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Country Report Sweden

Niclas Fredriksson – Riksantikvarieämbetet (RAÄ) Göran Grahn – Stiftelsen musikkulturens främjande (SMF) Johan Norrback – Göteborgs universitet, Göteborg Organ Art Center (GOArt) Henrik Tobin – Kyrkomusikernas Riksförbund (KMR)

Introduction

On 1 January 2000 new relation was established between the state of Sweden

and the evangelical Lutheran, former state church, Church of Sweden (Svenska

kyrkan).

The alteration was democratically prepared with juridical manifestation through

adjustment of the law concerning cultural monuments in general and its fourth

chapter on cultural monuments within the Church of Sweden in particular, namely

“Lag (1988:950) om kulturminnen m. m.” (KML) respectively ”4 kap. Kyrkliga

kulturminnen”. In summary and as a rule of thumb all organs in church buildings

from before 1 January 200 are included by the regulation of the law, meaning that

alterations of larger extant than what can be characterized as “less important

repairs” (freely translated from 9 § 4 kap. KML saying: “mindre obetydliga

reparationer”). Although the congregations own, administrate preservation and use

the pipe organs permission is required for all larger measures and interventions.

Permission can and usually is given by the provincial state authorities

(Länsstyrelsen, Lst), normally in close collaboration with the congregation and

diocese. Central institution with overall responsibility for the national situation and

conditions for the maintenance of heritage in Sweden, also within in The Church of

Sweden, is The National Heritage Board (Riksantikvarieämbetet, RAÄ) located

both in Stockholm and on the island Gotland.

Close collaboration is constantly developed between the Church of Sweden, local

and national administration, educational and scientific institutions as well as non

governmental organizations (NGOs) or entrepreneurs with interest and

responsibility for the highly international heritage of pipe organ culture, within

Sweden and its close relations to international bounds of common extraction.

Some are:

Country Report

Datum 2011-02-07

Dnr 312-649-2011

Version 0.1

Ert 2010-11-24

Er hdk «Orgel2011»

Avdelning Förvaltningsavdelningen

Enhet Kulturvårdsstöd,

Niclas Fredriksson

Society «Orgel2011»

Country Planning Group

c/o Dr. phil. Markus T. Funck

markus.funck@t-online.de

Erici & Unnerbäck 1988: cover.

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• Institutions

- Göteborg Organ Art Center (GOArt), Göteborgs universitet - Hantverkslaboratorium i Mariestad, Göteborgs universitet - Stiftelsen Musikkulturens Främjande (SMF) - Kulturmiljövårdens Arbetsgrupp för Orgelfrågor i Norden (KAFON) - Organeum i Linköping och Vadstena (OLIVA)

• NGO, unions and societies

- Föreningen Svenskt Orgelbyggeri (FSO; the union for Swedish organ building)

- Organ consultants (an informal group) - Svenska orgelsällskapet (Swedish organ society)

Next to The Church of Sweden there are many so called Free Churches, including

different churches and buildings for evangelical, Roman Catholic and Jewish

congregations that in many cases also have pipe organs – although not included

by the 4 chapter of KML.

Organs

Within the Church of Sweden there is at least one pipe organ in every church.

Some churches have no pipe organ, some more than one (see table 1). Many

churches also have a choir organ. Around 1990 there four organs in Sweden with

five manuals: in Karlstad one, Stockholm two and at least one in another public

location. Since then up to 2000 and 2011 churches and organs have been lost in

fire, many new have been built and inaugurated for the service of the Church of

Sweden.

Table 1: List of pipe organs in public location (privately located property excluded), based on information published in Inventarium 1989–91 (I-XII).

Number of pipe organs (Nr Organs), number of manuals (I-IV) and total amount of listed churches and chapels (Nr Churches) within the dioceses (stift) of the Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan) and “SKUT”, the Swedish Church abroad. “Other public locations” can be schools, town and concert halls. The numbers of manuals (I-IV) are counted by Grahn, number of churches by Fredriksson.

The pipe organs within Free Churches (Frikyrkor) are located as follos according to

Table 1: The Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan)

Diocese (stift) Nr Churches I II III IV Nr

Organs Lunds 536 151 383 34 5 573 Växjö 307 136 252 17 1 406 Göteborgs 405 145 298 26 1 470 Skara 406 200 235 12 447 Linköpings 281 134 213 26 1 374 Visby 97 74 29 – – 103 Strängnäs 309 76 148 17 3 244 Stockholms 303 82 121 31 5 239 Västerås 211 82 140 22 2 246 Karlstad 190 61 132 11 – 204 Uppsala 306 140 190 17 1 348 Härnösands 253 94 145 15 1 255 Luleå 307 107 108 17 4 236 SKUT 28 9 6 2 – 17 Museums – 24 4 – 28 Other locations – 40 60 3 2 105 Sum 3939 1555 2646 250 26 4477 Free churches 2868 228 244 6 – 478 Total 6807 1783 2890 256 26 4955

Vadstena klosterkyrka (church of Saint Brigitte): choir organ built in 2005.

