Data Collection and Scaling

7/24/2019 Data Collection and Scaling

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COLLECTION OF DATA

STEP- 5


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DATA COLLECTION

The facts expressed in quantitative form can be termed

as data.

The task of data collection begins after the researchproblem has been defined and research design has been

developed.

While deciding the method of data collection to be usedfor the study, the researcher should keep in mind two

types of data viz., primary and secondary.


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The primary dataare those which are collected afresh

and for the first time and thus happen to be original in

character.

The data used in a statistical study is collected under

the control and supervision of the investigation is

referred to as primary data.

Information that is developed or gathered by theresearcher specifically for the research proect at hand.


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The secondary data are those which have already been

collected by someone else and which have already been

passed through the statistical process.

orWhen the data are not collected by the investigator but is

derived from other sources then such data is referred to

as secondary data.

information that has previously been gathered bysomeone other than the researcher and!or for some other

purpose than the research proect at hand.


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1. Difference in originality

2. Difference in the suitability of

objectives

3. Difference in the cost of collection


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METHODS OF COLLECTINGPRIMARY DATA

". #bservation

$. Interview

%. &uestionnaire

'. (chedule


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METHODS OF COLLECTINGSECONDARY DATA

(ources of unpublished data

". )iaries

$. *etters

%. +npublished biographies

'. utobiographies

(econdary data may either be published or

unpublisheddata.


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METHODS OF COLLECTINGSECONDARY DATA

(ources of published data

". -ublications of central, state and local govt.

$. -ublications of foreign govt. or international bodies and

their subsidiary organizations.%. Technical and trade ournals

'. ooks, magazines and newspapers

/. 0eports and publications of various associations connected

with business and industry, banks, stock exchanges etc.

1. 0eports prepared by research scholars, universities,

economists etc.

2. -ublic records and statistics

3. 4istorical documents


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1.OBSERVATION METHOD

In the #bservation method the investigator asks no questions

but he simply observe or watch the participants or activities

in action and records the necessary data.

The information obtained under this method relates to what

is currently happening, which is collected by way of

investigator5s own direct observation without asking from therespondent.



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OBSERVATION METHOD

Types of observations

". (tructured vs +nstructured observation

$. -articipant vs 6on7participant observation

%. 8ontrolled vs +ncontrolled observation

'. )isguised vs 6on7disguised observation


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OBSERVATION METHOD

dvantages of observation method

". )ata is more reliable and free from respondent bias

$. 9asy to note the effects of environmental influences

on specific outcomes

%. 9asy to observe certain groups of individuals7veryyoung children, busy executives etc


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OBSERVATION METHOD

)isadvantages of observation method

1. Physical presence is a must

2. Tedious and expensive

3. Due to long periods of observation, observer exhaustion

could easily set in

. !oods, feelings and attitude may affect the observation

". Training is necessary


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2.INTERVIEW METHOD

Interview is a face7to7face interaction between two or

more persons for a particular purpose.

ccording to (cott, : Interview is a purposeful

exchange of ideas, answering of questions and

communication between two or more persons.;



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". (tructured and +nstructured Interview< (tructured incase of descriptive and causal study and +nstructured incase of exploratory study

$. =ocused Interview< It is mean to focus attention on the

given experience of the respondent and its effects.%. 8linical interview< It is concerned with the broad

underline feelings or motivation or with the course of

individual5s life experience.

'. 6on7directive interview< Its function is simply to

encourage the respondent to talk about the given topicwith a bare minimum of direct questioning.


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". =aster and 8heaper method

$. 9asy and =lexible

%. 0eplies can be recorded

'. 6o field staff is required


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It consists of number of question printed ortyped in a definite order on a form.

+sed in case of big enquiries.

=ree from bias of the interviewer.

>enerally sent through mail.


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What are you trying to find out?

". good questionnaire is designed so that your results willtell you what you want to find out.

$.(tart by writing down what you are trying to do in a few

clear sentences, and design your questionnaire around this.

4ow are you going to use the information?".There is no point conducting research if the results aren5t

going to be used @ make sure you know why you are asking

the questions in the first place. Aake sure you cover

everything you will need when it come to analyzing the

answers.e.g. Maybe you want to compare answers given by men and

women. You can only do this if youve remembered to record

the gender of each respondent on each questionnaire.


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Beep it short. In fact, quite often the shorter the better.

". We are all busy, and as a general rule people are less

likely to answer a long questionnaire than a short one.

$. If you are going to be asking your customers to answer

your questionnaire in7store, make sure the interview is no

longer than "C minutes maximum Dthis will be about "C to

"/ questionsE.%. If your questionnaire is too long, try to remove some

questions. 0ead each question and ask, F4ow am I going

to use this information?F If you don5t know, don5t include

itG

+se simple and direct language.

". The questions must be clearly understood by the

respondent. The wording of a question should be simple

and to the point. )o not use uncommon words or long

sentences.


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(tart with something general.

0espondents will be put7off and may even refuse to complete

your questionnaire if you ask questions that are too personalat the start De.g. questions about financial matters, age, even

whether or not they are marriedE.

)o locate personal or confidential questions at the end of the

questionnaire. The early appearance of unsettling questions

may result in respondents discontinuing the questionnaire.

-lace the most important questions in the first half of the

questionnaire.

0espondents sometimes only complete part of aquestionnaire. y putting the most important items near the

beginning, the partially completed questionnaires will still

contain important information.


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*eave enough space to record the answers.

If you are going to include questions which may require a

long answer e.g. ask someone why they do a particular

thing, then make sure you leave enough room to write in

the possible answers. It sounds obvious, but it5s so often

overlookedG

Test your questionnaire on your colleagues D-ilot (tudyE.

6o matter how much time and effort you put into

designing your questionnaire, there is no substitute for

testing it. 8omplete some interviews with your colleagues9=#09 you ask the real respondents. This will allow

you to time your questionnaire, make any final changes,

and get feedback from your colleagues.


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)o order categories. When response categories represent a

progression between a lower level of response and a higherone, it is usually better to list them from the lower level to

the higher in left7to7right order, for example,

"ENever 2) Seldom ) !ccasionally ") #requently

)o ask responders to rate both positive and negative stimuli.

There is sometimes a difficulty when responders are asked

to rate items for which the general level of approval is high

Dthe Fapple pieF problemE. There is a tendency for

responders to mark every item at the same end of the scale.


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void category increase. typical question is the following

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Data Collection and Scaling