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Survey of Existing Dams

1.096 Environmental Engineering

ClinicWeek 2 - February 13, 2004

Teresa Yamana

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Objective

To gain insight into our assessment of the

Merowe Dam in the areas of:

Sedimentation

Small Scale Impacts

Archeology

Public Health Resettlement

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Three Gorges Dam, China -

Yangtze River

www.cbc.ca/news/features/threegorges_quickfacts.html

http://www.cbc.ca/news/features/threegorges_quickfacts.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/features/threegorges_quickfacts.html

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Dam Overview

Purpose

Flood prevention

Power generation

Cost: $24.7 billion

Expected

Completion: 2009

Height: 175 m

Reservoir

Area: 1080 km2

Volume: 39.3 bcm

Power Capacity:

18,200MW

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Sedimentation in Reservoir

40 year sedimentation observation data

Store clean water during dry season, sluice

muddy water in flood season Scouring and silting to reach balance

Initial sediment discharge rate 30-40%

Storage remaining after 100 years Flood storage: 86%

Regulated storage: 92%

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Downstream Effect of

Sedimentation Erosion of riverbed, leading to decrease in

water level between 0.5 - 8.0m

Requires minimum 5000 m3/s discharge atYichang shiplock

Caving banks

Shallow bendways impede local navigation Mitigate damage of flood and waterlogging

in Dongting Lake area

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Small Scale Impacts

Archeology

1300 Archeological

sites to be submerged Cultural relics from

various dynasties

200 ancient tombs

International effort toexcavate

Public Health Unlikely increase in

schistosomiasis

Likely increase inmalaria, other localwater related diseases

Resettlement

844,124 residents

Relocate 130 villages

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Aswan Dam, Egypt - Nile River

www.usgs.gov/features/ satellite_images.html

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Dam Overview

Purpose

Flood prevention

Power generation

Cost: $1 billion

Completed: 1970

Height: 111 m

Reservoir

Area: 6000 km2

Volume: 169 bcm

Power Capacity:

21,000 MW

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Sedimentation in Reservoir

Majority of sediment inflow trapped in tailend of reservoir

Dead storage capacity of 31.6 bcm for 500years

Feasibility study being conducted for uses

of sediments Lack of sediments downstream means

farmers use 13,000 t fertilizer

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Small Scale Impacts

Archeology Twin temples of Pharoah Ramses II relocated by

UNESCO

UNESCO Courier, Dec. 1964.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/

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Small Scale Impacts

Public Health

Schistosomiasis associated with stagnant water

from Dam

Resettlement

90,000 Nubians displaced

In Egypt, 28 miles away In Sudan, 370 miles away

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Tarbela Dam - Indus River,

Pakistan

www.dams.org

www.pakwapda.com/htmls/ water-dams.html

http://www.dams.org/http://www.dams.org/

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Dam Overview

Purpose

Part of Indus Basin

Irrigation System Irrigation

Power generation

Cost: $1.85 billion Completed:1993

Height: 148 m

Reservoir

Area: 259 km2

Volume: 11.5 bcm

Power Capacity:

3478 MW

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Sedimentation in Reservoir

Sediment inflow 0.106 bcm/yr

Useful life 85 years

Concern about sediments blocking power intakesin case of earthquake

Underwater protection to low-level outlets

Sediment management

Sluicing tunnels to remove sediment Management measures to reduce sediment deposition

Not feasible to reduce sediment inflow

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Small Scale Impacts

Resettlement

120 villages submerged

96,000 people

Replacement land in Punjab or Sindh, or cash

compensation for home

Widespread dissatisfaction

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References Three Gorges Dam

Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Research Inst. For Protection ofYangtze Water Resources. Environmental Impact Statement for theYangtze Three Gorges Project

Nova. Damming the Pastwww.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zeugma/

Aswan High Dam Marc Lavergne. The Seven Deadly Sins of Egypts Aswan High Dam

Asit K. Biswas. Aswan Dam Revisited

Hassan Osman. Hydro Development in Egypt - Lessons from High AswanDam

The Aswan High Damhttp://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa012698.htm

Tarbela Dam

World Commision on Dams. Pakistan: The Tarbela Dam and Indus RiverBasin www.dams.org/kbase/studies/pk/pk_exec.htm

Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority

http://www.pakwapda.com/htmls/water-dams.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zeugma/http://www.dams.org/kbase/studies/pk/pk_exec.htmhttp://www.dams.org/kbase/studies/pk/pk_exec.htmhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zeugma/