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Baseline Concentrations of Radionuclides and Trace Elements in Soils and Vegetation around the DARUT Facility: Construction Phase (1 998)

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LA-I 3 669-MS

Baseline Concentrations of Radionuclides and Trace Elements in Soils and Vegetation around the DAXHT Facility: Construction Phase (1998)

Issued: December 2999

P. R. Fresquez M. H. Ebingm H. T. Haagenstad L. Naranjo, Jr.

I

Los Alamos N A T I O N A L L A B O R A T O R Y

Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545

BASELINE CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS AND VEGETATION AROUND THE DARHT FACILITY:

CONSTRUCTION PHASE (1998)

P. R Fresquez, M. H. Ebinger, H. T. Haagenstad, and L. Naranjo, Jr.

ABSTRACT

The Mitigation Action Plan for the Dual-& Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory mandates the establishment of baseline concentrations for potential environmental contaminants. To this end, concentrations of 3H, 13'Cs, "Sr, 238Pu, "gaoPu, 241Am, and "'U and Ag, As, Bay Be, Cd, Cry Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and TI were determined in surface and subsurface soils, sediments, and vegetation (overstory and understory) around the DARHT facility during the construction phase in 1998 (this is the third of a four year baseline study). Also, volatile (VOC) and semivolatile (SVOC) organic compounds were measured in soils and sediments. Most radionuclides and trace metals in soil, sediment, and vegetation were similar to past years at DARHT and were within regional background concentrations. Exceptions were concentrations of "Sr, Be, Ba, and total U in some samples-these elements exceeded upper limit regional background concentrations (e.g., >mean plus two std dev). No VOCs and very few SVOCs were detected in soils and sediments at DARHT. Mean (k std dev) radionuclide and trace element concentrations measured in soil, sediment, and vegetation summarized over a three-year period (construction phase) are summarized.

.

I. INTRODUCTION The United States Department of Record of Decision (USDOE 1995a)

concerning the DARHT Environmental

Impact Statement (USDOE 1995b). The

DARIFT MAP documents, in part, the

DOE'S commitment to protect natural

Energy (DOE) prepared and issued a

Mitigation Action Plan (MAT?) for the

Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynknic

Test (DARHT) facility in response to a

and cultural resources during the

construction, operation, and

decommissioning phases of the DARHT

facility (USDOE 1996). One of the

initial tasks identified in section

VIII.A.1. (a) of the MAP mandates

measurement of baseline concentrations

of radioactive and stable materials

through the collection ani analysis of

soils, invertebrates, plants, mammals,

birds, and animals killed accidentally on

Los Alamos National Laboratory

(LANL) roads near the DARHT facility

during the construction phase.

The objective of this ongoing

study was to determine baseline

concentrations of radionuclides, stable

inorganics such as metals (light and

heavy) and nonmetals, and volatile and

semi-volatile organic compounds (VOC

and SVOC, respectively) in soils,

sediments, and vegetation around the

DARHT facility prior to the beginning

of operations in the latter part of 1999-

this particular year, 1998, was the third

of a four-year effort to establish baseline

information prior to the commencement

of DARHT operations. The first and

second years can be found in Fresquez et

al. (1997% 1998a), and summary

statistics for all of the three years

measured ‘so far ‘during the construction

phase of the DARHT facility are

summarized.

II. METHODS & MATERIALS

Soil and Sediment Sampling.

