Current Mycotoxin Status in Indonesia and Prevention Strategy2015.stidays.archiv.zsi.at/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ws8-food... · Universitas Gadjah Mada. The strategies and programs

ASEAN‐EU STI Days, Paris, French 17‐19 March, 2015

Current Mycotoxin Status in Indonesia and yPrevention Strategy

Endang S RahayuEndang S. Rahayu

Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada ,

Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia;

email address: [email protected], [email protected];

Endang S. Rahayu Universitas Gadjah Mada

C t t f P t tiContent of Presentation

• Introduction

• Aflatoxins (other mycotoxins) occurrence in food chains (corn peanut dried cassavafood chains (corn, peanut, dried cassava, coffee, cocoa bean, dried salted fish)

• Prevention strategy – increasing awareness

• Conclusion• Conclusion


IntroductionIntroduction• Indonesia as tropical countries – hot and humid –Indonesia as tropical countries hot and humid favorable for the growth of mold and mycotoxinprod ctionproduction

• Most agricultural commodities produced by ‘traditional’ farmer – typically with low education back ground, with limited facilities for pre‐ and post‐back ground, with limited facilities for pre and postharvest – problem with mycotoxin

I t f fl t i• Impact of aflatoxins – Health: the national health

– Economy: notification / detention of exported commodities


Important Commodities – number of f /f hfarmers/fishermen

• Corn peanut cassava national• Corn, peanut, cassava ‐ national consumption, involving about 40.000.000 farmers (> 40 % of Indonesia working age)farmers (> 40 % of Indonesia working age)

• Cocoa – Indonesia is the 3rd country producers (with the market share 13 6 %)producers (with the market share 13.6 %), after Ivory Cost (38,3 %), Ghana (20,2%), involving 1 800 000 farmersinvolving 1.800.000 farmers

• Dried salted fish – national consumption, involving 2 200 000 fishermeninvolving 2.200.000 fishermen


• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, WHO, 2008.

• Aflatoxin exposure in food is significant risk factor for HCC.• Liu and Wu, 2010

Distribution of HCC cases attributable to aflatoxin in different regions of the world


Distribution of HCC cases attributable to aflatoxin in different regions of the world

SNI 7385:2009 – Aflatoxins maximum level in food products by Indonesian National Standardization Agency products, by Indonesian National Standardization Agency

No Food products Type Max level (ppb)

1 Milk and milk drink products M1 0.5

2 Fermented milk and rennin hydrolyzed milk products )

M1 0.5

3 Concentrated milk and its analog M1 0 53 Concentrated milk and its analog M1 0.5

4 Cream and their related products M1 0.5

5 Dried milk and related products M1 55 Dried milk and related products M1 5

6 Cheese and analog products M1 0.5

7 Dessert (pudding yogurt) M1 0 57 Dessert (pudding, yogurt) M1 0.5

8 Whey and its products M1 0.5

9 Peanut and their products B1/Total 15/209 Peanut and their products B1/Total 15/20

10 Corn and their products B1/Total 15/20

UE Regulation 165 2010; AFB1 = 5 µg/kg and AF(total) = 10 µg/kgEndang S. Rahayu

Universitas Gadjah Mada

UE Regulation 165 , 2010; AFB1 = 5 µg/kg and AF(total) = 10 µg/kg

SNI 7385:2009 : Other mycotoxins maximum level in food

Mycotoxin Products Max ppb

SNI – 7385:2009 : Other mycotoxins maximum level in food

Mycotoxin Products Max ppb

Deoxinivalenol Corn and its products 1000

Fumonisin B1 and B2 Corn and corn as a raw material 2000

Corn food products (flakes, popcorn, 1000p ( , p p ,corn chips)

Ochratoxin A Cereal (rice, corn, sorghum, wheat) and their products

5their products

Spices 20

Coffee 5Coffee 5

Instant coffee 10

Patulin Apple extract apple canned apple 50Patulin Apple, extract apple, canned apple 50

