Danielle AuerEmily Johnson Jessica PrangeKayla Schaefer

Rhythm method• Rhythm method refers to

any approach that allows couples to predict the woman's most fertile time of month, so that they can avoid sexual intercourse during this time.

• Traditionally, the term referred more narrowly to a strategy of counting calendar days from the woman's menstrual period, to estimate ovulation.

• But this method is so daring seeing that women’s menstrual periods can vary with each month.

Cont…• These techniques may rely on the thickness of

her cervical mucus or small changes in body temperature, which occur around the time of ovulation.

• Thus: rhythm method generally recommended only when: – The woman has a very regular menstrual cycle – The couple is highly motivated to calculate the

safe period and to abstain from sex at all other times

– The couple is willing and able to accept a relatively high risk of pregnancy

Basal Body Temperature

Cervical Mucus Screening

To practice this method a woman simply wipes herself from front to back collecting substance from the vaginal

opening. Depending on the consistency of the mucus it is easily determined how fertile the woman is

Creation of Method• This method was tested and promoted in the

early 1950s. • The reason for this methods creation is simple,

the rhythm method was just not as reliable as most couples wanted.

• They found that this was a very easy method in which they found approximately 9 out of 10 women could interpret their mucus results and the others could easily be taught.

• This method is especially liked because the women need not have regular periods.

• Or "Pulling out,“ ranks as the third-most common form of birth control

• 73 to 96 percent reliable• Risks associated with withdrawal include

that it does not prevent sexually transmitted diseases and it goes against male natural inclinations

• Most use withdrawal because there is no preparation needed

Spermicides

• 1850 BC: crocodile dung and fermented dough– It is believed that the low pH of the dung may have

had a spermicidal effect.

• Earlier findings around 1500 BC: mixing seed wool, acacia tree, dates and honey, and placing the mixture in the vagina.– It probably had some effectiveness, in part as a

physical barrier due to the thick, sticky consistency, and also because of the lactic acid (a known spermicide) formed from the acacia trees.

• Considered to be a natural spermicide.

• According to a women's health magazine, one teaspoon of lemon juice on a saturated cotton ball could be all that is required to prevent HIV and pregnancy.

• 20% concentration of lemon juice inactivates 80% of HIV in as little as two minutes.

• Ancient Egyptians reportedly to have used this method of contraception • Other non-traditional contraceptive trends over the years have included Coca-Cola and cling wrap.

Lemon juice

Common spermicides• Creams, foams,

suppositories and vaginal films.

• All these different types of spermicides are all applied basically the same way.

• While lying down, insert the applicator deep into the vagina near the end of the cervix.

History of Condoms

• 1000 B.C. by the Egyptians

• 100 A.D. in France

• 1700s made from animal gut

• 1766 the first advertisement for condoms

• 1844 rubber condoms, Goodyear and Hancock

• 1930s latex condom

• 1950 reservoir tipped condom

• 1973 textured condoms

• 1994 female condoms

Sperm/Condom Commercial

www.keepcondom.com/articles/category/condom-videos

Diaphragms • One of the oldest type of contraception

• They used crocodile dung, lemon halves and beeswax plugs

• Margret Sanger in jail.

• By 1940 doctors told couples it was the most effective type of contraception out there.

• Prescription needed

• 86-94% effective

Intrauterine Devices

• Middle East camel drives

• 1909 Dr. Richter developed a silkworm gut ring

• 1920’s Graefenberg made improvements

• 1976 First FDA approval of an IUD

IUDs through the 20th Century

Hormonal Contraceptives

• 1950 Pincus and Planned Parenthood Federation of America

• “Harmless, entirely reliable, simple, practical, universally applicable and aesthetically satisfactory to both husband and wife”

• 1960 First FDA approved oral contraceptive.• Early 1990s First FDA approved implantable or

inject able hormonal contraceptives

SterilizationA permanent

solution.

Vasectomy

What is it?

A vasectomy is a procedure in which the

vas deferens of the male testicle are split in half and then sealed at the end of each half.

The Vasectomy prevents sperm from passing through the vas deferens, never allowing them to mix with the rest of the

semen mixture

Important Vasectomy Dates• 1830- first vasectomy performed on a dog• 1904- first vasectomy performed on a human• 1918- first vasectomy performed for rejuvenation (re-growth of

hair, better color, better erections, and increased libido)

• 1938- first successful vasectomy reversal• 1955- single incision/stitch surgery introduced• 1974- no scalpel vasectomy developed• 1975- finding that an additional reason for failure was due to

length of removed portion (less then 15mm gave you a 25% greater risk of failure)

Tubal Ligation Tubal Ligation is much like

the vasectomy, only in this surgery it is the fallopian tubes that are being cut and closed off to prevent the oocyte’s journey to the uterus.

Where they cut!

Tubal Ligation• The first procedure was completed in

1880, during a repeat cesarean section.• One technique was introduced in 1930,

where a middle section of the fallopian tube was actually tied with a suture and then the section tied off is removed.

• Most common surgery for sterilization• Can be done non-invasively.• Can be reversed

HysterectomyThe surgical process of removing the complete uterus from the woman’s body, many times also removing the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Hysterectomy History• 1822 the first hysterectomy was performed• In many cases of the total hysterectomy, there was no

need for the cervix to be removed. However, because the hysterectomy was invented before the pap smear, it was logical to remove the cervix as well as the uterus, because there was no way of knowing what contained the problem.

• However, this proved to be the problem to many hysterectomies considering that most of the complications were do to the removal of the cervix. This was a very risky procedure because the patient experienced large amounts of blood loss, harm to the bladder, and infection.

• Statistics: Every year in the United States, 6,000,000 women become pregnant, and half of these pregnancies are unplanned.

• More than 3/4 of teenage pregnancies and half of the pregnancies among women approaching menopause are unexpected.

• A shocking 60% of unplanned pregnancies occur in women using contraception, and nearly half of unplanned pregnancies end with an abortion.– The main reason for this high % is

improper use of the contraceptive.

Cont…• This shouldn’t be happening in a country with

such a wide variety of contraceptive methods. So many unwanted pregnancies and abortions could be avoided just by proper use.

• Nonetheless, most couples choose not to use contraceptives such as, condoms, diaphragms, sponges, cervical caps, and spermicidal jellies and creams, because they can be considered an interruption in a passionate moment.

• Though it seems like we are getting no where with spreading the word about contraceptives, a sexual health coordinator from the American College Health Association, Tara Torchia says, “The rates of contraception are going up, more people are tending to take advantage of it."

Objections to Birth Control

• Health Risks

• Spread of STDs

• Moral/Religious beliefs

• Certain Types of Birth Control

Myths of Birth Control

• Some people believe that you can rinse out sperm from the vagina and uterus after sexual intercourse. You may have heard that douching, which means squirting a liquid into the vagina, will rinse out the sperm. Or that urinating or taking a bath or shower will wash it out. WRONG!

• Many women believe that having unprotected sex during menstruation or during the first or last part of their menstrual cycle will keep them from becoming pregnant. The fact is while many women may be more likely to become pregnant midcyle, the chance of conceiving may be higher than previously thought at anytime of the month.

• "I can't get pregnant for 3 months after going off the pill.""You should go off the pill for 2 months each year to let the eggs out.""The pill will make me sterile.""The pill will increase my fertility.“

• "I can't get pregnant if we have intercourse standing up.""Pregnancy is impossible if the woman remains uppermost during intercourse.“