Four composite soil surface samples

were collected with a stainless steel soil

ring 10 cm (4 in.) in diameter driven 5

c i (2 in.) into the soil (ASTM 1990)

approximately 24 m (80 ft) away, but

within the large berm wall, fi-om the

north, east, south and west side of the

DARHT facility for radiological and

nonradiological (light, heavy, and

nonmetal) analyses (Fresquez 1996)

(Figure 1). Samples were collected from

the center and comers of a square area

10 m (32 ft) per side; the five

subsamples. were combined and mixed

thoroughly in a three-gallon ZiplocB

bag to form a composite sample. In

addition, four subsurface samples-one

on the east, one on the west and two

from the berm on the north side of the

facility-were collected with a stainless

steel auger at the 0- to 30-cm (0- to 12-

in.) depth. Three sediment grab samples

were also collected at the 0- to 15-cm (0-

to 6-in.) depth with a stainless steel

scoop within three drainage

2

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a

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chanuellponding areas originating from

the DARHT facility on the north, west,

and southwest sides. Most of the

sediment material on the north side was

a result of erosion off the berm wall,

whereas sediments from the other sites

were fi-om erosional processes off the

grounds themselves. All soil and

sediment samples collected for

radiological analysis were placed in

prelabeled 500-mL polyproplylene

bottles, and prelabeled 1 2 5 - d

polyproplylene bottles were used for

inorganic analysis. Similarily, soil and

sediment samples collected for VOC and

SVOC analyses were collected at the 0-

to 15-cm (0- to 6-in.) depth with

'stainless steel scoops at the same

locations as mentioned above; samples

were placed into 500-mL amber glass

containers for SVOC and 125-mL amber

septum glass containers for VOC. All

containers were fitted with chain-of-

custody tape, placed into individual

Ziploc@ plastic bags, transported in a

locked ice chest cooled to approximately

&C, and submitted to the Environmental

Chemistry Group (CST-9) at LANL for

the analysis of radionuclides (3H, 137Cs,

238Pu, 23924%, 'OS,, 241Am, and total

uranium), heavy metals (Ag, As, Ba, Be,

Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl),

and SVOC and VOC. All methods of

radionuclide (Purtymun et al. 1987,

Fresquez et al. 1996a) and trace

elements (Fresquez et al. 1996b) analysis

have been previously reported; uranium,

however, was analyzed by kinetic

phosphorescence analysis. Results are

reported in pCi mL-' (of soil moisture)

for tritium, pg g-I dry for uranium and

heavy metals, and pCi g-' dry soil for all

the other radioisotopes. SVOC and

VOC were prepared and analyzed

according to SW 846 (and method ANC

609 for SVOC and 8260 for VOC) by

gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Vegetation Sampling. Vegeta-

tion samples were collected from

overstory and understory materials as

close as possible to the soil sampling

locations. Overstory samples, mostly

ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa),

consisted of tree-shoot tips

approximately 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in.) in

length at the 1.2- to 1.5-m (4- to 5-ft)

height (Fresquez et al. 1996~).

Understory samples, mostly top growth

of grass and forb species, were collected

fi-om the center and comers of a 10- by

10-m (32- by 32-ft) plot. One pine

selected for overstory sampling was used

4

as the center of the understory sample

plot. Samples were 0.9 to 1.4 kg (2 to 3

lb) of fresh, composited material and

were double bagged in labeled ZiplocD

plastic bags before transport to the

Ecology Group (ESH-20) laboratory in

locked ice chests. At the laboratory,

each unwashed sample was divided into

three subsamples for preparation and

analyses of tritium, other radionuclides,

and trace elements.

Subsamples for 3H analysis were

placed in an apparatus to collect

distillate water (Salazar 1984).

Vegetation subsamples for trace element

analysis were dried at 70°C for 48 h then

ground in a Wiley mill equipped with a

40-mm screen. The remaining portion

of each subsample was placed in 1-L

glass beakers and ashed at 5OOOC for 120

h, pulverized and homogenized after

ashing, transferred to labeled 500-mL

polypropylene bottles, and with the

distillate samples submitted to CST-9

under full chain-of-custody. Results

were reported in pCi mL-' of tissue

moisture for 3H, pg g-' ash for total

uranium, and pCi g-' of ash for the other

radionuclides. Results in grams of ash are usually two to four orders of

magnitude greater than live (wet)

weight. Trace elements were reported as

1.18 g-' dry.

. .