Puree apple 25


Food Delivery Chains F /H t for Peanuts and Its Products Farmer/Harvest

Industry Post Harvest• Level of aflatoxins contaminations

increase at retailer

Collector/Big‐/

• Some peanut based products contain aflatoxinsmore that permissible level

Trader/Retailer

Processor/HomePeanut sauce

permissible level

Processor/Home IndustriesPeanut based Products

Low aflatoxins level

Sweetened peanutPeanut butter

Endang S. RahayuUniversitas Gadjah Mada

Food Delivery Chains F /H t for Corn Its Products Farmer/Harvest

Post Harvest

Collector/Big‐T d /R ilTrader/Retailer

Processor/Home IndustriesIndustry

Corn based f d h l

Level of aflatoxinscontaminations

foods have low aflatoxinscontamination


increase at retailer – FEED PROBLEM

level

Dried‐Cassava, ff dFarmer/Harvest Coffee‐and Cocoa‐BeansFarmer/Harvest

Post Harvest

Collector/Big‐Trader/RetailerTrader/Retailer

Processor/Home Factory/export IndustriesFactory/export

Cocoa beans ha e ochrato in le el > 5 ppbCocoa beans have ochratoxin level > 5 ppbCoffee beans (30%) have ochratoxin level > 5 ppb – caused detention for exportDried cassava – aflatoxins, ochratoxin, patulin? – problem national consumption


Mold Diversity in Agricultural Productsand Their Mycotoxin Production

Asp. flavus , A. tamariiF. globosum, F. subglutinans, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum,F temperatum

Pen. citrinum, Pen. paneum

F. temperatum

Peanuts

A. carbonarius, A. niger,

A.tubingensis,

Fumonisin

Peanuts

CornA.aculeatus

AflatoxinsDried-Cassava

Cocoa-Beans

OchratoxinsCoffee-Beans

Patulin?Cocoa Beans

Most fungi originally come from soilEndang S. Rahayu


OchratoxinsMost fungi originally come from soil

Factor Promoting Aflatoxins (Mycotoxins) C t i tiContamination

Drought stress Pest and diseases

Cob not fully covered, easily infected

Field

g

HarvestHarvestDelayed – drying (wet season) Direct drying

Storage

Endang S. RahayuUniversitas Gadjah Madaw/o‐packaging Direct contact with floor and wall

M i P t ti l SMarine Potential Sources

• Consist of about 13.667 i l dislands,

• Land area 1.922.570 km2 • Ocean area 3 257 483 km2• Ocean area 3.257.483 km2


Fi h P d tiFish Production

• 2014 – 20.000.000 ton

• 70% for national consumption (50% of• 70% for national consumption (50% of them in the form of dried salted fish)

• Indonesian fish consumption about 35• Indonesian fish consumption about 35 kg/C/Y

D i d lt d fi h d d b• Dried salted fish produced by traditional fishermen, with very limited facilities low application of goodfacilities, low application of good practices

F d f ( l d i ) i• Food safety (related to mycotoxin) is a concern


Exported fish

Production of Dried Salted Fish

Aflatoxin B1 – positive detected with the level up to 20 ppbMain causes: Limited facilities, low application of good practices including HACCP

Prevention StrategyPrevention Strategy


Networking ABGCResearch

Survey ‐ DataId tifi d P blNetworking ABGC Identified Problems

• Aflatoxin (Mycotoxin) Forum Indonesia (AFI) is a forum communication among

t h i tit t i itComm.

government, research institute, university, industry, farmer, and community related to aflatoxin and their effect in health

Farmer/Retailer/Collector/

• Objectives :• To increase the awareness related to aflatoxin

Collector/SMSE

Business/Industryaflatoxin• To establish integrated program• To set up priority to control aflatoxin

bl

Business/Industry

problem• To organize concrete program and activities • To support the government in socializing Problem Basedthe regulation related to aflatoxin

• Integrated Program by ABGC networkingIntegrated – Program

Food SafetyEndang S. Rahayu Universitas Gadjah Mada

Aflatoxin / Mycotoxin Forum Indonesia/ y

AFI 1 24 F b 2006 UGM• AFI‐1 – 24 Feb 2006, UGM • AFI‐2 – 28 July 2006, at BKP Surabaya • AFI‐3 – 17 January 2008, UGM y ,• AFI‐4 – 23 Oct 2008, UGM • AFI‐5 – 21 Dec 2010, UGM

AFI 6 29 S t 2011 BKP S• AFI‐6 – 29 Sept 2011, BKP Semarang• AFI‐7 – 21 Nov 2011, UGM• AFI‐8 – MYCOFI (8‐9 October 2012), UGM( ),• IC‐MAFFS (27‐29 June 2013), UGM• IUMS Outreach Program and Mycotoxin

Conference 14‐15 November 2014 UGMConference , 14‐15 November 2014, UGM


AFI‐ 423 Oktober 2008

•Field preparationF ngal resistant seed•Fungal resistant seed•Pest and disease control•Plant maintenance (irrigation and fertilizer)•Equipments for agriculture

