Data collection

compiled by Anna Bączkowska

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QuestionnairesInterviewsAccountsObservationtests

questionnaires

compiled by Anna Bączkowska

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Planning a questionnaire Decide the objectives Decide the population and the sample Generate topics/concepts and data

required to meet the objectives Decide kinds of measures Write questionnaire items Pilot the questionnaire Administer the questionnaire

types of questionnaire items

compiled by Anna Bączkowska

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Closed- Dichotomous- Multiple choice- Rank ordering- Rating scales- constant sum- Ratio data

Open-participants write a free account to explain and

qualify their responses and avoid the limitations of pre-set categories

Scales of data

compiled by Anna Bączkowska

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You need to adopt a scale of data:

-nominal (indicate categories)

-ordinal (indicate order: high, low; first, last, etc.)

-ratio (indicate values, e.g. marks in a test)

Scales of data 2

compiled by Anna Bączkowska

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Question type level of data Dichotomous questions nominal Multiple choice nominal Rank ordering ordinal Rating scales ordinal Constant sum question ordinal Ratio data questions ratio Open-ended questions word-

based data

Dichotomous questions

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Sex (please tick) Male Female

Do you prefer didactic methods to child-centred methods? Yes No

Advantages:-Codes responses quickly- Good funnelling device for subsequent

questions- E.g. If you answered ”yes” to question X,

please go to question Y

Multiple choice questions

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-Categories must be DISCRETE, i.e. should not overlap or mutually exclusive)

- Guidance should be provided whether only one answer can be ticked (single answer mode) or several (multiple answer mode)

- Are quickly codedNumber of years in teaching 1-5 6-12 15-24 25 + Which age group do you teach at present?Infant primary secondary sixth form only

Rank ordering

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There are options to choose from (as in multiple choice)

Asks respondents to identify priorities (unlike in multiple choice)

Please indicate your prioritiesStudents should enjoy school [ ]Teachers should less homework [ ]Students should be tested more [ ]Teacher should use more varied activities

[ ]

Rating scales

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Categories need to be discrete They need to exhaust the range of

possible responses

Senior school staff should teach more1 2 3 4 5[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree;

3=neither agree nor disagree; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree

Rating scale – semantic differential

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Semantic differential is a variation of a rating scale

Two adjectives are put at each end of a scale

Respondents circle their answer

How useful do you consider these slides? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Useful --- --- --- --- --- --- --- useless

Constant sum questions

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Respondents are asked to distribute a given number of marks between a range of items

Enables to identify priorities Respondents consider the relative weight of each

aspects

Distribute 10 points for aspects of your personality:Talkative [ ]Cooperative [ ]Hard-working [ ]Lazy [ ]Attentive [ ]

Ratio data question

compiled by Anna Bączkowska

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- no fixed answer or category is provided Respondents puts in the numerical answer

that fits his/her exact figure Enables averages and statistics to be

calculated

How much money do you have in the bank? __How many times have you been late for

school? __How old are you (in years)? __