Et. RESULTS Baseline data for 1998 are shown

in Tables 1 through 4, and analytical

reports are attached as Appendices A

through G for future reference. The data

collected in 199.8 were compared to

background samples from 1998 and

Regional Statistical Reference Levels

(RSRLs) data that were collected as part

of the Soil and Vegetation Surveillance

programs at LANL (Fresquez et al.

1997b, 1998a). The RSRL values are

the 95% upper confidence intervals

(mean + 2 standard deviations) of

radionuclide concentrations from

samples at Cochiti, Embudo, and Jemez,

New Mexico, from 1983 through 1998

(LANL 1998).

Values from DARHT samples

were also compared to LANL screening

action levels (SALs) that were

developed by the Environmental

Restoration Program at Los Alamos.

The S A L s were based on exposure

modeling that assumes 10 mrem yr-'

radiological dose to humans. The SALs

are used to identify the presence of

contaminants of concern @MAD 1997).

Surface Soils, Subsurface Soils,

and Sediments. Radionuclide

concentrations from surface soils,

subsurface soils, and sediments were

generally less than RSRLs (Table 1).

Concentrations of " ~ r in most samples,

however, were slightly greater (ranged

from 1.63 to 2.03 pCi g-' dry) than the

current year's background concentration

(1.26 pCi g-' dry) and twice that of

RSRLs, and concentrations of total U in

sediments were slightly greater than

RSRLs. Total U concentrations greater

than RSRLs were expected because of

the elevated U in the parent material

from which the soils developed (Crowe

et al. 1978). The slightly higher "Sr

concentrations in soils from DARHT

over current background concentrations

is not completely certain, but probably

related to past worldwide fallout events.

Concentrations of most trace

elements in surface soils, subsurface

soils, and sediments collected within the

DARHT facility were less than RSRLs

(Table 2). One subsurface soil sample

collected from the east location and one

sediment sample collected on the north

side of the DARHT facility contained Ba

greater than the RSRL. Concentrations

of Be in two of the four surface soil, in

three of the four subsurface soil, and the

sediment samples were all greater than

RSRLS. Zn addition, the Be

concentration from the surface soil

collected on the west end was only slightly less than the LANL SAL.

Longmire et al. (1995) showed that Be

concentrations in the Los Alamos area

are typically greater than Be

concentrations in other areas.

SVOC and VOC analytical

records are found in Appendices E and

F. There were no VOCs detected in any

of the soil or sediment samples collected

around the DARHT facility and only

trace amounts of a few SVOCs. The

SVOCs detected were methylene

chloride (25 pg kg-') in a soil sample

collected at the north location and in a

sediment sample (6.2 pg kg-') collected

at the east location; styrene in a soil

sample collected from the south location

(2.1 pg kg-') and the east location (1.9

pg kg-'); and chloroform (1.5 pg kg-') in

a sediment sample collected at the north

location.

Vegetation Samples. Most

radionuclide concentrations in

vegetation samples were less than

background concentrations and RSRLs,

but some values exceeded background

6

values, RSRLs, or both (Table 3).

Concentrations of 137Cs in overstory and

understory vegetation were greater than

background concentrations fiom the

north, east, and west locations, and only

the understory from the east locations

exceeded RSRLs. Total U fiom the

overstory sample at the north location

was greater than the background value,

but all other total U concentrations were

less than background and RSRLs. The

understory samples fiom the east

location contained "Sr greater than

background and the RSRL, whereas the

understory samples from the south and

west locations exceeded only

background values. The radionuclide

data fiom previous sampling at DARHT were similar to the current sample

results.

