D1-Applicabilities-Limitations-Different-Technologies

7/28/2019 D1-Applicabilities-Limitations-Different-Technologies

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Sanitation Technologies:

Factors contributing to successes andfailures in decentralized sanitation

Thammarat Koottatep

The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the author and do notnecessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Boardof Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy ofthe data included in this paper/presentation and accepts no responsibility for any

consequence of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADBofficial terms.



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Only < 20 % goes to t reatment plant

Where is the rest fecalsludge discposed?

Current situation of Decentralized Sanitationin Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia

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What do we do withproducts and byproducts?What happen with

the current system?



RevisedRegulations

andOrganization

ProperTechnologies

Treatment andReuse

ImprovedServiceCollection and

treatment

Regulationsand

Organization

TechnologiesTreatment and

Reuse

ServiceCollection and

treatment

Business model

Current Situation

Illegal disposal Proper disposal

Sustainable Situation

New Business model

Conceptual Idea



Key factors contributing tosuccess/failures of tank technologies

Operation & maintenance• No opening or access for service

• Unhygienic and bad smell

•Dumping rubbish into toilet causingblockage

• Using of strong cleansing agents

• Sludge removal only when clogging

Design & construction• Improper sizing treatment units

• Receiving grey water

•Placing outlet pipe below sewer ordrainage pipes

• Absence of ventilation pipe

• Less concern on hydraulic shockloading



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Aspects Knowledge gaps Future improvement

Technology: Design/manualcode

Lack of design guideline, knowledge andexperience, except for septic tank

+ Proposed a design code/ installationguideline/O&M requirement for other DEWATsystem;+ Building data base for design engineers.

Installationguideline

No guideline available

O&Mrequirement

No O&M requirement availableLack of technology to monitor sludgelevels and warn filled before

Development of early warning system inDEWAT

Treatmentperformance

Low treatment performance of conventional DEWAT

+ Upgrading the septic tank/cesspool+ Develop the innovative DEWAT system forhigher performance

Odor generation from conventional DEWAT + Proper design of ventilation and pipelines+ Construction technique for appropriate

sealing




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Aspects Knowledge gaps Future improvement Finance:

Investment No support on DEWAT for urban fringeor for the poor in the non-sewage area

Require funding or supporting mechanisms

O&M fee Rarely Define appropriate fee structureRegulatory framework :

Building Available for septic tank construction

but lack of dissemination for the urbanfringe or rural area

Provide and dissemination design guideline for the local

people

Effluent + No effluent standard limits fordifferent DEWAT systems in terms of DEWAT scale and DEWAT types.

+ Propose effluent standard for different scale and typesof DEWAT systems.

Communication & awareness

Barriers for dissemination of DEWATmanagement concept

Improve the commitment from government to wastewaterrelated problems

Monitoring Monitoring and control activities onexisting DEWAT plants are very weak.levels are among key factors

Improving the capacity of monitoring and control DEWATsystem

Punishment/enforcement/incentive

Government do not support the lowcost DEWAT system

Design fee is calculated based on the percentage of investment cost




Enforcement

Operation&Maintenance

Installation

Design • Daily flow fluctuation• BOD variation• Type of wastewater

• Material

• Site selection• Technology selection

• How to- Start-up- Operation- Maintenance

• Discharge standard• Organization

Is user perception a hiddenproblem on decentralized

sanitation?




SWOT of current DEWAT industry

Strength: • Various DEWAT products in the market• People acceptance

Weakness: • Current products are less effective intreatment • DEWAT system has last for extremelylong time • Current products have difficulty in the

installation process • Current products also require regular maintenance

Opportunity :• Growth rate and the number ofhousehold increased steadily • In the year 2015 a total of 10 countries inSoutheast Asia also known as AEC • Household and the population ingeneral are aware of the health andenvironment

Threat: • Household and population in eachcountry have limited knowledge aboutDEWAT systems • Currently no laws to regulate the qualityof treated effluent from DEWAT systems

Market Survey



Why do they face the full DEWATproblem?

• Location and geographical condition some place DEWAT is full, 1-2 time amonth while some place take several year.

• Type of DEWAT Cesspool tends to befull more often than commercial package.

• DEWAT Installation There is not anyover flow outlet.

• Maintenance Some people often do amanual emptying.

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How do they dowhen theirDEWAT full? ???

