DARIUS GRIGAS SELF-SUSTAINABILITY AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY

Grigas D. (2016, May)

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WHY IS BECOMING SELF-SUFFICIENT AND SELF-SUSTAINABLE INEVITABLE?

Darius Grigas Student Number: 1311837 Dissertation: Politics


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ABSTRACT ‘The world in a general view seems to be very polluted and misbalanced. After many years of consistency in terms of our environment there is a need to examine particular changes in more detail. The project attempts to show that most of our environmental issues are man-made, but there are ways to reverse the harm done to nature. I will go through the issues that are important not only for us at the present, but for our future generations as well. I will also suggest how may we adopt, rather than try to overcome nature and live with one in harmony. My study also reveals the lack of participation not only on the individual, but on a global scale as well, arguing that states could do more to secure their resources.’


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Content page

Introduction………………………………………………………………4

Chapter 1: Everything contributes to one big crisis………………….5

1.1 Pollution……………………………………………………………...5

1.2 Deforestation………………………………………………………...6

1.3 Climate change……………………………………………………...7

1.4 Consumerism and the environment……………………………….8

Chapter 2: Methodology………………………………………………...9

Chapter 3: Findings……………………………………………………..11

Chapter 4: How does global governance react to environmental

issues?…………………………………….……….…………………….14

Chapter 5: New technologies and solutions………………………….17

5.1 Aquaponics………………………………………………...………..17

5.2 Free energy and clean water………………………………………19

Conclusion………………………………………………………………..22

Bibliography………………………………………………………………23

Appendix………………………………………….………………………26


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INTRODUCTION I was born at the end of the 20th century. Environmental issues never came across me

as a devastating problem in our society. Only recently academics have realized how many

issues are approaching us and our future generations. After some research done, I have

realized that many of these issues did not exist prior the industrialization period, which evolved

in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The chapters in this project will help me come to a conclusion step-by-step. At the

beginning of the dissertation I will review the environmental issues that in my opinion are man-

made. The first chapter will include issues such as deforestation, pollution and climate change

in order to show that the planet is degrading. At the end of the chapter I will identify consumers

as a primary cause for our environmental degradation.

In the second chapter I will use normative theory to try and persuade the reader to

rethink his contribution to the safety of the environment on a daily basis. By the help of

quantitive and experimental political methods I will explore and test environmental awareness of

individuals from different backgrounds to see whether environmental education is necessary.

The findings themselves will be explored by evaluating my personal experiment, an

awareness test and normative theory. Each of which is crucially important for the success of this

project. The study itself will review how environmentally aware is a small group of people and

how difficult was using the experimental political science. The chapter will end with an interview

that has provided with a lot of information that is relevant to the study.

The next chapter will discuss environmental policies and governmental actions in terms

of the environment. It seems that global governance is not ready for the shift that is inevitable in

my opinion, but no action has been taken and silence is their only weapon to fight in this battle

for our eco-system. The chapter shows that there is no crucial action taken by our global

governance in order to reverse this man-made harm for the environment.

The following chapter will introduce my proposed solutions to revive our eco-system,

which will include solutions for water, food and energy supplies. The main argument in this

chapter is that there is new technology to implement in our everyday lives and that anyone can

practice it. The chapter will introduce how scholars around the world are discussing the

possibility of becoming self-sufficient.

At the final stage of the paper I will conclude what should we do in relation to Normative

theory and what could the states do to promote self-sufficiency and sustainability, before the

environment made it inevitable.


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CHAPTER 1: EVERYTHING CONTRIBUTES TO ONE BIG CRISIS

In this chapter my goal is to introduce the reader with the harm already done to the

environment. The Issues we are going to be looking at is deforestation, plastic pollution, air

pollution, climate change and the harm that these will bring upon our species.

1.1 Pollution.

According to Eriksen et.al(2014) our seas are contaminated by plastic pieces and other

waste that is getting dumped out in the water. Their study claims that in 2014 there was trillions

of plastic pieces floating at sea: ‘based on our model results we estimate that at least 5.25

trillion plastic particles weighting 268,940 tons are currently floating at sea.’(2014,pp.7) The

numbers are hard to imagine and to think of collecting all the particles would be a task that

would carry on for decades. The authors also explain that this type of pollution has a huge

impact on the biological wellbeing of the sea creatures that are being trapped in the waste and

die due to the toxic level of contaminated water, which is clearly man-made. They also argue

that: ‘this leaves sequestration in sediment the likely resting place for plastic pollution after a

myriad of biological impacts along the way, thus reinforcing the need for pre-consumer and

post-consumer waste stream solutions to reverse this growing environmental problem.’(Eriksen

et.al,2014,pp.11-12) My main fear of this problem is that the seas may become so contaminated

that we will not be able to feed of them anymore. Sea-life might get contaminated to such a level

from our toxic pollution that will be no longer edible, but the authors have a deeper concern

looking at the present, because their expectations were to find a lot more by their statistical

research of this sort of pollution and yet the true issue remains: ‘Where is all the

plastic?’(2014,pp.12)

Despite sea pollution, there are other types of pollution that we need to be concentrated

on, it is growing much faster - air pollution. In urban areas pollution is mostly caused by vehicles

in the city.(Ayed et.al,2015) The CO2 emissions spread by vehicles are the most common toxic

waste in urban areas, where in Europe it contributes to 20% of all emission in the air according

to Ayed et.al, who did a study on urban pollution in Nis, Serbia. The study was in regards to

traffic inspired emissions. The analysis showed that in busier streets the emission levels are

much higher than in other less busy streets: ‘on observed sections, the specific emissions are

11 times higher compared to the rest of the streets in the city.’(Ayed et.al,2015,pp.2743) In spite

of air pollution at such rates, it will harm the public living in the city. Szyszkowicz in 2015


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claimed that there is a great harm coming, in terms of air pollution, where he claims that: ‘to

describe the same reality: risk of public health deterioration due to air pollution.’(2015, pp.829)

In regards the author also says that it is a:’modifiable health risk factor.’(2015,pp.823) In spite,

here is another issue that may be added to the man-made crisis, which is dissolving our

population very slowly. First, we need to consider what does air pollution lead us to? The

answer is greenhouse gasses. CO2 emissions are one of the major contributors for the

greenhouse effect.(Indira et.al,2012) Authors Indira and Srividya in 2012 wrote a paper

analyzing other types of greenhouse emissions. The paper was written in regards to live stock

and that it may produce a huge amount of toxic waste which will contribute to greenhouse

emissions. They named livestock food chains as large contributors to greenhouse emissions.