Table 4 shows that the metal

* concentrations in many samples were

less than background concentrations and

RSRLs. However, there were two sets

of values that exceeded either

background values, RSRL values, or

both. One set had detection limits that

were greater than background or RSRL

values, thus these values could not be

realistically compared to background or

I RSRL values. Examples fiom Table 4

7

are results for Ag, As, Be, Cd, Ni, Sb,

Se, and T1. The second set of values was

legitimately greater than background or

RSRL values. The concentration in the

understory sample of Ba fiom the west

location was greater than background

but less than the RSRL. Concentrations

of Ba in overstory samples fiom the east

and west locations were greater than background, but all concentrations of Ba

in overstory samples were less than

RSRLs. The concentration of Cu in the

understory sample fiom the east location

was greater than both background and

the RSRL, and all other understory

samples were greater than the

background concentration for Cu.

Detectable Cu was reported in all

overstory samples, but no sample

contained a Cu concentration that

exceeded background or RSRL values.

The Pb concentration in all overstory

samples was greater than background,

and the sample fiom the east location

was greater than the RSRL as well. The

concentration of Pb from the understory

sample was greater than background in

all but the sample fiom the south

location, and none of the understory

samples exceeded the RSRL. The

concentration of Ag fiom the overstory

I

sample collected at the east location figure construction, and to Hector

greatly exceeded the Ag concentration of

both background and RSRL values, but

all other Ag concentrations were less

than the detection limit. The data

collected during 1998 were similar to

results reported previously at DARHT

(Fresquez et al. 1997% 1998a).

Hinojosa for editing the manuscript.

Summary of Baseline Data

(1996 io Presenr). Table 5 and 6 show

the mean and standard devations of

radionuclides and trace elements in soils,

. sediment, and vegetation to date (1996

to present). Overall, all radionuclides,

with the exception of ''Sr, and trace

elements, with exception of Be, are very

similar to regional background

concentrations collected as part of the

environmental surveillance program at

LANL; and, at present, confidence in the

baseline measurements in these matrices

at DARHT are high.

IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to the 1998 field crew

(Paul Torrez, Melanie Martinez, and

Jennifer Tenbrink) for sample collection

and processing, and to Rhonda Robinson

for help in tabulating the data. Also,

special thanks to Mary Mullen for the

statistical analysis, to Andy Kron for

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W. REFEmNCES

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), “Standard Practice for Sampling

Surface Soil for Radionuclides,” in Annual Book of AS234 Standards, (American Society

for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 1990).

Crowe, B.M., G.W. Linn, G. Heiken, and M.L. Bevier, “Stratigraphy of the Bandelier

Tuff in the Pajarito Plateau,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-7225-MS

(1978).

FIMAD (Facility for Information Management Analysis and Display), “Screening Action

Levels,” h t t p : / / e e s 5 - w w w . l a n l . g o v ~ E S 5 / ~ a ~ d a t a b a s e ~ ~ T S / S ~ S / s a l s ~ m ~ . h ~ l

(January 15,1997).

Fresquez, P.R., “Study Plan for Soil, Plant, and Biota Contaminant Monitoring at

DARHT,” Los Alamos National Laboratory memorandum ESH-20Ecol-96-0657 to

Todd Haagenstad (May 6,1996).

Fresquez, P.R., R.E. Francis, and G.L. Dennis, “Sewage Sludge Effects on Soil and Plant

Quality in a Degraded, Semiarid Grassland,” Joumal of Environmental Quality 19:324-

329 (1990).

Fresquez, P.R., M.A. Mullen, J.K. Ferenbaugh, and R.A. Perona, “Radionuclides and

Radioactivity in Soils Within and’Around Los Alamos National Laboratory: 1974

through 1994,” Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13149-MS (1996a).

Fresquez, P.R., D.R. Armstrong, and L. Naranjo, Jr., “Radionuclide and Heavy Metal

Concentrations in Soil, Vegetation, and Fish Collected Around and Within Tsicoma Lake

in Santa Clara Canyon,” Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13144-MS (1996b).

14

_-- -- . ~

Fresquez, P.R., E.L. Vold, and L. Naranjo, Jr., 'Xadionuclide Concentrations idon

Vegetation at Radioactive-Waste Disposal Area G During the 1995 Growing Season,"

Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-1312PPR (1996~).