Pre-Harvest Technologyxs

ins

•Equipments for agriculture

•Right schedule for harvest

Technology

afla

tox

•Harvest•Drying, cleaning, sortation•Equipment for harvest

Harvest

l of

a

•Drying (maintanace of water activity)•Storage (temperature and relative humidity)on

trol

•Storage (temperature and relative humidity)•Pest and disease control•Packaging•Equipments for post harvest

Post harvest

ent C

o

Equipments for post harvest

•Product developmentagem

e

•Decontamination of aflatoxin •Packaging, storaget, and marketing•Equipments for processing

Added value

Man

a


The strategies and programsResearch on applicable technology approaches in peanut, corn, cacao production (next – dried salted fish)p ( )

Conferences (international)

Workshop for industries, government and academia I i f f l d t i t i ti• Increasing awareness of fungal and mycotoxin contamination

• Increasing capability on analysis of mycotoxin toward Accredited Testing Laboratory (ISO 19025, 2005)y ( , )

Community – services:• Establishing guidelines for good pre‐ and post‐harvest and material

handling practices (including drying practices and storage condition) • Training program to farmers• Training program to farmers

– Field School for peanut farmer– Village Model for cocoa production, current program

• Next program – good practices for dried salted fish productionEndang S. Rahayu


Community Services:Community Services:

• To increase awareness of farmers, ll t t il ll t dcollectors, retailer, small trader ‐

by workshop Field School Village Modelby workshop, Field School, Village Model


Opening Ceremony, 1 Feb 2008“Low‐Aflatoxins Peanut Planting”

Harvesting Ceremony, 8 May 2008“Low‐Aflatoxins Peanut ”


Model – Area for ‘Good’ Peanut Plantation at Jepara, Java, in collaboration with the Local Government

Occurrence of OTA in A li ti f F t ti d


COFFEE and COCOAYogyakarta, 2012

Application of Fermentation and Drying for Cacao Production

COCOA Samples

OTA (ppb)

COFFEE bean

OTA (ppb)Samples (ppb) bean

samples(ppb)

F‐1 7.85 F‐1 11.21F‐2 13.19 F‐2 3.37F‐3 29.49 F‐3 8.58F‐4 10.61 F‐4 2.34F‐5 6.68 F‐5 5.26F 6 19 83 F 6 3 49F‐6 19.83 F‐6 3.49F‐7 17.29 F‐7 8.38F‐8 8.50 F‐8 2.55F‐9 17 09 F‐9 2 64F 9 17.09 F 9 2.64F‐10 12.31 F‐10 2.77C‐11 17.95 C‐11 4.16C‐12 10.67 C‐12 3.48

VILLAGE MODEL for adoption good Focus Group Discussion practices in Cocoa Production

at yogyakarta, 2013 - 2017

pFor Development System for Sustainable Cocoo Production

Workshop for industries, d d igovernment and academia

• To increase awareness related to mycotoxins

T i bili i d i f f i d• To increase capability in detection of fungi and mycotoxins


Workshop on Food Borne Fungi with the Industries, 21‐22 Oct 08


Best Practices for Aflatoxin Analysis, 28-29 July 2011


Workshop: Dry and Heat Resistant Food Borne Fungi and M i A l i 22 N b 2011Mycotoxin Analysis, 22 November 2011

Robert A Samson CBS NetherlandsRobert A. Samson, CBS, Netherlands

CEMycoS Fac of Agricultural Technology Universitas Gadjah Mada

M t i F I d i (M FI)CEMycoS Fac of Agricultural Technology

Mycotoxin Forum Indonesia (MycoFI) –Workshop on Fusarium and Mycotoxin Analysis, 8‐9 October 2012


International MycotoxinC fConferences

To share and to up date information from all h d th ldresearchers around the world


CEMycoS Fac of Agricultural Technology Universitas Gadjah Mada

http://cemycos.tp.ugm.ac.id/index.php/download


C l iConclusions

• Mycotoxin problem is related to farmer, ll t t il i d tcollector, retailer, processor, industry,

including academia, government, so that, to g , g , ,address these issues all stake holder have to joint together and set up an integratedjoint together and set up an integrated program for the effectiveness in controlling and prevention of this contamination.


Documents

Current Mycotoxin Status in Indonesia and Prevention Strategy2015.stidays.archiv.zsi.at/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ws8-food... · Universitas Gadjah Mada. The strategies and programs