Livestock, as for example pigs produce 4 times more waste then humans. Livestock producers

grow thousands of pigs in a small area, which may produce waste equivalent to a small country

side town. It is a lot of waste to use environmentally friendly, but the need for meat in the 21st

century is desperate, because people like to eat a lot and the variety of choice inspired by a

consumer society will only increase the number of livestock in such farms. According to Indira

and Srividya, livestock may be related to cause other environmental harms, for instance

deforestation due to farm size increase.

1.2 Deforestation

It is known that tree's clean our air. The issues with deforestation is that we are

destroying our filters from the face of our polluted globe. There are many participants within this

environmental issue scope. Many may say that deforestation is a cause of urbanization or even

development.

T. Tsurumi and S. Managi in 2014 did a research on trade openness effects in relation to

deforestation. According to them there are 4 main causes that relate to deforestation: ‘...the

desire to convert forest to pasture and crop land, increasing fuel wood demand, the harvesting

on logs and urbanization.’(2014,pp.307) Their study showed that an increase of trade openness

will slow down deforestation for developed countries and that it will increase it for developing

countries. In Pakistan’s case deforestation has caused much environmental changes in 'Thak

Valley'.(Batool et.al,2015) The results of an area of a forest destroyed is various climatic

changes that has inspired the lack of rainfall. It must be noted that trees are really long growers

and it must be done in a more sustainable manner. With the current depletion of forest areas

around the world, it is important that we must manage these renewable resources in a

sustainable manner. Deforestation may lead to greater impacts of our eco-system, because it

also has an effect on wildlife.(Eaton et.al,2015) Wildlife has to migrate every time humans

decide to destroy their homes. Eaton et.al (2015), in their research has analyzed the effect of

deforestation for white-lipped peccary, and due to it there are populations destroyed for the


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inability to migrate to new areas. Their work identifies rather similar consequences in terms of

deforestation: ‘deforestation and expansion of large-scale cattle ranching and agriculture on the

plateaus encircling the Pantanal, hydroelectric projects in head water basins, gold and iron

mining, and environmentally disastrous development schemes for increasing barge traffic on the

Rio Paraguay.’(2015,pp.491) Deforestation has a negative impact on people as well. It does

produce other issues as a lack of clean air, soil degradation, wildlife destruction, climate related

effects.

1.3 Climate change

Climate change has been a result of all the issues previously listed above.

Everything has a major impact to our eco-system that is surrounding us. In 2011, the

Population and Development review on climate change was showed as a real concern

for international security. According to the document, the latest increase in temperature

did not occur for several thousands of years, but suddenly everything has changed and

the increase in temperature rise did happen after the start of the 20th century. The total

temperature increase was by 0.76C(Celsius), but most of it happened at the end of the

20th century, when climate change has been finally recognized as a major threat and

more research finally came into place. Even though these numbers do not say a lot, but

it does show a big influence made to our eco-system. There are many ways how this

has grown to be an issue on such scale. Probably the most important issues surrounding

environmental disasters is their outcomes:’...the International Displacement Monitoring

Centre (IDMC) estimated that ‘sudden natural disasters’ displaced 42million people in

2010.’(2014,pp.604) These sudden natural disasters are the cause of all of our impact

done to nature. There are other issues that are surrounding climate change, which is

food insecurity, conflict over resources and growing global insecurity. According to the

World Bank study:‘a one-meter sea-level rise would affect 84 developing countries

alone.’(2014,604), these numbers are frightening just by thinking how many countries

with coasts will have cities built around them. The world as we know it will never be the

same due to the environmental issues, that we humans have created ourselves. All the

issues that I have mentioned above contributes to global warming. Pollution, greenhouse

gasses, deforestation..., does eventually end up in the stage of climate change. It affects

us greatly, but in this paper I will not attempt to discuss the issues in more detail, but

rather evaluate how is this leading us to be more sufficient, sustainable and why is this

issues our responsibility to fix.


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1.4 Consumerism and the environment

Environmental degradation is considered to be caused by consumer behavior. (Popescu

and Iosim,2015) G. Popescu and I. Iosim in 2015 has carried out a study, which acknowledged

that consumer behavior is a huge part of what we see today in our environmental outcomes.

Despite the outcomes, the authors claim that the power to reverse how consumers polluted the

planet is possible. In 1996, Britain had a situation of the so called 'Mad Cow Disease'*, which

left millions of people changing their daily diet in spite of the disease: ‘Such feeding phobias led

to distrust the methods of modern industrial production, especially in the food industry, as a

result of the logic expressed by many consumers, namely ‘when you turn cows into cannibals

only for money obvious that the things do not work properly’. It was suggested that we live in a

risk society…'(Popescu and Iosim,2015,pp.123) such a risk society is responsible for building up

such corporations that bring genetically modified organisms (GMO) on the shelves of the

supermarket. In spite of the power to build-up such organizations there is also power to

demolish them. The power to put such organs in decline is by boycotting them, which requires

massive shifts in opinions: ‘a negative experience can trigger an organized and devastating

reaction, as when a consumer group organize a boycott of the products of the

company.’(Popescu and Iosim,2015,pp.125) In relation to this claim the power of consumer

choices may be very devastating not only for big supply chains, but to their personal health as

well. The case also applies in terms of their casted votes in their local governments: ‘Political

consumer 'votes for his own shopping cart' in attempt to make companies to take into account

the natural environment, but also the human one,…'(Popescu and Iosim,2015,pp.126) There is

a need to realize that consumerism works 'vice versa' - You get for what you vote. The next

chapter will overlook the methodology and practices carried out for the project and also the

practical side of our everyday politics towards our well-being.


