Danube University Krems.

The University for Continuing Education.

Decentralized Energy

Supply for Informal

Settlements in African

Cities: The Case of

EthiopiaHoeltl Andrea, Berger Tania,

Bates Romana

8 May 2017

STS Conference Graz 2018

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 2

Global Framework

Paris Climate Agreement

http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_

agreement.pdf

Sustainable Development Goals

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

Agenda 2063

“…energy to all African households, businesses, industries and institutions…”

http://archive.au.int/assets/images/agenda2063.pdf

…

• Strengthen the relations between HEIs in Ethiopia and

Europe

• Innovative university courses

• Students – urban planning, architecture, energy

management

• Personnel of local authorities

• Informal settlements – social and environmental

aspects

• Inter- and transdisciplinary

• Social inclusion, sustainable housing, participatory

mapping, environmental risk assessment, decentralized

energy solutions …

• Case studies, city profiles, university courses, external

trainings, dissemination workshops, national

conferences.

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 3

Ethiopia

Geographical position of Addis Ababa, Gonder and Mekele in

Ethiopia, Africa (My Adventure in Ethiopia)

• 100 millions (2050 190 mil)/ never colonized / Amharic /

Christianity / rich cultural heritage

• LDC – low-income, structural impedimants, highly vulnerable

• Challenges: poverty, education, gender, maternal mortality,

consequences of climate change etc.

• 2015: 40% poverty, 54.4% graduates primary school, clean water

57.3%, sanitory facilities 28%

• 2015/16 agriculture 37.2%, industrial sector 20.6%, annual

economic growth 8%

• Export goods: coffee, tee, cacao, gold, 6 times more imports

• Urbanisation rate 20% - 2050 37%

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 4

Informal SettlementsPoor quality of services, housing and

infrastructure (Addis Ababa 80%)

UN Habitat:

1) “inhabitants have no security of tenure vis-à-vis

the land or dwellings they inhabit, with modalities

ranging from squatting to informal rental housing

2) the neighbourhoods usually lack, or are cut off

from, basic services and city infrastructure and

3) the housing may not comply with current planning

and building regulations, and is often situated in

geographically and environmentally hazardous

areas.”

UN Habitat (2015): Informal Settlements. Habitat III Issue Papers 22, 31 May,

New York. Informal settlements in Gonder and Addis Ababa

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 5

Energy and CO2 Emissions in Ethiopia

• Energy access – basic need – individuals + national economic

development

• Africa considered as the most vulnerable continent to climate

change – temperatur, rainfall levels

• Ethiopia Climate Resilient and Green Economy Strategy – carbon

neutral and climate change resilient green economy

• Sustainable Developments Goals SDGs

• Paris Climate Agreement – National Determined Contribution

NDC – reduction of the vulnerability, force modern and energy

efficient technologies

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 6

Nationally Determined Contribution

Intended greenhouse gas emissions reduction of Ethiopia until 2030 (Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia (2017): Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa)

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 7

Electricity Consumption

Electricity consumption per capita in MWh of Ethiopia, Spain and Austria in 2015 (International Energy Agency (2018): Statistics. Ethiopia. https://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ETHIOPIA&product=oil&year=2015)

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 8

CO2 Emissions

CO2 emissions in Mt of Ethiopia, Spain and Austria in 2015(International Energy Agency (2018): Statistics. Ethiopia. https://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ETHIOPIA&product=oil&year=2015)

CO2 emissions in tons/capita in Ethiopia, the US, Austria, China, the EU(28), India, and worldwide in 2016

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 9

Energy Situation

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 10

Energy Situation

• Extrapolation of the growth rates of electricity consumption until

2030 - around 5.7 times higher consumption than 2015

• Very low level of Ethiopian’s industrialisation

• Currently mainly renewable resources / 2014 rural areas 12.2%

access to electricity / urban areas 91%

• Development of the country and the quality of life of the

inhabitants - energy demand will increase tremendously

• Discrepance and contradiction with the above mentioned aims of

Ethiopia – reduction of CO2 emissions by 64% until 2030

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 11

Decentralized Solutions

Batch-type homemade solar water heater

https://www.pinterest.at/pin/147492956519426045/

Different decentralized solar

solutionshttps://www.devex.com/news/power-africa-goes-off-grid-in-

addis-ababa-83621

Biogas Backpack (Salome Zeresulos,

Addis Abeba)

Biogas from organic wastehttp://www.be-nrg.com/b-home/

www.donau-uni.ac.at

Danube University Krems. The University for Continuing Education.8 May| 2018 | Page 12