• Call FS collection and transportation• Manual emptying

Key factors contributing to success/failuresof post-tank technologies



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AdministrationSet-up

Collection Transportation TreatmentDisposal and

reuse

•Lack of interestedfrom the

municipalities‘mayors•Lack of employees•Lack of treatmentplant

•Low budget andrevenues

•Technicalproblems related

FS collection•Lack of Promotion•Insufficient truck

•The area androute of service

•Technicalproblems

•Lack of FStreatment plant

•FS treatment plantout of operation•Lack of budget•Unaccepatablefrom surrounding

community•Low monitoringfrom authorities•The requirementfrom the farmers:

•Unacceptablefrom the farmers

•The reuse-management•Lack of information onpossible by-

product:

Existing problem in each FSM issues

Key factors contributing tosuccess/failures of post-tank technologies



Aspect Activities Problems Knowledge Gap Area forimprovement

Technical

FS collection andtransportation

-Inadequate FStruck andemployees

-Increase numberof FS truck to beoptimum

-Transport andlogistics model

FS treatment -Unsuitable designand operation

-Design criteriawhich fit withdifferent area;odorless,pathogen free and

simple operatingconditions

- proposenew/improved FStreatment system

FS reuse -Lack of information onpossible by-

product

-How to producevaluable by-products

- Possible valuableproducts and byproducts

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Finance


-Not costeffectiveness

-Increase FScollection fee-Reduce the

operating cost

-Business model

FS treatment -Lack of treatmentdue to highinvestment andO&M cost

-Lower landrequirement-Lowerconstruction/oper

ating costs

- Proposenew/improved FStreatment system

FS reuse -Lack of marketand financesupport

-Find possiblemarket, financesupport anddistribution

channels

-Business model


Regulatory


-Low interest fromadministrator-Illegal private

company/dumping

-Increaseadministrator’sawareness

-Reduce illegalprivate companyor illegal dumping

-Makeunderstanding onFSM

-Add upmonitoring andpunishment issue

FS treatment -Lack of effluentstandard

- Establish the FSeffluent standardfrom treatmentplant

- FS effluentstandard

FS reuse -No regulatoryrelated FS reuse

-Guideline of FSapplication and itsbenefit

- FS products/ by-products guideline

Key factors contributing tosuccess/failures of post-tank technologies



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FSM: Cost Componentscase study at Bangbuathong town municipality

Salary Expenses40%

Fuel Expenses19%

MaintenanceExpense

2%

Depreciation-Truck

15%

Depreciation-Plant14%

Operating exp-Plant10%

Figure 1 Bangbuathong town municipality FSM Cost components

How to reduce thecosts and earn morerevenues ??

• Increase FScollection and

treatment fee ???It has to beconsidered at anAffordable level. •Reduce costs in FS

collection and

transportation section??

•Reduce salaryexpenses??



Business Model• BM1: FS collection and Transportation

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Storage

Transportation

Treatment

Reuse

BM1: FS collection andTransportation

BM2: FS Treatment andDisposal/Reuse

No. Issue Description

1 Key player Government organization (LA) / Private company (Licensed and Unlicensed)

2 Value proposition FS emptying service and other services i.e. oil and grease removal/ pipe unblocking

3 Key resources Truck, Equipment and Human resource i.e. driver, assistant

4 Customer/market segment Households/ Buildings/ Industrial estate/ Others

5 Distribution channels (Logistics) Routing service is within the municipality areas. Truck Parking is located at the municipality office or nearbyarea. Transfer station (if necessary)

6 Customer relation management Find new customers: Community leader, neighbor, friends, relatives , Sticker, name card, radio spot, website

Keep present customers: Provide fast service, cleanliness, affordable price, offer other services, regularcustomers with contractDeny some customers: Technical problems/ long distance

7 Costs Fixed costs : Truck and Equipment costsVariable cost: fuel cost, Personnel expenses, License fee, Treatment fee, Administrative expenses etc.

8 Revenues FS collection fee (depending on FS volume and FS rate)/ Other service fee

9 Core capabilities Local government - money subsidized from the central governmentPrivate company - cost control (through illegal dumping)

Collection



Business ModelBM2: FS treatment and Disposal/Reuse

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No. Issue FS treatment FS Reuse

1 Key player Government organization (LA) / Private company

2 Value proposition FS treatment FS reuse of products and by-products

3 Key resources FS treatment plant and facilities / Human resources / Equipment

4 Customer/market segment Municipality’s and Private FS trucks Agricultural (Vegetables Garden, Fruit plantation,Flower Garden)

5 Distribution channels (Logistics) Treatment plant siteNote: Located within the municipality or nearby area2-40 km (one way) or no treatment plant for some

areas

Reuse siteNo delivery. Customers come to pick up at thetreatment plant.

6 Customer relation management Find new customers: none (Municipality FS truckusually have FS treatment plant)

Find new customers: Promotion of product applicationand its safety

Keep present customers: offer adequate capacity,low discharge fee, short distance

Keep present customers: offer: adequate products,cheap and good quality

Deny some customers: inadequate capacity Deny some customers: inadequate products/ lowproduct quality

7 Costs Treatment plant investment/O&M costs (depending on technology)/Personnel/ Reuse activity

8 Revenues FS treatment fee (In case the FS collection and

treatment are different organization).

Selling of dried sludge/ profit from other reuse

activities (most of products cannot be sold.)9 Core capabilities Good location + Treatment technology Re-use technology and equipment

Storage

Transportation

Treatment

ReuseBM1: FS collection andTransportation BM2: FS Treatment andDisposal/Reuse

Collection



How serious is this Business??

Should we cook their “Bread” + “Butter” ?

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Thank youDhonno-baad

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Documents

D1-Applicabilities-Limitations-Different-Technologies