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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

The methodology carried out by me for this project is combined of three main tools for

the project in order to succeed in my goal - to show that self-sufficiency and self-sustainability is

inevitable. I will be using Normative theory, which developed in the modern period and has been

concerned with what is truly the best way to live for an individual, or on the social aggregate

level.(Marsh and Stoker,2010) Even though it is closely related to liberalism according to Marsh

and Stoker(2010), which in my opinion is not the best approach for the environment, but by my

understanding it could be transformed in the sense of the environment, which would spread

environmental co-operation and would make strong international relationships between the state

and the individual to help our eco-system recover from the man-made environmental crisis that

we see today and for many more days to come. Another side of normative theory that caught

my attention is that it is very relevant to what Plato was writing in the books of 'the Republic'*. In

book 4 of 'the Republic' Plato has taken upon to answer the question of a city that would seem

to be whole in every sense. According to Bailey et.al(2008) Plato said that: ‘It seems then that

the capacity for each in the city to perform his own task rivals wisdom, moderation and courage

as a source of excellence for the city.’(2008,pp.76) I would strongly agree to this in the sense

that everyone should choose the task that they want to participate in and then when the task is

comforting the individual spiritually it will be done to the fullest and the republic will thrive. This is

the account of the normative theory in constructing my approach for this study. This concept

would allow each one of us to choose our own path within the society and to filter out what is

really necessary for our existence and the pursuit of happiness.

There will also be 2 methods of political science that I will have to use to prove my

argument. First, the quantitive method of political science, which is formed as a test combined of

ten question with multiple choices for the correct answers on particular questions. The purpose

of this test is to check if people are aware of environmental issues that we are encountering and

its consequences towards our future. Marsh and Stoker(2010) has explained that the

quantitative research method is not only graphs and numbers, but actually a very complex

analysis of massive amounts of data that are being collected through various ways including

Questionnaires and even Tests. I chose this method, because it will clearly in my opinion show,

whether the people do know what is happening to the environment and our species. The test

itself is included in the appendix to be evaluated by the reader for its complexity and relevance

of the questions. Second, the experimental method of political science. This method has

recently only entered the world of political science.(Marsh and Stoker,2010) The authors think

that it has an increasing importance for the contribution of political science, because it was

thought before that many political theories could not be examined in the field, but now that we

have expanded our technological advantages and also found different relations between politics

and everything else that is going on in the world. The method is also the cause of the expansion

of political science as a study, because new political ideas may be tested in practice. (Marsh


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and Stoker,2010) In my case the experimental method that I will use is of aquaponics. It is a

soilless ecological food production system, which I will further discuss in the coming chapters.

My experiment will include building one of these systems in my own garden to evaluate how

complicated it would be to be self-sufficient in the 21st century. The idea of the experiment is to

build a closed-loop system, which will grow fish and plants in harmony providing the plants with

nutrients from fish waste and cleaning the water for the fishes as it come back into their tank.

The plant I choose is 'Cos Lettuce', because it is one of the best growing plants in this type of

system. (Love et.al,2014, Elia et.al,2014) The purpose of this field study is to show that an

individual as myself with no greater environmental or practical building knowledge can set up a

system that will provide me with lettuce for an infinitive amount of time in the most ecological

way possible. The success of the study would prove that everyone would be capable of being

self-sufficient and self-sustainable by their own, with their variety of foods, which would save a

lot of money and also would let us check out of supermarkets, which according to Raj

Patel(2012) would be extremely beneficial for us. This approach would lead us to more

ecological foods that may be grown by an individual with some free space to grow at least a part

of his own food without any fertilizers, but if this practice would succeed within the national, or

state level allowing states to be self-sufficient would change the 'game' completely. There is

also an interview included in the appendix of an environmental organization, in order to evaluate

how effective are these type of organizations in the social aggregate level.

Figure 1(cos lettuce)


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CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS

In This Chapter we will discuss the findings that I have concluded by the study I carried

out. I will evaluate the test that I composed to see how aware are people of our environmental

degradation, then I will evaluate my personal experiment to build the aquaponic system, which

will be also included in the solution chapter, Finally I will carry on with an interview of an Non-

governmental organization, which is implementing change in the community of Leytonstone,

London. Finally I will evaluate whether environmental education is required for people to

understand the harm done to nature, and the solutions of how can we reverse what we already

did to it.

The test results described in the methodology chapter and in the appendix, showed

expected results. 28 participants completed the test and out of 280 total points, the total point

summary was 182 that is not that far over half of all possible scores. It shows that social

awareness at the social aggregate level is not enough for awareness to raise questions for

solutions. Rather I would claim that the society need more institutions to co-operate and spread

environmental knowledge and awareness for people to participate better towards helping our

environment recover. People need to participate more and co-operate with organizations and

movements towards helping new solutions to take control of our production system and the best

to for this is spreading awareness, because then societies opinions may shift for the better. The

overall evaluation of the test was a success, even though people were shy of their participation

in such a project. The chart below shows how participants answered the questions and, which

questions were most challenging.