Fresquez, P.R., H.T. Haagenstad, and L. Naranjo, Jr., 'Baseline Concentrations of

Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in Soils and Vegetation around the DARHT Facility:

Construction Phase (1996): Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13273-MS

(1997a).

Fresquez, P.R., E.L. Vold, and L. Naranjo, Jr., "Radionuclide Concentrations in Soils

Won Vegetation at Radioactive-Waste Disposal Area G During the 1996 Growing

Season," Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13332-PR (199%). I

Fresquez, P.R., H.T. Haagenstad, and L. Naranjo, Jr., "Baseline Concentrations of

Radionuclides and Heavy Metals in Soils and Vegetation around the DARHT Facility:

Construction Phase (1997);' Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13470-PR

(i998a).

Fresquez, P.R., D.R. Armstrong, and M.A. Mullen, "Radionuclides in Soils Collected

from Within and Around Los Alamos National Laboratory: 1974-1996," Journal of

Environmental Science and Health, A33 (2): 263-274 (1998b).

Longmire, P., S . Reneau, P. Watt, L. McFadden, J. Gardner, C. DuffL, and R. Ryti,

"Natural Background Geochemical, Geomorphology, and Pedogenisis of Selected Soil

Profiles and Bandelier Tuff," Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-12913-MS

(1995).

Los Alamos National Laboratory. "Environmental Surveillance at Los Alamos During

1997," Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13487-ENV (1998).

15

Los Alamos National Laboratory. “Environmental Surveillance at Los Alamos During

1998,” Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-13633-ENV (1999).

Purtymun, W.D., R.J. Peters, T.E. Buhl, M.N. Maes, and F.H. Brown, “Background

Concentrations of Radionuclides in Soils and River Sediment in Northern New Mexico,

1974-1986,” Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-1 1134-MS (1987).

Salazar, J.G., “Produce and Fish Sampling Program of Los Alamos National

Laboratory’s Environmental Surveillance Group,” Los Alamos National Laboratory

report LA-10186-MS (1984).

United States Department of Energy (USDOE), “Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic

Test Facility Final Environmental Impact Statement Record of Decision,” USDOEEIS-

0228 (1995a).

United States Department of Energy (USDOE), “Final Environmental Impact Statement:

Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility,” USDOE/EIS-0228 (1 995b).

United States Department of Energy (USDOE), ‘Wual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic

Test Facility Final Environmental Impact Statement Mitigation Action Plan,”

USDOEEIS-0228 (1996).

16

APPENDIXA

ANALYTICAL DATA REPORTS OF RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN

SOILS COLLECTED AROUND THE DAREIT FACILITY DURING 1998

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APPENDMB

ANALYTICAL DATA REPORTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS CONCENTRATIONS

IN SOILS COLLECTED AROUND THE DARHT FACILITY DURING 1998

L 0

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8/27

APPENDIX C

ANALYTICAL DATA REPORTS OF RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN

UNDERSTORY AND OVERSTORY VEGETATION COLLECTED AROUND THE DARaT FACILITY DURING 1998

W

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APPENDED

ANALYTICAL DATA REPORTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS CONCENTRATIONS

IN UNDERSTORY AND OVERSTORY VEGETATION COLLECTED AROUND

THE DARHT FACILITY DURING 1998

j

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APPENDME

ANALYTICAL DATA REPORTS OF VOC CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS AND

SEDIMENTS COLLECTED AROUND THE DARHT FACEITY DURING 1998

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APPENDMF

ANALVICAL- DATA REPORTS OF SVOC CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS

AND SEDIMENTS COLLECTED AROUND THE DARHT FACILITY DURING

1998

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APPENDMG

ANALYTICAL DATA REPORTS OF PERCENT MOISTURE IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS COLLECTED AROUND THE DAREIT FACILITY DURING 1998

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