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region (län): Malmöhus 84 – Kristianstad 106 – Blekinge 58 – Gotlands 46 – Kalmar 118 – Kronobergs 74 – Jönköpings 307 – Hallands 33 – Göteborgs & Bohus 88 – Älvsborgs 183 – Skaraborgs 171 – Värmlands 169 – Östergötlands 153 – Örebro 152 – Södermanlands 54 – Stockholms 126 – Uppsala 67 – Västmanlands 57 – Kopparbergs 110 – Gävleborgs 118 – Jämtlands 65 – Västernorrlands 174 – Västerbottens 240 – Norrbottens 115 � Totally 2868.

Free churches often have electronic organ or harmonium instead of pipe organ.

Detailed information concerning year of manufacture is a delicate matter – due to

the fact that parts, details and material substance often are reused within the

practice of organ building. For further information on the common principles

established and used since at least the 1960ies in Sweden (see references already

mentioned and listed below).

18th century principles for construction and manufacturing of pipe organs were

used until 1821, when new ones were introduced in Sweden.

Year of Manufacture Table 2: Location (Erici & Unnerbäck1988) Up to 1800 1800–21 All to 1821 All up to ca 1860 ies Church (p. 15-436) 66 20 86 254 Museum (p. 437-469) 13 3 16 18 New organ (old substance; p. 471-476) 12 4 16 107 Storage (p. 477ff) 16 8 24 57 Total 107 35 142 436

More than 9/10 of the pipe organs in Sweden are built after around 1870, and less

than 1/10 (that is 436 of totally 4955) are from up to the 1860ies, and nearly one

fourth (~1/4) of those from before 1800 (see and compare table 1 and 2).

Organ building / Organ Restoration

Formalized education for organ builders, conservators and curators for pipe

organs are still missing in Sweden. Experience, talent and skills of organ builders

are mainly explored in the traditional way through works practice.

Since last decades of 1900th century the maintenance of organ heritage in

Sweden is performed closely to the principles recently described by Watson 2010.

For further descriptions of the situation in Sweden on this matter are given by

Unnerbäck 1999, Grahn 2000, Unnerbäck 2000 and Fredriksson 2006.

State covering national inventories on pipe organs within the Church of Sweden

have been performed since centuries, most famous are those performed and

Hülphers 1773: title page.

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presented by Hülphers 1773, SAOK 1950ies, Carlsson 1973, Erici & Unnerbäck

1988 and Inventarium 1989–91 (I-XII).

Revisions have continuously been performed in regions and dioceses, and

information is digitally stored and successively made available through database;

for instance on initiative from dioceses of Göteborg and Strängnäs in collaboration

with GOArt.

Translocation of Organs

Domestic relocations of organs are rare. More frequent although to limited number

is import and export of organs, both of older and new built ones.

Playing Organ / Education

For statistics concerning Organists Education – fulltime / additional and Number of

Practicing Organists – full and part time, see table 3 and 4 (below).

Statistical information on Number of organ students (differentiated by church

music / solo organ / «organ expert») and Organ lessons in schools and in music

schools is at present missing; formal education for organ experts is not provided

by universities in Sweden.

Educations for church musicians are also given at Ersta Sköndal högskola,

Geijerskolan i Ransäter, Hjo folkhögskola, Oskarshamns Folkhögskola, Mellansels

Folkhögskola and Campus Örnsköldsvik. In some regions a possibility is given

children and parents to study organ playing according so called Suzuki method,

complementary to traditional pedagogies.

Organists’ Occupational Outlook – Job situation

For statistics concerning organist and church musician profession and education,

se table 3 and 4 below with statistics from 31 December 2008 on the organist

profession in Sweden and status at.

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University Situation

Organists and church musicians educations on (Batchelor, Masters, PGD)

university level are provided in Göteborg, Malmö, Stockholm and Piteå.

Concertante Organ Music – secular and church settin gs

The educations at university level take in to consideration and practice stylistically

different Organs, both historical old as well as new built contemporary.

Mainly and usually there is a close collaboration with The Church of Sweden and

institutions such as for instance Göteborg International Organ Academy.

Public soloist and ensemble organ recitals are given both in churches as well in

common official contexts such as on Swedish radio, in concert and town halls, and

occasionally although seldom even on Swedish television.