25

18

21 21 2018

6

13

26

14

0

8

15

23

30

Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Question10

Correct answers


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In terms of the environmental organisations acting about change, in my research I have

established to meet with the head coordinator of Transition Leytonstone - Shannon Thaden. He

was very helpful in relation to my study by answering the questions I was concerned about in

terms of operating such an organization. Organization Leytonstone is an organization that is

transitioning away from a global petroleum based economy. The impact done by the

organization is not huge, but has an impact on the local community. The various projects

participated by the organization aims to increase environmental education and awareness of

what a healthier life would look like. The main difficulties by the organization is the lack of

participants, who provide environmental education and participants, who would be attracted to

such practices. The organization chosen gardening, because it appeals to everyone and the

knowledge to produce some food at home may not be just smart, but healthy as well. In

Shannon's opinion there may be a lot of things that could trigger the human mind into being

more environmentally aware, one of those is having children and being concerned for their

future. For Shannon, the environment that he grew up in and his professional education

background has been a big influence on being more aware overall. This particular study showed

that we need to be concerned for our future generations and that the environment surrounding

the child while he is growing up may be the reason for a more prosperous life. Such

organizations are very important, because they are not trying to benefit from their participants,

but rather let participants benefit from the organization itself. The interview is also included in

the appendix in order for the reader to know the whole context of the interview.

The interest for aquaponics accidentally came across my eyes when I was researching

self-sufficiency on the internet. A lot of hobbyists and DYI enthusiasts were building it for

themselves at home and the idea of building one myself was inevitable. I produced a sketch

according to my gardening capabilities and built one myself a box out of OSB boards, then I

purchased an industrial water pump, which was not too expensive, but most importantly has a

long life. The greenhouse was bought for £20, so there was no need to construct one myself,

because the materials for it would have cost a lot more. I also needed 7.5 meters of PVC pipes

in order to use it as my growing bed and allow the water to flow from left to right and back into

the aquarium. The filter was built out of leftovers from the previous actions. The other main

product was the pond liner. I both a peace of 3.5m x 3.5m just to be sure that it is enough for the

filter and the aquarium. Unfortunately 3.5m x 3.5m meters of pond liner is enough to cover my

whole garden with it and there was no need to order so much of this material. When everything

was finally together I purchased 12 gold fishes and filled the aquarium with water. The whole

material list is included in the appendix(4.0). The fishes were active, so it was time to put my

first plant into the system. The water PH level was consistent after a few weeks, which

according to Love et.al(2014) and other aquaponic practitioner’s means that everything is living

in harmony. Monitoring PH levels once a week and inserting new plants into the system

everyday did consume a small amount of time(about 10minutes), which means that there is no

need to be in constant observation to the system. The plants grew instantly and the difference in

their growth could be seen each day. The system has been running for over 40 days now and

the lettuce from the system is amazing.


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My personal evaluation of the system would be that it is easy to operate and it is not time

consuming at all, to maintain it. The only difficulties I faced was not using any special tools apart

from the drill and saw to build the system. There were also complications with piping

connections because it required silicone and insulation tape to hold the water from leaking all

around on almost every corner, which was very devastating. But the final outcome of the system

is that it is fairly easy to build(depends on the model that is being built) and that it is very easy to

maintain it from once everything is set up. The fun part is that it may be included in education,

because it is very easy to observe the plants in growth and it is easy to move them around the

system until the root system is still small. Despite everything being so understandable and easy

on the individual level, it seems that on the state level there are far more complications for

governments to adopt environmental practices, which will be discussed in the following chapter.

Figure 2(piping set-up)

Figure 3(after 1.5weeks of growth)


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CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION: HOW DOES GLOBAL GOVERNANCE REACT TO

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES?

In this chapter I will analyses the global stage in terms of the environment. My main

concern is to show that we cannot: ‘Grow now, clean up later’ (Wills K, 2011, pp.168). In which

case the chapter will be evaluating development in terms of doing harm to the environment, as

we explored in the previous chapters. There are many ways to influence firms for the better,

less pollutive environment. One of those ways would be implementing policies that are very

important in the developing world(Crespi et.al,2015). The Kyoto protocol clean mechanism

development programme(CDM), has been involved in reducing emissions in return for emission

reduction credits.(Crespi et.al.) In spite Crespi et.al claims that: ‘A carbon tax is probably the

most common type of the environmental tax’ (pp.348), but in my opinion this must be heavily

criticized, because the tax will not reduce emissions, but in spite will make the companies pay

for the right to pollute: ‘Regulation sets a price for CO2 (emissions which the polluters are

required to pay for its emissions)…’(pp.348,2015). However the authors claims that: ‘The

harmonization of environmental policies across countries is required.’(2015,348.) Without these

policies the temperature will only increase: ‘by the royal society of the United Kingdom, some

researchers suggest a worst case scenario of a 4 degree C temperature rise by around

2060’(Popular development review,pp.603). The sort of temperature rise would be the

consequence of governments implementing policies on local polluters that produce CO2 and

other emissions. According to L. Chang et.al in 2015 some argue that: ‘Governments are the

most important stakeholders in terms of exerting pressure on firms, thus shaping their

environmental behavior.’(2015,pp.4). The authors examine Governmental impact on the

environmental policy and performance in China, which is the most rapidly growing economy that

comes from producing all sorts of goods for export, also one of the biggest polluters in the world

(Kate Wills, 2011, Chang et. al.,2015,Eriksen et.al;)

Carolyn Deere Birkbech in 2009 wrote an article to international affairs about global

governance in terms of climate change issues: ‘Global governance in the context of climate

change: the challenges of increasingly complex risk parameters', It’s core message was : ‘that

global governance cannot continue as though it faces a ‘business as usual scenario’

