Data Analysis Implications References

DataAnalysis

ImplicationsReferences

Properties as anaphors

Cem Bozşahin

Cognitive Science Department, Informatics InstituteMETU, Ankara

May 18, 2012

Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 1/29

DataAnalysis


First noted by Göksel (2006): Turkish nominal inflections, theplural and the possessive, facilitate pronominal readings.

(1)Pencere-ler mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

Not necessarily multiple windows(2)

Her biri başka bir yöre İstanbullu-su olanların da,..every one-POSS another one region Istanbuler-POSS be-REL-PLU-GEN and‘And for the ones who are Istanbulers from some region...’

Not necessarily possessive or compound marker


DataAnalysis


Göksel’s data

(3) a.sev-di-k-ler-imizlike-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those who we like/liked’

Turkisha′. [SUBj __i (OBJ) sev-di-k-leri -imizj ]

b.sev-en-ler-imizlike-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those who like/liked us’

b′. [__i (SUB) OBJj sev-en-leri -imizj ]

c.köpek sev-en-ler-imizdog like-T-REL-PLU-POSS.1p‘those among us who like/liked dogs’

c′. [__i (SUB) OBJ sev-en-leri -imizi ]


DataAnalysis


Individuals as property

(4)Oğuz Atay’lar iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’


DataAnalysis


Mass-count distinction?

(5)su-lar kes-il-diwater-PLU cut-PASS-PAST‘the water is off.’


DataAnalysis


lexical aspects

(6)başka-sı bu-nu anla-ma-zother-3s this-ACC understand-NEG-AOR‘nobody else would understand.’


DataAnalysis


It’s not just the plural and poss

(7) a.Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers go see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema, go see this movie.’

b.Gör-düğ-üm bana yet-ti.See-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘I’ve seen enough.’lit. ‘What I’ve seen is enough.’

Any property seems to be able to do this.

(e, t) and ((e, t), (e, t))


DataAnalysis


(8) a.Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’

b.Akşam-ki zor bir soru-y-du.Night-ki difficult one question-COP-PAST‘Last night’s question was hard.’


DataAnalysis


Does Turkish lack ’one’?

These examples are quantificational without ’one’ biri.With biri/şey (one/thing), they can be non-quantificational:(9) a.

Akşam-ki şey zor bir soru-y-du.Night-ki thing difficult one question-COP-PAST‘The thing last night was a hard question.’lit. ‘The thing last night, it was a hard question.’


DataAnalysis


(10) a.Sinema-yı sev-en ?şey/biri(si) bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL thing/one(POSS) this film-DAT go-AOR‘One who loves cinema must see this movie.’

b.Gör-düğ-üm şey/biri bana yet-ti.See-REL-1s thing/one I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What/who I’ve seen is enough.’

(10b) is not the same as (7b).


DataAnalysis


data summary

Biri needs the aorist to facilitate quantification.biri-less examples do not need it.A “missing one” assumption is probably too strong.


DataAnalysis


aorist and quantification

(11)

Zengin şey/biri kriz-den etkile-n-me-di/z.Rich thing/one crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST/AOR‘A rich one has not been affected by the crisis.’ past/non-quant.‘A rich one may not be affected by the crisis.’ aor/quant.

Akşam-ki şey/biri tadımı kaçır-dı.Night-ki thing/one disappoint-CAUS-PAST‘The person/thing last night disappointed me.’

(12) a.Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e git-ti/gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-PAST/go-AOR‘Cinema lovers saw this movie.’‘Cinema lovers go see this movie’.


DataAnalysis


pretheoretical

Anaphors can be syntactically unbound and contextuallybound.They can be syntactically bound as well.

wh operatorstenseverbsquantifiers

It has something to do with grammar.


DataAnalysis


binders in blue

(13) a.Her sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Every Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’

b.Bazı gazete-ler-de gör-düğ-üm ben-i üz-dü.some newspaper-PLU-LOC see-REL-1s I-ACC sadden-PAST‘The things i’ve seen in some newspapers saddened me.’

c.Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di ama hepsi şikayetçi.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST but all complain.‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis but they all complain.’

d.Akşam-ki öğrenci-nin çöz-ebil-eceğ-i bir soru değil-di.Night-ki student-3s solve-ABIL-REL-3s a question not‘Last night’s wasn’t a question that a student can solve.’


DataAnalysis


Outline of the proposal

These facts are predicted in part by three global properties:type-dependence of grammarsradical lexicalization of all grammarsdirect compositionality and surface compositionality: everysurface constituent is interpretable (Jacobson 1999; Barker andJacobson 2007; Steedman 2011)

The properties are Turkish-specific, therefore they must arisefrom constraints on Turkish grammar


DataAnalysis


type-dependence: any anaphoric nominal string leads to alexicalizable syntactic type NP|NP. (NP/NP or NP\NP)radical lexicalization: such syntactic types must arise from theheads of the constructions, e.g. the relative markers and words.

- they must be represented in the lexicon with a compositionalsemantics.surface compositionality: (e, e) types for anaphoric nominalstranslate syntactically to NPNP, i.e. syntactic functions fromNPs to NPs.Their potential syntactic binders are SNP: functions frome-type nominals to t.Turkish-specific: The correspondence between NP/NP typesand NPNP in Turkish, semantically ((e, t), (e, t)) and (e, e),can be established by a single lexical rule.


DataAnalysis


(14) a.[Pencere-ler ]NP/NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

b.[Oğuz Atay’lar ]NP/NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’

c.[Sinema-yı sev-en ]NP/NP bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’

d.[Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP bana yet-ti.yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’

e.[Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’


DataAnalysis


heads of the constructions in the lexicon(15) a.

Pencere[ -ler ]NP\NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

b.Oğuz Atay’[ lar ]NP\NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir.O.A.-PLU want-REL-3s like write-ABIL-AOR‘People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire.’

c.Sinema-yı sev[ -en ](NP/NP)\(S\NPnom) bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’

d.Dün sokak-ta gör[ -düğ-üm ](NP/NP)\(S′\NP′

obl)bana yet-ti.

yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’

e.[Zengin ]NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’


DataAnalysis


Type-dependent Lexical rules and Turkish

(16) a. NP/NP : λPλx .and ′(Px)(n′x) → NPNP : λx .one ′(n′x)

b. NP : λx .n′x → NP/NP : λPλx s .and ′(Px)(n′x)

Exponent types: XY


DataAnalysis


(17) a.[ [ [Pencere-ler ]NP ]NP/NP ]NPNP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m.Window-PLU blue be-OPT want-PERF-PAST-1s‘I wanted the windows to be blue.’

b.[ [Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ]NP/NP ]NPNP bana yet-ti.yesterday street-LOC see-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-PAST‘What I’ve seen on the street yesterday is enough.’

c.[ [Zengin ]NP/NP ]NPNP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di.Rich crisis-ABL affect-PASS-NEG-PAST‘The rich has not been affected by the crisis.’


DataAnalysis


Projecting the anaphor for binding

Jacobson’s (1999) unary anaphoric composition (cf. the syntacticone)

(18) X|Y: f → XZ|YZ : λgλx .f (gx) (g)

(19) X|Y: f → (X|Z)|(Y|Z): λgλx .f (gx) (comp)


DataAnalysis


Sinema-yı sev en bu film-e gid-er.Cinema-ACC like -REL this film-DAT go-AOR

S\NPnom (NP/NP)\(S\NPnom) S\NP

NP/NPLR

NPNPg

SNP\NPNP

SNP

‘Cinema lovers must see this movie.’lit. ‘The ones who love cinema must see this movie.’

A sentence with an anaphor to be bound

Not S\NP or S


DataAnalysis


Jacobson’s Z binder

(20) (X|i NP)|j Y: f → (X|i NP)|j YNP : λgλx .f (gx)x (z-NP)


DataAnalysis


Syntactically bound version

Her Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er.Every cinema-ACC like-REL this film-DAT go-AOR

(S/(S\NPNP))/NPNP NP/NP NPdat (S\NPnom)\NPdatLR

NPNP

S/(S\NPNP): λPλy .P(every-cinema-lover′y)

z(S\NPNP

nom)\NPdat: λxλg .go′x(gx)

S\NPNPnom

S

‘Every cinema lover must see this movie.’


DataAnalysis


Properties (syntactic and semantic) can be anaphors in Turkish.

Grammar may need finer distinctions of S for anaphors to besyntactically bound.SNP and NPNP can be in the domain of locality of a head.

Can syntax require a pronoun?


DataAnalysis


The Welsh passive

(21) a.Cafodd Wyn ei rybuddio.Got.3s Wyn his warning‘Wyn was warned.’ Awbery (1976:210)

“The passive sentence has a sentence-initial inflected form of cael(get) of the same tense and aspect as the verb of the active. Thisis folowed by a noun phrase identical to the object of the active.Then comes a pronoun of the same person, number and gender (ifit is 3sg) as this noun phrase, and an uninflected form of the verbin the active” Awbery (1976:47).

The pronoun and cael are obligatory.


DataAnalysis


Awbery’s data shows that what is dropped if the noun phrase aftercael is a pronoun is the subject NP, not the possessive pronounrequired by the passive:

(22)Cawsom (ni) ein rhybuddio gan y ferch.Got.1pl (we) our warning by the girl‘We were warned by the girl.’ Awbery (1976:48)

If get is the head of the passive, then the pronoun must be in itsdomain of locality.


DataAnalysis


Thanks

WAFL and the reviewersAslı GökselUmut ÖzgeDeniz Zeyrek


DataAnalysis


Awbery, G.M. 1976. The syntax of Welsh. Cambridge Univ. Press.Barker, Chris, and Pauline Jacobson. 2007. Introduction: Direct

compositionality. In Direct compositionality . eds.Chris Barker andPauline Jacobson, 1–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Göksel, Aslı. 2006. Pronominal participles in Turkish and lexical integrity.Lingue e Linguaggio, 5:105–125.

Jacobson, Pauline. 1999. Towards a variable-free semantics. Linguisticsand Philosophy , 22:117–184.

Steedman, Mark. 2011. Taking Scope. MIT Press.


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