Table 3: Position and educational level – diocese a nd national perspective Categories: “I:a” Cathedral organist (university) – “I:b” Organist (university) – “II.” Organist (preparatory) – “III.” Church musician School teacher – “IV.” IChurch musician, other than organist. Source: KMR 2008 s. 241f.

Member with position as an organist and church musician (for qualification category; se numbering above)

Diocese / union

I:a-b II. III. IV. Sum

Students

Independent

Retired

Total

Diff to Dec2007

Uppsala 33 117 5 155 34 59 248 -4 Linköping 31 99 4 134 40 66 240 -1 Skara 27 115 2 1 145 25 63 233 -8 Strängnäs 35 80 1 4 120 16 40 176 -8 Västerås 22 86 1 4 113 33 53 199 -6 Växjö 33 162 4 8 207 42 81 330 -4 Lund 87 156 7 250 58 86 394 1 Göteborg 83 163 1 11 258 56 88 402 -23 Karlstad 8 82 90 18 30 138 -2 Härnösand 12 46 1 59 12 24 95 -6 Jämtland 4 33 3 2 42 10 13 65 -1 Luleå 34 66 2 102 24 37 163 -7 Visby 1 21 1 23 11 14 48 0 Stockholm 118 69 9 196 76 52 324 -24 SKUT 2 17 19 19 19 Students union

141 141 2

Summa 530 1312 12 59 1913 141 455 706 3215 -88 Change to Dec 2007; numbers

-35 -54 -4 -26 -119 1 1 29 -88

Change to Dec 2007 part (%)

28 68 <1 3 =100

60 4 14 22 =100

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Table 4: Age and gender perspective – overall natio nal perspective Categories I-IV: se table 3. – Abbreviations: “w” women – “m” men. Source: KMR 2008 s. 241f. Age -30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61- Total

Position w m w m w m w m w m

w

(tot)

m (tot) Nr %

I:a 1 2 4 1 5 1 12 13 <1 I:b 8 3 72 52 79 88 52 86 25 50 236 279 515 27 II. 42 12 173 57 331 103 301 110 107 66 954 348 1302 68 III. 3 5 4 8 4 12 <1 IV. 4 1 14 7 13 8 7 2 2 1 40 19 59 3

Number 54 16 259 117 423 201 364 202 140 126 1240 662 1902

% 4% 20% 32% 28% 12% 65% 35% 100%

References

Carlsson, Sten L.: Sveriges kyrkorglar. Lund 1973. Erici, Einar & R. Axel Unnerbäck: Orgelinventarium. Bevarade klassiska kyrkorglar i Sverige.

Stockholm 1988. Fredriksson, Niclas: ”Antiquarisch-technische Dokumentation von Orgeln”, Dokumentation

von Orgelrestaurierungen. Bericht über die Tagung der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Orgeldokumentation (IAOD) in Männerdorf (Schweitz) vom 20. – 23. Mai 2004. Wolfgang Rehn (ed.), Berlin 2006 p. 43-62.

Grahn, Göran: ”Conservation of working instruments: when to restore”, Towards the conservation and restoration of historic organs. A record of the Liverpool conference, 23-26 August 1999. Berrow, Jim (ed.), Arrowsmith 2000 p. 39-44.

Hülphers, Abraham Abrahamsson: Historisk Afhandling om Musik och Instrumenter särdeles om Orgwerks Inrättningen i Allmänhet jemte Kort Beskrifning öfwer Orgwerken i Swerige. Westerås 1773 (facsimile Stockholm 1969).

Johansson, Tore (& al. ed.): Inventarium över svenska orglar. I-XII volumes, Kinna 1989–91. KMR, Kyrkomusikernas Riksförbund: Årsbok 2008 med matrikel över medlemmarna i

Kyrkmusikernas Riksförbund. Karl Göran Ehntorp (ed.), Göteborg 2008. SAOK 1950ies, Sveriges allmänna organist- och kantorsförbund, Orgelinventering ca 1950–

53; Antikvarisk-topografiska arkivet (ATA), Stockholm. Unnerbäck, R. Axel: “Historic organs and organ restoration practice in Sweden in the 20th

century”, GOArt research reports volume 1, Sverker Jullander (ed.), Göteborg Organ Art Center, Göteborg 1999 p. 91-106.

- ”The preservation and restoration of old organs in Sweden”, Towards the conservation and restoration of historic organs. A record of the Liverpool conference, 23-26 August 1999. Berrow, Jim (ed.), Arrowsmith 2000 p. 33-38.

Watson, John R.: Artefacts in use. The paradox of restoration and the conservation of organs. Organ Historical Society, Richmond, Virginia 2010.