(2009,pp.1173) Unfortunately the article explores the outcome that we may have left the climate

action too late to actually change something we have caused. Climate change scientists

claimed that: ‘experts make a compelling case that we have already left climate change action

too late to prevent environmental disaster on a massive scale.’(2009,pp.1176) If we go back to

talk about development in terms of causing more problems than solutions there is a need to see

the model of development from the environmental perspective to make it sustainable and a lot

more beneficial to our wellbeing: ‘While humans have always been subjected to some level of

external risk, such as from natural disasters, Gideus, observed that modern ‘risk societies’

generate ‘manufactured’ risks, such as those associated with pollution, new illnesses and crime,


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which are the result of the modernization process itself and are marked by a high level of human

urgency.’ (2009, pp.1177,Birkbeck) Such story claims must be taken into account, because

many scholars are arguing that global governance is not being environmentally friendly as I

present throughout the paper.

Sustainable development is the policy orientated goal global governance should be

seeing. L.Kitchen and T.Marsden in 2011 suggested that there is a great need to build

sustainable communities due to and environmental degradation : ‘Given distinctive types

resources that tend to be available in rural areas, with the growing realization of both climate

change and recourse depletion the sustainable development of rural space is assuming

increasing importance for society as a whole.’ (2011,pp.753) The eco-economy is less beneficial

to big companies and corporations, because they need to change their manufacturing

`technology, which is the main polluter. (Kitchen and Marchen,2011; Chang et.al.2015; Crespi

et.al.2015) Shifting to a more environmentally friendly technology may recall to put caps in each

country by global governance lead to implement new policies to reduce pollution and contribute

to climate change and our eco-system. Spoon et.al. in 2014 suggested that politics tend to be

environmentally friendly before elections or when it is beneficial to the government itself. But

overall Spoon et.al evaluates a poor performance towards changing the environment.

The main reason why we need to adopt rather than overcome our harm being done to

the environment, because we need to do it for our wellbeing as well: ‘Highly visible examples of

the effects of the environmental degradation in the country a frequently pointed out, from

particulate- laden. ‘Beijing smog’ to the ‘rivers of blood’(Davidson,2013) which flowed through

Shanghai, in March, 2013 as 16000 pig car-cases infected with porcine micro virus floated past

the gleaming skyscrapers of the Lyazui international financial center, symbol of Chinas

economic rise’(2014, pp.1288) This may be the cause that shifts consumerist opinion into

boycotting certain products to participate in the message to all related manufacturers.

Consumerist choices are very sensitive and cannot be triggered often in the short term, rather it

needs to build-up in order to be strong. New development structures are in need of being

constructed to mimic nature and to be environmentally friendly at the same time. Eco-

economies and sustainable development will prevent crisis like the ‘Beijing smog’ mentioned

above. China is the perfect example of a society that has contributed the most in the 21st

century (Chang et.al,2015) Man contribution may be seen all over the world, as we explored

these issues in chapter 1. The purpose for this project is not to find the biggest polluter, but to

acknowledge the scale of anti-environmental participants in order to realize how big of an issue

we are creating on the global scale.

The environment cannot protect itself without any devastating consequences for the

human population. In spite, we can try to adopt to the environment, but as we know in 2016 still

no greater action or shift has occurred. Humans are responsible for the damage done to the

environment, which is, illustrated by Margaret P. Karns and Karen A. Mingst in 2010 in their

book ‘International organisations’ they evaluate how organizations and global governance work

in relation to the environment. The key goal of this chapter is to show how humans relate to


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environmental issues and that it must be our responsibility to fix it: ‘human activity is very likely

(more than 90 percent likely) to be responsible’(2010,pp.497) Probably the biggest factor that it

might be related to human activity that the environment started to make major shifts after 12000

years of relative consistency’(2010,pp.497). The faster the countries develop against the

environment, the more they will bare the costs in the future to undo the damage done, in my

opinion. There are also implications by global governance: ‘In 2002, Europe established the

European Emissions Trading Scheme. Emissions quotas are given to six key industries; energy,

steel, cement, glass, brick making and paper.’(2010,pp.500) But in this paper we will

concentrate more in the proposed future by scientists and scholars. The main issue with

security relating the state and individual is that we keep draining earth’s resources and convert it

into something toxic that is killing us, we will end up in conflicts over them, because of our

industrial, transportation, and other things in everyday life are closely related to resources that

are not infinitive and will end at some point, but it might be soon or it might be left for our future

generations, but chaos is inevitable: ‘lack of critical resources poses a threat to a state’s security

and unsustainable environmental practices pose a threat to human security potentially leading

to recourse- motivated violence and intrastate and interstate wars.’(2010,pp.502) This sort of

cruelty is not acceptable in the 21st century on any other centuries onwards. The human

species cannot let their morals fall over resources, because there are solution that we are going

to explore in order to bring the change.


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CHAPTER 5: NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SOLUTIONS

In this chapter we will evaluate and discuss my proposed solutions for reviving our environment.

There must be not only fundamental moral changes, but also technological. My main concern in

this chapter is to introduce environmentally friendly solutions in food production, energy and

fresh water industries.

