Data Transmission

Suherman, PhDReferences:

Many sources

1. Character Coding

Binary Glyph Binary Glyph Binary Glyph Binary Glyph Binary Glyph Binary Glyph

010 0000 011 0000 0 100 0000 @ 101 0000 P 110 0000 ` 111 0000 p

010 0001 ! 011 0001 1 100 0001 A 101 0001 Q 110 0001 a 111 0001 q

010 0010 " 011 0010 2 100 0010 B 101 0010 R 110 0010 b 111 0010 r

010 0011 # 011 0011 3 100 0011 C 101 0011 S 110 0011 c 111 0011 s

010 0100 $ 011 0100 4 100 0100 D 101 0100 T 110 0100 d 111 0100 t

010 0101 % 011 0101 5 100 0101 E 101 0101 U 110 0101 e 111 0101 u

010 0110 & 011 0110 6 100 0110 F 101 0110 V 110 0110 f 111 0110 v

010 0111 ' 011 0111 7 100 0111 G 101 0111 W 110 0111 g 111 0111 w

010 1000 ( 011 1000 8 100 1000 H 101 1000 X 110 1000 h 111 1000 x

010 1001 ) 011 1001 9 100 1001 I 101 1001 Y 110 1001 i 111 1001 y

010 1010 * 011 1010 : 100 1010 J 101 1010 Z 110 1010 j 111 1010 z

010 1011 + 011 1011 ; 100 1011 K 101 1011 [ 110 1011 k 111 1011 {

010 1100 , 011 1100 < 100 1100 L 101 1100 \ 110 1100 l 111 1100 |

010 1101 - 011 1101 = 100 1101 M 101 1101 ] 110 1101 m 111 1101 }

010 1110 . 011 1110 > 100 1110 N 101 1110 ^ 110 1110 n 111 1110 ~

010 1111 / 011 1111 ? 100 1111 O 101 1111 _ 110 1111 o

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Other codes: ATASCII, PETSCII, ISO 8859, etc.

2. InterfacingCommon ports and plugs

USB PS/2 or Mini-DIN 6

DB-9ETCETRA

2. Interfacing

Universal Serial Bus (USB)Pin 1 VCC (+5 V)

Pin 2 Data−

Pin 3 Data+

Pin 4 Ground

- USB 2.0 : maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbit/s (effective throughput up to 35 MB/s or 280 Mbit/s), USB3.0 upto 5Gbps.- Versi: 1.x, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1- Sinyal di USB ditransmisikan dengan twisted-pair data cable dengan impedansi karakteristik 90Ω ±15% berlabel D+ and D−. - Kecuali sistem USB 3.0, sistemnya adalah half duplex dengan level tegangan 0.0 - 0.3 volt untuk ‘low’ dan 2.8 -3.6 volt untuk ‘high’ utk mode low bandwidth atau −10 -10 mV dan 360-440 mV untuk hi-bandwidth. - Line coding menggunakan NRZI

USB to Ethernet USB to DB-x

USB to PS/2

3. Data Transmission

Contoh devices yang akan dihubungkan:

Keyboard dengan konektor USB Keyboard displayerSee: http://www.circuitsathome.com/mcu/programming/how-to-drive-usb-keyboard-from-arduino

Two computers

3. Data Transmission

Point to point connection : Wired, Jarak Dekat

Paralel and serial port < 2mUSB, maximum 5mEthernet direct connection, maximum 100mEthernet with hub/switch as a repeater,

maximum 100m each hop

3. Data Transmission

Point to point connection : Wired, Jarak Dekat

USB link cable : Direct Cable Connection (DCC)Point to Point Protocol (PPP) digunakan.a program which supports data transfer using that cable must be used, typically, provided by the USB link cable manufacturer

DCC juga tersedia untuk serial dan paralel ports

3. Data Transmission

Point to point connection : Wired, Jarak Dekat

Ethernet direct connection, maximum 100mRegistered Jack (RJ) type 45, konektor standar

digunakan untuk jaringan Ethernet (LAN) dengan cable kategori 5.

Point to point connection tanpa Perantara, menggunakan hubunganCrossover. OS windows dapat dihubungkan, dengan setting tertentu.CSMA/CD digunakan.

3. Data Transmission

Point to point connection : Wired, Jarak Dekat

Ethernet dengan perantara, maximum 100m per hop

Menggunakan straight cable

Disebut dengan LAN (Local Area Network. CSMA/CD digunakan

Usually use straight cable to connect different type of devices. This type of cable will be used most of the time and can be used to:1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.3) Connect a router's WAN port to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.4) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's uplink port. (Normally used for expanding network)5) Connect two switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port and the other one using normal port.

3. Data Transmission

Point to point connection : Wireless

Infra Red Data Association (IrDA), maximum 1m

Line of Sight (LOS)Range: standard: 1 m; low power to low power: 0.2 m; standard to low power: 0.3 m.Angle: minimum cone ±15°Speed: 2.4 kbit/s to 1 Gbit/sModulation: baseband NRZ, NRZI, ASKInfrared Wavelength: 850-900 nm

3. Data Transmission

Point to point connection : Wireless

Bluetooth, maximum 100m

- Bluetooth operates in the range of 2400–2483.5 MHz.- Bluetooth uses frequency-hopping spread spectrum. - 79 channels. Each 1 MHz BW. - 1600 hops per second-Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK), π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK- Bluetooth v1.2 721kbps, v2.0 2.1Mbps, v3.0 24Mbps.

Master Slave Radio

3. Data Transmission

Point to multipoint (PMP) connection : Wireless

Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), maximum indoor 46m, outdoor 92m, point to point >100km using baloon

CSMA/CA digunakan

Ad hoc and Infrastructure networks 802.11

protocol

Freq.

(GHz)

Bandwidth

(MHz)

Data rate per stream

(Mbit/s)Modulation

a5

20 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 OFDM3.7

b 2.4 20 1, 2, 5.5, 11 DSSS

g 2.4 20 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 OFDM,DSSS

3. Data Transmission

Point to multipoint (PMP) connection : Wireless

WiMAX: Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access: upto 50km

Polling dan CSMA/CA digunakanFrame n-1 Frame n Frame n+1

Preamble FCH DL-Burst #1 DL-Burst #i...

DL-MAP UL-MAP SSs Downlink Allocation

TTGInitial

RangingBW

RequestUL-Burst #1 UL-Burst #i... RTG

Preamble SSs Uplink Allocation

1 2 ... k

DL-Subframe (BS to SS)UL-Subframe (SSs to BS)

Request slots

WiMAX standard: 802.16e-2005,802.16d-2004,- Fast Fourier transform (FFT) - channel bandwidths 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or 20 MHz. - Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA).- hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)- Adaptive antenna systems (AAS) and MIMO technology- quality of service (QoS) - 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz

3. Data Transmission

Point to Point connection : Cellular networks1997 – Delivery of digital wireless data and voice networks (2G): GSM and IS-951998 – WAP 1.0 specifications published.2000 – Camera phones introduced in Japanese market.2002 – Delivery of digital wireless data and voice enhanced networks (2.5G), GSM with GPRS and upgraded IS-95 (CDMA2000) with 1xRTT2003 - 2.75G technologies were introduced, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS).2004-2008: 3G technology was introduced :EV-DO, EV-DV, HSUPA, HSDPA, 2008 — FCC no longer requires cellular providers to support analog service.Now - LTE and Advance LTE are popular issue to support 4G all-IP network

Standalone: In the past, these used the PCMCIA, ExpressCard and Compact Flash. Now: USB-based modems.Integrated router: provide traditional networking interfaces such as Ethernet, USB and Wi-Fi.Smartphones: the phone has the same capabilities as a standalone modem.

3. Data Transmission

Point to Point connection : Next? LTE

LTE, an initialism of Long Term Evolution, marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies.

4. Analysis?

Attenuation, Signal distortion, Aliasing, Noise, Interferences, etc