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8/2/2019 Day 16 March 20th Chapter 8 and 9
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Day 16 March 20th
Chapters 8 and 9
400 million years between humans
and our fish ancestors
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How many generations do you think
there are between humans and our
fish ancestors?
1. Tens
2. Hundreds
3. Thousands
4. Millions
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How many generations do you think
there are between humans and our
fish ancestors?
1. Tens
2. Hundreds
3. Thousands
4. Millions
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What made humans different?
Moved from inland
Africa to the shores
Collected shellfish, ate
fish (DHA) Your brain is mostly
composed of fat!
Mammals haveplacenta
Mammals drink milk
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http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/060201_zebrafish
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/060201_zebrafishhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/060201_zebrafish8/2/2019 Day 16 March 20th Chapter 8 and 9
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Five primary lines of evidence:
1. The fossil record
2. Biogeography
3. Comparative anatomy and embryology
4. Molecular biology
5. Laboratory and field experiments
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8.17 The fossil record
documents the process ofnatural selection.
Although it has been central to much documentation of the
occurrence of evolution, it is a very incomplete record
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8.19 Comparative anatomy andembryology reveal common
evolutionary origins.
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Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)
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Chick embryos and human embryos bothhave gills because
1. They both need to breathe through thegills (while in the egg and placentarespectively) during development.
2. They both spend some time in the waterwhere gills are useful.
3. They both share a common ancestorwho had gills.
4. 1 and 3.
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Chick embryos and human embryos bothhave gills because
1. They both need to breathe through thegills (while in the egg and placentarespectively) during development.
2. They both spend some time in the waterwhere gills are useful.
3. They both share a common ancestorwho had gills.
4. 1 and 3. NO!!! They receive oxygenthrough the umbilical cord!
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Homologous Structures
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Similarities common ancestor
Differences adapted to environment
For example, look at the hands offour primates: tarsier, gibbon,chimpanzee, and human. Despite thesimilarities in their hands, thedifferences are what makes eachmost suitable for its way of life. The
tarsier leaps and clings, and has largefinger pads to help it do this. Thegibbon swings from the trees, so haslong, strong fingers for swinging. Thechimpanzee may be able tomanipulate very crude tools with itsstubby thumb, but the humans
thumb faces the forefinger, whichprovides dexterity for countlesspurposesfrom threading a needleto mountain climbingfrom carvingwood to buttoning a shirt.
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A human forearm, horses front leg, bats wing, andporpoises flipper have similar bone structure. What
conclusions can we draw from the similarities in bone
structure between these mammals?
1. Since each limb is used for different functions, these speciesmust be unrelated evolutionarily.
2. Since each limb has a different shape, these species mustbe related evolutionarily.
3. Since each limb shares the same type of bone structure but
performs different functions, these structures are theproduct of adaptive evolution.
4. Since each limb shares the same type of bone structure butperforms different functions, these species cannot possibly
be related evolutionarily.
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A human forearm, horses front leg, bats wing, andporpoises flipper have similar bone structure. What
conclusions can we draw from the similarities in bone
structure between these mammals?
1. Since each limb is used for different functions, these speciesmust be unrelated evolutionarily.
2. Since each limb has a different shape, these species mustbe related evolutionarily.
3. Since each limb shares the same type of bone structure but
performs different functions, these structures are theproduct of adaptive evolution.
4. Since each limb shares the same type of bone structure butperforms different functions, these species cannot possibly
be related evolutionarily.
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The human appendix serves nofunction.
Why are we all born with one?
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Vestigial Organs
A vestigial organ is a part of the body that serves no use. The
appendix is one example of a vestigial organ; wings on an ostrichare another. The human body has several vestigial organs,
including the tail bone, wisdom teeth and muscles in the ear.
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Vestigial Structures
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Convergent Evolution
Analogous structuresall developed fromdifferent original
structures.
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8.20 Molecular biology revealsthat common genetic sequences
link all life forms.The genetic code provides our fourthline of evidence that evolution occurs.
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DNA Similarities and Differences
Related vs. unrelated individuals
The more distantly you and anotherindividual are related, the more your DNAdiffers.
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Scientists ask the questionDoes
race exist?
The Human Genome Project
found all humans to have a
99.9 % similar geneticcontent and identity, but this
is challenged by a new more
detailed research suggesting
a higher genetic diversity,with further medical and
evolutionary implications.
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DNA Similaritybetween Two Species
Compare their DNA sequences forindividual genes.
In Rhesus monkeys, 138 amino acids outof 146 are the same as those found in
human hemoglobin.
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Recency of Common Ancestry
Estimates of evolutionaryrelatedness made from:
Comparative Anatomy
Embryology The Fossil Record
Molecular Clocks
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8.21 Laboratory and field experimentsenable us to watch evolution in progress.
A fifth line of evidence for the occurrence ofevolution comes from multigeneration
experiments and observations.
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Changes in the Frequencyof the Various Alleles
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What do you think? Understanding evolutioncan help scientists find strategies to combat
antibiotic and pesticide resistance.
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
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Chapter 9
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Animals should maximize energy consumedand minimize energy used.
1) Behavior hasadaptive value
just like othertraits.
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Humans show an aversion to eating dirt
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Humans like to eat foods high in fat andsugar.
humans prefer sweet, but not too sweet
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The arrow on the graph below mightrepresent which food source?
1. Doughnut
2. Saltines
3. Carrot
4. Hamburger
humans prefer sweet, but not too sweethumans prefer sweet, but not too sweet
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The arrow on the graph below mightrepresent which food source?
1. Doughnut
2. Saltines
3. Carrot
4. Hamburger
humans prefer sweet, but not too sweethumans prefer sweet, but not too sweet
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Why do species have taste preferences?
Feeding choices directly influence fitness.
Living and reproducing requireenergy.
Maximal extraction of energy andacquisition of essential nutrients
Natural selection can shape feedingbehavior.
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Behaviors can be influenced by naturalselection.
Feeding behavior
Humans; starlings; shore crabs examples
Maternal care
Mice example neglectful gene
Singing behavior
Songbirds example complex songs
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Effects of evolution by natural selection areall around.
Peacock feathers
Cryptic coloration observed in many
species
BEHAVIOR is part of an organisms
phenotype. also under the influence of natural selection
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Which characteristic below will be under the
influence of natural selection in nature?
1. A warblers song
2. Food preferences
3. Care of offspring
4. Male or female attractiveness
5. All of the above
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Which characteristic below will be under the
influence of natural selection in nature?
1. A warblers song
2. Food preferences
3. Care of offspring
4. Male or female attractiveness
5. All of the above
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The degree to which abehavior dependsupon the environmentvaries a great deal.
Instincts or innatebehaviors
Fixed action pattern
Role of the Environment
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Triggered undercertain conditions
Requires no
learning
Does not vary
Once started, runsto completion
Fixed Action Pattern
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Do you think humans have innate(fixed action) behaviors?
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
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Learning
Involves behaviors that are altered andmodified over time in response to pastexperiences
Tremendous variation among behaviorsthat require learning
Some are easy to learn
Others are not
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Prepared Learning
Behaviors that are learned easily and by all(or nearly all) individuals
Snake-fearing behavior of monkeys
Acquisition of language in humans
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Animals dont consciously try tomaximize their reproductivesuccess, yet they behave as if
they do?
How do they do it?
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Rules of Thumb
Relatively easy-to-follow responses to cuesthat reliably lead to a desired outcome
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Rules of Thumb
Pleasures, incentives, and reproductivesuccess
Not necessary for the animal to beconsciouslyseeking that outcome
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How do we
know?
Tricking animals
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9.5 A general theory of kindnesshelps explain the evolution ofapparent acts of altruism.
Does unconditional love exist in the animalkingdom?
Altruistic behaviorsbehaviors thatcome at a cost to the individual doing thebehavior while benefiting the recipient.
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Darwin
Natural selection generally works toproduce selfish behavior.
Altruistic-appearing behavior is common.
Fatal to his theory?
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Apparent Acts of Altruism
Kindness toward close relatives: kinselection
Kindness toward unrelated individuals:reciprocal altruism
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Hamiltons Rule
Altruistic-appearing behavior will occurwhen the benefits to close relatives aregreater than the cost to the individual
performing the behavior.
They are really acting in their own
genes best interests.
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According to Hamiltons rule, if anindividual could only help oneperson, who would they prefer tohelp?
1. Son with a flat tire
2. Aunt with a flat tire
3. Cousin with a flat tire4. Stranger with a flat tire
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According to Hamiltons rule, if anindividual could only help oneperson, who would they prefer tohelp?
1. Son with a flat tire
2. Aunt with a flat tire
3. Cousin with a flat tire4. Stranger with a flat tire