5.1 Aquaponics

Figure 4(the system)

First, let's explore my proposed food production solutions, which is aquaponics. It is an

ecological, soilless food production system that is combined of fishes and plants that live in

harmony. The aquaponics solution came into public around the start of the 80s. (Elia et.al,2014)

After the first appearance in public aquaponics received a huge interest from scholars and non-

scholars around the world, because according to Elia et.al. There is no greater requirements to

practice this food production system at any level of practice, or knowledge around it. The

method of the system is easy to understand, because it mimics nature on a smaller capacity

(depends on the space and variety of plants used). The fish produces ammonia, which runs

through the pipes of the system and converts Nitrites(NO2) into Nitrates(NO3), which is a


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fertilizer for any leafy plant that grows in the system. The method of aquaponics seemed so

great that I had to try it myself, which is also explained in the methodology chapter. The main

purpose for aquaponics is that it helps you get off the supermarket grid and shows how

aquaponics really helps you save, or even earn money dependent on the scale of it: ‘making

them food independent, and which will also bring them a steady income on hands.’(Elia et.al,

2014,pp.263) The system itself is easy to operate, which means everyone can participate in

such practices that are long lasting. If the practice of such food production systems would be

adopted by states, it would mean that states could become independent on food resources. If

states would finally decide to become food independent, producing as less pollution as possible,

it would be greatly beneficial for all mankind. Elia et.al, also states that the system may grow

edible fish as well, which is one of the highest protein sources.

Raj Patel(2012) in the book ‘From farm to fork’ has said that the major difficulties that the

future generations face is a change in the food production variety and prices. A certain diet that

is healthy and easy to grow must be adopted by states for the greater good of the people, not

only health vice, but price vice as well. Farmers around the globe needs to see the benefit and

prospects of environmentally friendly technology that according to aquaponics practitioners are

much more beneficial.(Elia et.al,2014; Love et.al,2014) Apparently the methods were used by

much older civilizations. According to Isaac Yuen(2014) the principles were used by Aztecs of

Mesoamerica, there were evidence of such practice in Asia and India. Yet the method does face

difficulties: ‘yet it is precisely the complexity and challenge of aquaponics that appeals to

Mavronicolas, a self-employed new media producer with an interest in living systems and a

background in engineering.’(2014,pp.51) He does face problems as phytonym invaded his

plants roots, too many, or to few fish and other problems that cause disturbance to the system.

There are always a way to experiment and improve the system, which with more attention could

serve on the state level: ‘Constantly tweaking, his goal is to assure his plants and fishes thrive

while attaining a good measure of food self-sufficiency. ‘That act of growing our own food has

moved my wife and I to make so many shifts in our lives.’(Yuen,2014,pp.51) The fishes

themselves, if raised for eating are Tilapia, which grows to a plate size in about 12 months.

(Yuen,2014; Love et.al,2014, Elia et.al,2014) In spite, a larger amount must be grown in order to

produce enough fish for self-sufficiency. Most important is that Yuen(2014) asks not to be afraid

to: ‘Make mistakes and learn from them. Anyone with perseverance and determination will be

able to make a success of this.’(2014,pp.52) Blidariu et.al(2013), presented a paper which

carried out a research on Nitrate(ammonia) levels in natural conditions and in the aquaponics

system. The study showed that in particular lettuce grows faster in the practice of aquaponics in

terms of ecological food production. Love et.al, in 2014 carried out a research of aquaponics

practitioners on the global scale. Authors of this paper claimed that practitioners choose to

practice aquaponics not only for economic, but also for health purposes. The most common

greens are leafy salads, Basil and tomatoes, plants that best adopts to the system. Solar power

comes into practice here as well, because electricity needs to operate water pumps in the

system: ‘the most popular renewable energy source was sunlight: passive solar


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designs(22%)..., solar photovoltaic cells(19%), or solar thermal hot water heaters(7%)…’(Love

et.al,2014,pp.5) The purpose for this type of food growing dies not only protect the environment,

but also improves one's health, because of the natural fertilizer sources: ‘Respondents agreed

that improving their health and the health of their communities were priorities.’(Love

et.al,2014,pp.6) The Respondents also identified adaptation to climate change and

environmental education is very important for our future generations.

Aquaponics is a growing community, which is expanding and reaching out on a global

scale to improve environmental sustainability within the scope of healthy food production using

education as their main tool for recruitment.(Love et.al,2014) Jack L. Northrup in a journal article

proposed that university students enjoy practicing with aquaponics, which means that there is

some education carried out, but the students put the article up, because they are trying to bring

their technologies to Kenya and share their knowledge with the locals and spread the ideas of

the right development. Such participation must be funded otherwise it will be without a big

impact on the global society. But we need to carry on, because there is much more to evaluate.

Combining solar power and aquaponics is highly suggested by aquaponics practitioners. Solar

energy must be considered, because it is the ultimate source of energy.

5.2 Free energy and clean water.

Solar energy has also been used in practice only at the end of the 20th

century.(Abramowitz, 2015) The increasing usage of solar power is a stable fact, not popular

enough to make any greater revolution in the global economy runner by other sources of

energy. Yosef I. Abramowitz in his article on energy independence argues that the mid-east

countries could take control of the next generation energy supply chains. According to the

author Germany is a leader: ‘in production of commercial scale solar energy.’(2015,pp.80) It

alone produces around half of all solar energy collected on the planet. Along the Jordanian-

Israeli boarders there is such a place called Rift Valley, which equipped with solar panels would

collect twice more energy than the whole of Germany, because of sunlight consistency in the

region.(Abramowitz,2015) The author suggest that the mid-east may be a leader in sun energy

harvesting, because of many reasons. The sun is a very large undrainable source of energy if

converted through the right method. So there are many reasons to practice solar power

harvesting, because it's everlasting, more environmentally friendly, less pollute, free energy that

may be practiced by anyone. The most important part is that: ‘Solar energy is the energy of

peace, for the sun knows no boarders.’(Abramowitz,2015,pp.87) I strongly agree and claim that

such sources of energy would prevent resource conflicts predicted above in the near future.

