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The CDE is a central repository of all project data. A CDE should allow teams to collaborate and
share data efficiently without misunderstanding, contradiction and loss of data. This can only
be achieved with reliable data management workflows.
INTRODUCTION
The usage of BIM is increasing across the construction industry. BIM is helping to improve col-
laboration and drive down costs in Government and privately funded projects across the globe.
BIM can be simplistically described as the creation and management of a 3D model that con-
tains digital information and data [1]. The status and reliability of data contained within a BIM
model is vitally important. Reliable data creates confidence. Confidence is key in encouraging
BIM uptake.
OBJECTIVES
1. Compare the flow of data through a traditional construction process against a BIM process.
2. Define a data management workflow for projects using BIM.
TRADITIONAL PROCESS - LEVEL 0/1 BIM
Flow of information between design teams is confused and iterative. Backtracking is com-
mon [2].
Designs and drawings are typically produced using a 2D CAD package.
Output and distribution of information is mostly through printed paper copies.
No central repository of project information. Accessing and finding relevant information can
be hard and time consuming.
Service clashes are easily missed. Costly to correct during construction.
Final handover consists of a printed package of drawings and documents. A larger project
will consist of thousands of drawings from a number of disciplines.
Non Graphical Information
Architects Model + Civil and
Structural Model + MEP Model
= Federated Model
Graphical Information
Construction Operation Building in-
formation exchange (COBie)
Archived
A record of all documentation at the end of
every project stage. Transaction and change
orders are also held here. This provides a ro-
bust audit trail and ensures confidence in the
reliability of data at stage handover.
Published (Contractual)
Authorised data. Suitable for stage comple-
tion acceptance or construction and fabrica-
tion.
Shared (Non-contractual)
Approved data. This data is shared with all
design teams and used to further design de-
velopment.
DATA MANAGEMENT WORKFLOW WITHIN THE CDE—BIM LEVEL 2
Work in Progress (WIP)
Unapproved data. Used by in house de-
sign teams. This data is not at a suffi-
cient level to be referenced.
Revision Code
A Revision Code should be assigned to
data based on the project stage, n.
1. Brief
2. Concept
3. Definition
4. Design
5. Build and Commission
6. Handover and Close Out
7. Operations and In-Use
Suitability Code
S1, Suitable for co-ordination. This file
is available to be ‘shared’ and used by
other disciplines as a background for in-
formation
S2, Suitable for information
S3, Suitable for review and comment
S4, Suitable for stage approval
S6, Issued for Project Information
Model (PIM) Authorisation
S7, Issued for Asset Information Model
(AIM) Authorisation
Suitability Code
S0, Initial Status or WIP
D1, Suitable for costing—use at
risk
D2, Suitable for tender—use at
risk
D3, Suitable for contractor de-
sign—use at risk
D4, Suitable for manufacture/
procurement—use at risk
Approved, Checked, re-
viewed and approved by de-
sign team
Authorised, This data has been au-
thorised by the client. Data may be
authorised with minor comments
Verified/Accepted, All documenta-
tion accepted at the end of project
stages. Forms audit trail.
Shared data is taken and
used to further develop de-
signs
Appointment of Contractor
and work package sub-
contractors
CDE
TRADITIONAL PROCESS BIM PROCESS COMMON DATA ENVIRONMENT (CDE)
BIM PROCESS - LEVEL 2 BIM
All the design teams are producing 3D project models. The separate discipline models are
merged together into a single federated model on a regular basis [2].
All project data is stored in a Central Data Environment (CDE). The CDE contains graphical
models and non-graphical data. The CDE is managed by an Information Manager.
All parties have access to the CDE. It is fast and easy to find project information. This in-
creases collaboration and speeds up the design process.
Data contained within the CDE is owned by the relevant author.
Having a single federated 3D model makes it easy to spot service clashes during the design
stage. Costly clashes during construction are avoided. This saves time and money.
If the client has confidence in the reliability of data contained within the CDE, it is possible
for a fully digital handover. It is common that a BIM process is being used for design and
construction, but the client is requesting a traditional printed package of drawings and doc-
uments. This is often due to a lack of confidence in the reliability of digital data.
CASE STUDY - ORDSALL CHORD
Ordsall Chord is a project to connect the two largest train stations in Manchester. A new pedes-
trian bridge was delivered to the client with a full digital handover. A site visit was undertaken
and a number of areas were identified that allowed a successful digital handover;
Gaining client trust through the use of a robust auditable data management process.
Status tracking of design and construction data.
Mark Hobbs | Michael Evans (Trimble)
Data Management Throughout the BIM Process
DATA MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS
There is a risk of design information from one party being used by another party when the
status of that information is still subject to change. This creates issues of liability around po-
tentially abortive work [3].
The legal status of data must be defined using a standard procedure.
The suitability of data usage must be defined using a standard procedure.
Concerns have been raised about ownership of data once it is placed within the CDE.
The checking, approval and authorisation processes put in place will ensure that chang-
es of ownership are identified. REFERENCES
1. HM Government. Industrial strategy: government and industry in partnership - Building Information Model-ling. HM Government. [Online] [Cited: 28th October 2016.]https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/34710/12-1327-building-information-modelling.pdf. 2. National Building Specification (NBS). BIM Levels Explained. The National Building Specification. [Online] 1st No-vember 2014. [Cited: 25th October 2016.] https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/bim-levels-explained. 3. Robert Eadie, Tim McLernon and Adam Patton. An Investigation Into the Legal Issues Relating to Building Infor-mation Modelling (BIM). Sydney : The Construction, Building and Real Estate Research Conference of the Royal In-stitution of Chartered Surveyors, 2015. 4. British Standards Institute . PAS 1192-2:2013 Specification for information management for the capital/delivery phase of construction projects using building information modelling. s.l. : BSI Standards Limited, 2013. ISBN 978 0 580 82666 5. 5. British Standards Institute . BS 1192:2007+A2:2016 Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information. Code of practice . s.l. : BSI Standards Limited, 2016. ISBN 978 0 580 92817 8.
Civil/Structural
Engineer
Architect
Client
MEP Engineer
Sub-
Contractors
Contractor
Civil/Structural
Engineer
Architect
Client
MEP Engineer
Sub-
Contractors
Contractor
A visual representation of data flow in a traditional construction process and a BIM Process. In the BIM pro-
cess all data is shared through the Common Data Environment (CDE)
The CDE is split into four sub-areas which represent the Status Level of Data; Work in Progress, Shared, Published and Archived. To move through the status levels, data must be Approved, Authorised and Accepted.
Data contained within the sub-areas is assigned a Suitability and Revision code [4] [5]. The suitability code determines what the data can be used for and is defined in BS1192:2007+A2:2016. Suitability ‘D’ is assigned
to data that has not been authorised by the client but can be used ‘at risk’ by the contractor for specific purposes. The revision code indicates the stage of the project.
Status Level of Data
Suitability and
Revision Code
KEY
Suitability Code
An, Approved and accepted at com-
pletion of project stage n
Bn, Partially signed off with minor
comments from the client. Com-
ment must be resolved and resub-
mitted for full authorisation
CR, As Constructed Record docu-
mentation