cutbacks will have to be made



Gramática II

Complex prepositions

• Adverb/Preposition + Preposition: along with, as for, away from, out of, up to

• Verb/Adjective/Conjunction + Preposition: owing to, due to, because of

• Preposition + Noun + Preposition: by means of, in comparison with, in front of


• In the interest of

• In the interest

• In need of

• In lieu of

• In quest of

• In place of

• In respect of

• In search of

• In settlement of

• In spite of

• In view of

• In accordance with

• In aid of

• In line with



Gramática II


• By courtesy of

• By dint of

• By means of

• By permission of

• By reason of

• By virtue of

• In consideration of

• In danger of

• In favor of

• In front of

• As well as

• Thanks to

• In addition to

• Due to

• Contrary to

• Owing to



Gramática II

Why treat them as semantic units?

• Direct equivalence, e.g. I'm in!

• Transferred meanings e.g. Are we on for tonight?

• Possibility of compounding e.g. He was up and about soon after the surgery.

• Incorporation of verb meaning e.g. Up from down Under

• Idiomatic nature e.g. I'm into you, I'm on the case

• Lexicalizing nature e.g. The firefighters had some trouble outing the fire.



Gramática II

Exercise 3: prepositions and meaningA) ending B) reducing C) improving D) solving

• I'm taking evening classes to brush up on my Spanish.

• Turn down the music, will you? It's way too loud.

• When I figured out how much I owed my best friend, it really hit me.

• It's taking much longer to do up the house than I expected.



Gramática II

Exercise 3: prepositions and meaningA) ending B) reducing C) improving D) solving

• I was just about to finish the deal with the delegates on the phone when the call was cutoff.

• My dad's got a job now, so now things are probably going to pick up again.

• The USA has broken off relations with Cuba since the Bay of Pigs incident.

• We need to sort out this problem soon



Gramática II

Syntactic function

• Many prepositions function as other parts of speech in English, in particular as adverbs.

• When a word is functioning as a preposition, it is followed by a noun phrase.

• When used by itself, this word is able to inform us how, where and when. In other words, it works as an adverb of manner, place or time.

In English, the same word can function as

preposition and adverb, depending on its position

in the sentence

• Delegates were asked to kindly wait outside the

hall before being called.

•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside

the hall

• It’s 5 p.m. and there are still more than 40

candidates waiting outside.

•Question: where did they have to wait? Outside

Adverb or preposition?

• Have you ever seen a live college basketball game before? ADVERB

• A sign outside the arena said my two favorite teams were playing inside. PREPOSITION, ADVERB

• Come along; let's get to our seats before the game. ADVERB, PREPOSITION

• The teams came out to warm up before the game. ADVERB, PREPOSITION

• Two aggressive players fouled each other throughout. ADVERB



Gramática II

Adverb or preposition?

• At half time, one team was ahead by eight points. PREPOSITION

• A player threw the ball in from the sideline. ADVERB, PREPOSITION

• We talked around during halftime. ADVERB, PREPOSITION

• After the game, the winners were given the championship trophy inside the locker room. PREPOSITION, PREPOSITION

• Despite losing in the playoffs, that team had a winning record for the season. PREPOSITION, PREPOSITION



Gramática II

Dependent prepositions

• Like in many languages, the use of a given preposition is determined by other word classes, namely verbs, adjectives and nouns

• The choice of a given preposition is generally semantically driven, although the relationship between the word and its corresponding preposition may not be clear, e.g. worried about



Gramática II


• From one language to another, there is no guarantee of direct equivalence, which calls for more attention on the part of the learner

– Get married to »» se casar com

– Fall in love with »» se apaixonar por

• There are several combinations that seem to come naturally and the learner intuitively tells whether the form is corect or not. This so-called knowledge comes with practice and exposure to the language



Gramática II

Adjective + preposition

• My granddad is very dependent ON my parents.

• The film is based ON a novel by Virginia Woolf.

• I know it's rusty and everything, but I'm so attached TO it.

• Bill is emotionally detached FROM his parents. He hardly chats with them.

• MacDonald's has become synonymous WITH an unhealthy diet.



Gramática II


• From one language to another, there is no guarantee of direct equivalence, which calls for more attention on the part of the learner

– Get married to »» se casar com

– Fall in love with »» se apaixonar por

• There are several combinations that seem to come naturally and the learner intuitively tells whether the form is corect or not. This so-called knowledge comes with practice and exposure to the language



Gramática II

Adjective + preposition

• The employees kept quiet ABOUT the case of creative accounting that was unearthed last week.

• You can't say anything to her. She's impervious TOany sort of criticism.

• The working hours are incompatible WITH family life.

• His unruly behavior at school is indicative OF a deeper psychological problem.

• It is the teacher's duty to be concerned WITH/ABOUT the weak students.



Gramática II

Forming three-word phrasals

• I think we've just run out OF coffee. We will have to get some in the morning.

• Does anybody feel up TO Mick's party tonight?

• My boss asked me to stand in FOR him during his week off from the office.

• Being a father has helped him learn to face up TO his responsibilities.



Gramática II

Forming three-word phrasals

• The Chief of Staff has been coming in FOR a shower of criticism for the way he has tried to make little of the accusations against him of fraud and embezzlement.

• I don't really go in FOR team sports; give me a tennis racket or a pair of trainers any day!

• The troops plan to pull out OF the occupied territories for economic reasons.



Gramática II

Verb + preposition

• The state-funded health service accounts FOR 85% of public spending.

• In times of trouble, you can always turn TO a friend.

• His conviction for reckless driving counted AGAINSThim when he tried to renew his car insurance.

• Sometimes it seems almost impossible to keep up WITH the latest news.



Gramática II

Prepositions in compound adjectives

• We had lunch at a DOWN-market restaurant the other day. Not surprisingly, the food was horrendous.

• Renowned linguist, Noam Chomsky is now a very OUTspoken critic of the government's foreign policies.

• The army has been accused of using OVERwhelming force to quell the protests.

• After the corruption scandal that rocked the market, the company now faces a (n) UPhill struggle to avoid further losses.



Gramática II

Prepositions in compound adjectives

• I just received a BACKdated pay award, so this month's salary is a little larger than usual.

• Could you provide some BACKground information on the company?

• Stop behaving like a (n) OVERgrown boy, act your age!

• She had the nerve to accuse me of stealing her purse. The very thought is DOWNright outrageous!



Gramática II

Prepositions in idioms

• As mentioned before, several idiomatic expressions are catalogued based on the head preposition e.g. at, in , on

• It would be best to learn them as chunks, although the semantic content may/may not be evident to or felt by the user



Gramática II

Use the words in brackets to make idioms for the underlined words

• He claimed he hadn't done it ON purpose.

• We admire her ON account of her intelligence.

• I don't want you to feel sorry FOR me.

• If you're IN doubt about what to write, it's best to make notes beforehand.



Gramática II

Use the words in brackets to make idioms for the underlined words

• Love letters will never be OUT OF fashion because people will always fall IN love.

• I know the person BY sight but not BY name.

• She's working much too hard AT the expense of her health.

• I wonder if you know what's on at the cinema, BY (any) chance?



Gramática II

Form idioms with the parts underlined and the preposition "at"

• The winners are selected AT random by a computer.

• It was a wonderful show – AT least I enjoyed it.

• It was a difficult problem and I was AT a loss (as to what to do).

• I'm sure that our friends will arrive AT any minute/moment – AT least I hope so.

• If you need to stay overnight, please book a hotel room AT our expense.



Gramática II

Form idioms with the parts underlined and the preposition "at"

• The hero was rescued AT the last moment.

• The show closed because it was running AT a loss.

• We were talking AT cross purposes.

• It's impossible to get tickets for such a popular show AT the last minute - you need to book AT LEAST six months in advance.



Gramática II

Form idioms with "on“ to complete the blanks

• (At a restaurant) There are so many desserts ON the menu, but I won't have anything because I'm ON a diet.

• I would like to thank you ON behalf of the entire sector and the board.

• He promised to help me ON the condition that I returned the favor some other time.

• It was a long drive so we stopped ON the way to have a meal.



Gramática II

Form idioms with the preposition "on“ to complete the blanks.

• How much does a bus driver earn ON average in your country?

• Did you see the news ON TV last night?

• Trains leave every hour ON the hour.

• It takes much longer to get there ON FOOT (BY FOOT) than by bus.

• No, I don't dislike Chaplin at all; ON the contrary, I admire him greatly.



Gramática II

Conjunctions

Syntactic (grammatical) elements used to link ideas in a particular so as to portray contrast, coordination, explanation, concession etc.

Elements that link ideas beyond the scope of the noun or prepositional phrase, i.e. sentence, paragraph and whole text

Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas

Tecnologias - Gramática II

Coordinators and Subordinators

• For (Reason)

• And (Addition)

• Nor (Negative Addition)

• But (Contrast, concession)

• Or (Choice)

• Yet (Contrast with unexpected result)

• So (Result or consequence)

• Because (Reason)• While

(Simultaneity/Contrast)• If (Condition)• Although (Concession)• Since (Explanation) • Unless (Negative

Condition)• Whereas (Contrast)• Whether (Condition)

Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias - Gramática II

Coordinators

• Linking of elements of same syntactic status (nouns, adverbials, adjectives)

Paul and Davidcold and wet

tired but happyslowly but surely

tea or coffeehot or cold


Coordinators

• This also applies to longer units

We can eat now or wait till later

I love tennis but (I) don't play well


Coordinators

• Must appear between the elements coordinated: Paul plays football and David plays chess

• Can have the order of the coordinated elements reversed, without changing meaning: David plays chess and Paul plays football


And x But x Or?

• To join a final thing to the rest of a list.

– When I visited India, I went to Mumbai, Delhi ANDBangalore.

And x But x Or?

• To join two ideas, opinions or facts which are different in a sentence.

– I’ve been to Thailand, BUT I haven’t been to the Philippines.

And x But x Or?

• To join two adjectives which seem to be opposite in meaning.

– My hotel room was clean BUT uncomfortable.

And x But x Or?

• To connect different possibilities, or the last thing in a list of possibilities

– I don’t know why Sayed hasn´t come to class; he may be ill, OR he may be too busy.

And x But x Or?

• To mean one thing and also not the other in a negative sentence

– I haven’t been to Korea OR Thailand.

Correlative conjunctions

• Both . . . and . . .

• Either . . . or . . .

• Neither . . . nor . . .

• Hardly . . . when . . .

• If . . . then . . .

• No sooner . . . than . . .

• Not only . . . but also

• Rather . . . than

• Scarcely . . . when

• What with . . . and

• Whether . . . or

• Hardly had the men started training than they were sent out to fight.

• Hardly had she opened her mailbox when she got a notification of the message.

• No sooner had I walked the door had than phone rang.

• Not only can he make people laugh but can also do very dramatic roles.

• Not only can he make people laugh but can also do very dramatic roles.

• What with one thing and another, I didn’t go to bed till after two in the morning.

• He was determined both to beat the record and to win over the crowd.

Subordinators

• Linking of unequal syntactic status

I left early because I had an interview early the next day.

We visited Madame Tussaud while we were in London


Subordinators

• Do not need to occur between the connected items: Because I had an interview the next day, I left early.

• When there is a change of order in the connected items, there is either a change in meaning or a dubious sentence: I had an interview the next day, because I left early.


As head of the subordinate clause

• She used to call me "Tiny" although I was as tall as she was.

• Three more nuclear stations were built despite/in spite of widespread opposition

• Even though I have a degree in Business Administration, I can't fill out a tax form.

• Much as she loved her son, she could not accept his choice of career.

• Doctors' salaries have risen considerably whereas/while nurses' pay have dropped.



Dependent on punctuation

• Car crashes have become rare; even so, there should be stricter safety regulations

• Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, however, that this increase is going to continue for long.

• It is a grueling competition. Nevertheless, thousands of runners take part every year.

• Urban expansion would be a good thing. On the other hand, it would be sad to lose the countryside atmosphere.



Revise the following sentences.

• The last storm to come through the area ripped galvanized sheets off of houses like someone tearing pieces of paper, so residentsvisited hardware stores and invested in storm-proofing materials.

• Enrollment in universities has been increasing steadily in spite of the fact that facilities have been lacking proper maintenance.

• Plans for renovating downstairs into an upscale shopping center were finalized; therefore/consequently discussions began on budgeting city funds for the project.

• Although/Even though Vincent had prepared and practiced for the presentation thoroughly, the projector died and the presentation was a complete flop.

• I had to hand the project over to Max because you didn't respond to any of my e-mails.

Discourse markers

• Show relationships between what is being/will be said and what was said.

• Reveal the speaker’s attitude and/or intentions

• Connect at sentence, paragraph and text level

• Can be words (like adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions) phrases or idiomatic expressions

• Can be organized according to the relationship/function they perform: see this site here.



http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html

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Day I Prepositions and Discourse Markerssis.posestacio.com.br/arquivos_sistema/81/professores/materiais... · Tradução de Inglês/Ensino de Língua Inglesa e Novas Tecnologias -