There may be some drawbacks in the technology, but it's possible to work around them


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according to Phillip Vanning and Jonathan Taggart in 2015, on a study of bad weather effects

on solar power generation and slower homes. According to the author: ‘photovoltaic power may

not be too affected by a couple of cloudy days in a row, but whenever tenebrous systems of low

pressure linger for a while, the comfort of their domestic lives can be seriously

jeopardized.’(2015,pp.638) There must be solutions for storing the electrical power into

generators. Those, who live off the grid learns new lessons every day when practicing

environmentally friendly life-styles. The authors discuss that when people collect their own

energy, they use it a lot more respectively: ‘say, keeping unnecessary lights on.’(2015,pp.652)

A step-by-step the human species are coming to a new enlightenment in terms of

adopting and mimicking the nature surrounding us. Adopting solar energy would mean a great

sustainable rise in the global arena. Countries that have more contact with sunlight may be

gaining very important diplomatic recognition in terms of influencing new policies for the

environment and sustainable development goals according to Sadiq Ali Shah and Rodger

Edwards(2013). In their research they have considered if countries with deserts could harvest

enough solar power for the region, which would lead to energy independence for low costs and

provide developing or poor regions with electricity. In terms of Rainfall, it is the only: ‘source of

fresh water, which occurs during monsoon period from July to September every year (Kahlow,

2004).’(Shah and Edwards,2013,pp.197) It is beneficial for human health, because solar energy

could clean water as well. They would live in a less pollute area and generate their own free

energy. The opportunity for fresh water could be established: 'The major portion of the solar

power produced at these deserts can be utilized for the desalination of underground aquifer

water for fresh water production.'(Shah and Edwards,2013,pp.202) The development method

would suggest that: ‘the dessert could become renewable energy hubs, offering sustainable

employment for the people of the desert communities.’(Shah and Edwards,2013,pp.202)

In terms of water, there are other solutions that may clean any dirty water, including sea

water, to the level where it can be drinkable or used for agriculture. The solution is called the

'Rain maker', it has been built by a group of scientists in a project called 'Billions in change'. The

project itself is financed by a billionaire that has donated 99% of his profits to save the world

with technology and science: ‘Manoj Bhargava, creator of 5-hour Energy, founded Billions in

Change as a way to positively impact humanity.’ (Billionsinchange.com/faq) The rain maker has

not been manufactured in large scale so far, because it lacks recognition, even though it is an

amazing invention and a solution for our future generations: ‘Weíve created a machine called

Rain Maker. It mimics nature, turning seawater or polluted water into fresh water suitable for

Figure 5(rainmaker)


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drinking and agriculture. Rain Maker makes more than just a little water. One machine the size

of small car can make a thousand gallons per hour. Unlike other desalination systems, Rain

Maker recycles its heat energy making it incredibly clean and efficient.’

(Billionsinchange.com/solutions/rain-maker)

There is probably no way to change my positives on such solutions that would provide

everyone with food, water and energy. Ecological restoration need to be brought by new

projects that are stimulating sustainable development and ecological filtration towards a better

environment.(Hallett et.al,2013) According to Vassiliki Markakis(2014) for sustainable

development the main option would be to use the education system to educate new generations

to a less polluted healthier life-styles. In terms of environmental education it is most effective

tool to influence human behavior, which would lead to more sustainable resolutions. The

influence of environmental organizations is very important as well. ‘Greenet’ is a network of

teachers that are spread over 6 countries, the teachers themselves participate in seminars that

improve their knowledge up to date.(Markaki,2014) Environmental education also rises

awareness that is concentrated on environmental issues, as well as generate new ideas and

improve with every project.(Markaki,2014; Hallet et.al,2013) Most likely throughout the paper we

have seen the devastating degradation of our environment. There is a need to define the way

this knowledge should be practiced to provide everyone with the basic needs of life, which is

food, water and energy, and it must come free.


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CONCLUSION

To summarize the project we need to make a recap of what we have explored. First, we

have looked at our environmental degradation and how the human hand have destroyed the

eco-system and influenced our health and well-being for a number of years to come, because

we are still participating within the society. Second, we explored the methodology and

techniques used to carry out the study. The experiment and the test was conducted reasonably

using political science to test environmental awareness and prove how easy it is to mimic nature

on an individual level. Third, the political governance agenda was explored with relation to the

environment. The discussion had examples of how do global governance deal with such issues

and tries to improve our eco-system. Fourth, I have proposed solutions for environmentally

friendly technology which would provide with the basic needs for human life that everyone is

liable to obtain, which is water, food and energy(in this case electricity). Because in my opinion

this technology is easy to operate and it does not produce pollution, which is devastating to the

environment. To conclude there is still a need to recognize the tools, that must that must be

used in order to succeed in such a goal, because the consequences should be clear by

understanding the previous chapters. There are actors on the global stage who are bringing this

change to place with very little support, but the majority of the people do not realize what we

have to do next. Becoming self-sufficient and self-sustainable is our future, because if we do

not, there will be no future for our children. The complications done to the environment will

become more severe and the final point will be our devastating end as a species that will be

wiped out, as according to the Bible has happened before, when the world was washed away by

a devastating flood in the times of Noah. (Holly Bible: Genesis) It will all start over as we will see

stronger floods, storms and hurricanes that will leave millions homeless and devastated as I

mentioned in the previous chapters. No more 'Business as usual'*, because the consequences

from nature will be too much to bare for the human species. The time to implicate environmental

education and environmental technology has never been so late and required in order to serve

the future of our kind. Only by adopting rather than working around nature will help us revive our

eco-system and let our children evolve more then we could ever imagine. The first step is to

secure our basic needs for existence, which is: water, food and energy.


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APPENDIX

1.0 Interview Transcript: transition Leytonstone Me: How could you briefly describe the organization? Shannon: The main theme of our organization is our garden, is transition Leytonstone its just are of many transition towns, or transition outlets, that are focused on transitioning away from global petroleum based economy to a more local and sustainable, that use alternative energy, promoting products that are locally grown in seasons, and things like that, the garden started transition Leytonstone. Me: How big of an impact does the organization do to the community? Shannon: I think it is various projects at transition Leytonstone has done, especially gardening a sort of an impact for quite a few hundreds of people, or even thousands. You can see directly its various events, big gardening events. Hosting hundreds of people at the time and over the course of the year a couple of hundreds or thousands, keeping in mind the size of Leytonstone, which is probably only several tens of thousands of people, say about 5% of the population, still quite a big impact for such a small organization. Me: Great, thank you. Then, the third question, what difficulties does the organization encounter? Shannon: I think with the garden and transition in general it is probably common to get more people involved, aware of what we are doing, getting on board with the aims of the different Projects. With the garden, ore people to be involved in to day to day operations, more volunteers, and more people giving the workshops, more people attending the workshops. It is all about more people. We are not lacking any funds. We are not looking for another area to withstand our spaces, so it is all about getting more people involved. Me: Thank you. And then, why gardening when there are so many ways to improve the environment it’s knowledge? Shannon: I think gardening appeals to a lot of people of very diverse political meaning, very Diverse attitudes towards the environment, let’s say organic growing, let’s say wildlife. It is a way, it’s a non-threatening way to involve anybody, so somebody is coming here to feel like their diversity will go to an organization that only accepts a certain type of person. Everybody, sort of finds a place, find something useful of our garden. Our motivation might be to say get people to eat more locally, more seasonally, grow some of their own food more away from local agriculture system. Eating what’s on season than buying vegetables that are being shipped thousands of miles. Push people towards that, or make people aware of that by being sorts of non-threatening activity that everybody, sort of has interest in. Me: Alright, Thank you, and the last but not least. What do you think triggers the human mind to be more environmentally aware and start improving the issues that are surrounding us? A very philosophical question.


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Shannon: Probably a lot of different answers to the question. For some it may be having children and worrying for they’re future. Some people might be just becoming aware of various issues, aware of statistical findings coming out and a bit reluctant to accept the need to serve the environment. Might be many factors. Me: Do you remember what triggered you, or were you always environmentally aware? Shannon: Probably, when I was growing up, my politics were influenced by my parents a lot. social circle that you grow in and going to university. Learning that social environment, various sciences that make you think critically of the issues that politicians make as a person that more motivated by scientific understanding of the world. Political, scientifically understanding of the world, that are pushing to realize that humans are causing climate change. 2.0 Consent form Darius Grigas is a student in the University of East London, where he studies International Politics with Law. It is his final year within the undergraduete programme and he is undertaking a dissertation project, which is based on self-sufficiency and self-sustanability. The main purpose of this case study is to include the data within the environmental education and environmental awereness chapter to see how does the society improve itself using the environment. The research is being conducted according to the principles and codes of research conducted in the Social Sciences. I will use the British Sociological Association’s Guidelines to help me, for example in interacting with people who have kindly agreed to help me with the research. The research includes interviews that are going to be record and tests to check the environmental awerness within the society. The interview will be tape recorded, and a transcript will be produced. This will be used as data. The interviews will be recorded by the researcher making notes after the interview, and these notes will also be used as data. Your words may be also be included as quetes within the dissertation project, or the name of the organisation itself. Your contribution to this project may be crucial and very important by all means. The case study is a great experience and source of knowledge from the society directly. Your participation within this project is very welcomed by its developer. Name...................................................................... Email.....................................................................(incase the University would like to contact you for authentication) Signature................................................................ Authors Signature..................................................


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3.0 THE TEST I am a student in the University of East London. Currently I am working on my dissertation, which includes checking how aware are people of the environment that surrounds us. The test is combined of 10 questions, granting 1 point per question answered correctly. The test results will be purely for education and academic purposes. The participants will be anonymous for the final project to come, but the university may wish to contact one of the participants for authentication purposes only. I would be very grateful for your participation within the project in order to achieve my goals for the study I am carrying out. Participants information NAME................................................................................................................... EMAIL................................................................................................................... SIGNATURE........................................................................................................... 1)Do developing and developed countries have the same environmental cap’s?(restrictions) a)Yes b)No 2)Can livestock(e.g. Pigs) produce greenhouse gasses? a)Yes b)No c)I don’t know 3)Where is deforestation bigger issue? a)Developing countries b)Developed countries 4)Who is the biggest polluter in the world? a)Russia b)China c)India d)USA 5)Is urbanization a cause of deforestation? a)Yes b)No c)I don’t know


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6)Mark the answers that you think contribute to climate change a)Greenhouse gasses b)Deforestation c)Soil degradation d)Pollution e)All of the above PLEASE TURN THE PAGE OVER TO COMPLETE THE TEST 7)Which Answers are related to the upcoming events of climate change? a)Increase in pollution b)Increase in fruit production c)Increase in sea-levels d)Increase in temperature e)All above 8)Which of these can be recycled? a)Food waste b)Plastic c)Aerosol cans d)Chemical bottles e)All answers are correct 9)Which chemical element is the most common in the field of Air Pollution? a)F b)O2 c)CO2 d)H2O 10)Is the statement true or false: ‘Natural disasters are stronger not because of the pollution carried out by massive corporations’. a)True b)False THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING


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4.0 Material list(personal experiment):

1. Osb panels 2. Acrylic panel 3. Pond underlay 4. Pond liner 5. Water pump 6. Hose 7. Greenhouse 8. Pvc pipes 9. Silicone 10. Insulation tape 11. Plastic strips 12. Wood impregnator 13. Connection angles 14. Gravel 15. Seeds 16. Seeding trays 17. Soil for seeding tray’s 18. Fishes 19. Sponges 20. Fish food


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Documents

DARIUS GRIGAS SELF-SUSTAINABILITY AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY