Cur Cum A

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Curcuma longa

CONTENTS1. Brief literature review on Curcuma longa (Pg.1-4)

a. Classification

b. Vernacular names

c. Botanical synonyms

d. Part used

e. Botanical description

f. Geographical distribution

g. Traditional uses

h. Anatomy of the part used

i. Pharmacology and clinical studies

j. Safety profile

k. Phytochemistry

l. Active Principles

2. Analytical specifications of the crude drug (Pg.5-10)

a. Macroscopic characterization

b. Identification of Crude drug by TLC

c. TLC Profile of Turmeric oil

d. G.C Profile of Turmeric oil

3. Analytical specifications for the Curcuma longa extract (Pg.11-14)

a. Identification tests

b. TLC profile

c. Estimation of Curcumin in Curcuma longa extract by HPLC

d. Estimation of Curcuminoids in Curcuma longa by UV-method

4. Analytical Specification of Curcumin (15-20)

5. References (Pg.21-22)

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Curcuma longa

&urcuma longa Linn(a) Classification:

Kingdom : PlantaeDivision : AngiospermaeClass : MonocotyledoneaeOrder : ScitamineaeFamily : ZingiberaceaeGenus : CurcumaSpecies : longa Linn.

(b) Vernacular names:English : Turmeric

Sanskrit : HaridraHindi : Haldee, HardiKannada : ArishinaMarathi : MarinaluTamil : ManjalTelugu : PasupuArabic : Zarsud

(c) Botanical synonyms: Curcuma domestica Valeton

(d) Part used: Rhizome

(e) Botanical description: Aromatic perennial herb with tuberous rootstock but no leafy stemabove ground. Leaves radical, oblong, often large, petiole as long as the blade, base obtusecuneate,margin entire and apex tapering. Flowers in dense compound spikes crowned by a coma ofcoloured, enlarged bracts, calyx short cylindrical, sepals free and imbricate, corolla tube funnelshaped stamens united to the two large posterior staminodes, capsule globose, three celled, seedsusually with aril1-3.

(f) Geographical distribution: The plant is a native of Southern Asia and is cultivatedthroughout the warmer parts of the world. It is grown on a large scale in India, China & EastIndies1.

(g) Traditional use: Turmeric forms an auspicious article in many religion ceremonies in Hindufamilies. It is household spice for diverse cuisine in all parts of India for many centuries1-5.

The rhizomes are bitter, acrid, thermogenic, emollient, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, vulnerary,depurative antiseptic, appetiser, carminative, stomachache, anthelmintic, laxative, diuretic,expectorant, haemetinic, styptic, anti-periodic, alterative, alexeteric, detergent, stimulant febrifuge,ophthalmic and tonic1-5.

It is useful in vitiated conditions of Kapha and Pitta, inflammations, ulcers, wounds, leprosy, skindiseases, pruritis, allergic conditions and discolourisation of the skin, anorexia, dyspepsia,flatulence, colic, helminthiasis, catarrh, anaemia haemorrhage, haemoptysis, hiccough, constipation,strangury, cough, asthma, bronchitis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, fever, giddiness, urethrorrhea,elephantiasis, dropsy, hysteria, epilepsy, chronic otorrhoea, ringworm’s, amenorrhoea, jaundice,conjunctivitis, general debility and diabetes1-5.

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Curcuma longa

(h) Anatomy of part used: The rhizome of the plant consists of a central portion having globularpieces clumped together, the finger like lateral off shoots arising from it at various places. Intransection the rhizome consists of an outer zone of cork, followed by a wide zone of cortex, anendodermoid ring closely covering a discontinuous ring of vascular bundles. A large number ofvascular bundles are scattered throughout the section. The parenchymatous cells of the cortex andthe pith are full of starch grains, the yellow pigment being present at some places only. Vascularbundles are arranged along a circle under the endodermoid ring. The ring encloses a central medullain which are also scattered numerous vascular bundles1,2.

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Curcuma longa

(i) Pharmacology and Clinical Studies: The compound curcumin possess significant anti-

inflammatory activity in acute as well as in chronic models of inflammation. It is as potent as

Phenyl butazone in the Carageenan oedema test. It prevents the inflammation-induced increase in

SGOT & SGPT levels. Curcumin possesses a much lower ulcerogenic index than Phenyl butazone.

Curcumin does not produce any change in the blood pressure level or in responses to adrenaline,

histamine and acetylcholine showing lack of autonomic effects1.

During subacute inflammation studies in rat, curcumin was found to be more potent than ibuprofen

as a stabilizer of lysosomal membrane and as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. At higher

doses Curcumin was shown to act by stimulation of the adrenals resulting in the release of

endogenous corticoids2.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of Curcuma longa administered orally in 0.01ml/kg

doses was compared with that observed after cortisone acetate (10mg/kg) against Freud’s adjuvant

induced arthritis in rats according to the method of New-bould. The difference in the inflammatory

swelling on 3rd day was found to be highly significant in rats treated with volatile oil of Curcuma

longa. The late arthritic swelling as estimated on 13th day was also significantly less in rats treated

with the volatile oil of Curcuma longa. The protective effect of the volatile oil of Curcuma longa in

early inflammatory lesion has been attributed to the antihistaminic effect, while activation of

adrenohypophyseal axis by the Curcuma longa oil has been considered for inhibition of late

inflammatory arthritic changes3. An ethanol extract of turmeric as well as an ointment of Curcumin

were found to produce remarkable symptomatic relief in patients with external cancerous lesions4.

The oil fraction of turmeric considerably suppressed the growth of some intestinal and pathogenic

bacteria in vitro5.

Antioxidant activity: Hexane and methanol extracts of rhizome at concentrations of 0.1% were

active6. Hot water extract of a commercial sample of tuber at a concentration of 100.0ng/mcl was

active Vs protection of DNA against peroxidative injury7. Curcumin was demonstrated to possess

potent anti-oxidant activity in several models8.

(j) Safety Profile: The oral LD50 in mice is more than 2.0gkg-1. Graded doses of curcumin were

injected intraperitoneally or given orally to groups of 10 mice and the animals were observed for 4

hours for any apparent change in the behaviour due to the compound and again 24hours later to

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Curcuma longa

assess mortality. No mortality of mice in any of the groups upto a dose of 2gkg-1. Curcumin was not

absorbed intraperitoneally1.

(k) Phytochemistry: Curcuminoids constitute the major coloring matter in Curcuma longa. A

detailed chromatographic study of curcuminoids revealed the presence of three major constituents

identified as diferuloyl methane (Curcumin) and its two analogues viz. p-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-

feruloyl-methane and p,p’-dihydroxy-dicinnamoyl-methane and the minor constituents were

suggested to be geometrical isomers of the major constituent. The content of curcuminoids in

turmeric ranges from approximately 2.5% to 6% of which curcumin accounts for about 49% of the

total pigments, p-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-feruloyl-methane for about 29% and p,p’-dihydroxy-

dicinnamoyl-methane for about 22%. The “Curcumin” obtained commercially is usually a mixture

of the three curcuminoids viz., curcumin, demethoxy curcumin,(p-hydroxy-cinnamoyl-feruloyl-

methane) and bis-demethoxy curcumin (p,p’- dihydroxy -dicinnamoyl-methane)1.

(l) Active Principles: Curcumin (diferuloyl methane)

O O

O CH3

OH

H3C O

HO

C21H20O6 Mol. Wt. 368.39

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Curcuma longa

ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATION OF THE CRUDE DRUG

Macroscopic Characters:

Colour & Appearance : The central or primary rhizome ovate, oblong or (pyriform) orcylindrical to elongate, conical and varies from 3-8 cm in length and 2or 3 cm in diameter. Externally yellowish to yellowish brown withroot scars and annulations.

Odour : Aromatic

Taste : Warmly aromatic and bitter

TESTS LIMITS PROTOCOLSTests for extraneous material Quality Control

Methods for MedicinalPlant Materials -WHO

Foreign matter < 1.0% -do-

Sand & Silica Absent -do-

Insect infestation Nil -do-

Rodent contamination Nil -do-

Physico-chemical analysis

Ash content < 10.0%w/w -do-

Acid insoluble ash < 1.0%w/w -do-

Moisture content < 15.0%w/w -do-

Volatile oil content 1.0 – 5.0 %w/w -do-

Successive extractive value

Petroleum ether extractive valueChloroform extractive valueMethanol extractive value

1.0 – 3.0%w/w 3.5 – 6.5%w/w

10 – 20%w/w-do-

Alcohol soluble extractive value 15 – 25%w/w -do-

Phytochemical analysisTotal Curcuminoids 3.0 - 7.0 %w/w By HPLC & UV

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Curcuma longa

IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUG BY TLC

Sample detail : Curcuma longa crude drug

Adsorbent : Precoated silicagel (Al - Sheet)

Mobile Phase : Toluene : Ethyl Acetate 93 : 7

Sample preparation : 2 gm of Curcuma longa rhizome was extracted in petroleumether. The petroleum ether layer was concentrated. The residuewas dissolved in 10ml chloroform and 10µl applied on TLCplate.

Solvent front run upto : 9 cms

Detection : Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid (Fig. 1)

Scanning : 254 nm (Fig.2)

S T HPTLC of pet ether fraction

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

S – Reference MaterialT – Sample of Curcuma longa

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Curcuma longa




Mobile Phase : Chloroform : Methanol 90 : 10

Sample preparation : 2 gm of Curcuma longa rhizome was extracted in petroleumether. The mark obtained after petroleum ether extraction wasfurther extracted with chloroform and concentrated. The residuewas dissolved in 10ml chloroform and 10µl applied on TLCplate.


Detection : Normal light condition (Fig. 3)Anisaldihyde Sulphuric acid reagent (Fig. 4)

Scanning : 254 nm (Fig. 5)

S T S T HPTLC of chloroform fraction Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5

S – Reference MaterialT– Sample of Curcuma longa

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Curcuma longa




Mobile Phase : Chloroform : Ethanol : Glacial acetic acid 95 : 5 : 1

Sample preparation : 2 gm of Curcuma longa rhizome was extracted in petroleumether. The mark obtained after chloroform extract was furtherextracted with methanol and concentrated. The residue wasdissolved in 5ml methanol and 10µl applied on TLC plate.


Detection : Normal light condition (Fig. 6)


S T1 T2 HPTLC of methanolic fraction Fig. 6 Fig. 7

S – Reference standardT1, T2 – Samples of Curcuma longa

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Curcuma longa

TLC PROFILE OF TURMERIC OIL

Sample detail : Curcuma longa oil


Mobile Phase : Toluene : Ethyl Acetate 93 : 7

Sample preparation : 1 gm of Curcuma longa oil was dissolved in chloroform and10µl applied on the TLC plate.


Detection : Anisaldihyde Sulphuric acid reagent (Fig. 8)Vanillin sulphuric acid reagent (Fig. 9)


HPTLC of Turmeric oil

Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10

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Curcuma longa

GC PROFILE OF TURMERIC OIL

TESTS LIMITSColour and appearance Clear light yellow to yellow liquid.

Odour Characteristic

Relative density at 27O C 0.938 – 0.967

Chromatographic conditions

1. Column : DB wax 0.25 mm dia X 30 mtr length

2. TemperatureCapillary injector port : 2600CFID Detector : 2750CColumn oven : 400 C initial for 2 min.Program > column oven : 40C /min up to 2250CHold time : 5 minTotal time : 53 min.

3. Control mode : Split

Split ratio : 1 : 50

4. Column pressure : 134 kPa

5. Column flow : 2.2 ml / min.

6. Detector : F.I.D.

7. Carrier gas : Nitrogen

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Curcuma longa

ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THECURCUMA LONGA - EXTRACT

Item : Curcuma longa extract (≥95% Curcuminoids)

Description : Orange yellow colour powder.

Identification : 1) Comparison with the standard TLC profile.2) Positive for Curcuminoids

TESTS LIMITS PROTOCOLPhysico-chemical analysis

Loss on drying (Moisture) < 1.0% w/w As per I.P / B.P

Ash Content < 2.0% w/w As per I.P / B.P

Acid insoluble ash < 0.5% w/w As per I.P / B.P

Heavy metal analysis

Lead < 10ppm By A.A.S.

Cadmium < 2ppm By A.A.S.

Arsenic < 2ppm As per U.S.P

Microbiological tests

Total Viable Aerobic Count < 104 cfu g-1 As per I.P / B.P

Total Fungal count < 102 cfu g-1 As per I.P / B.P

Total Enterobacteriaceae < 102 cfu g-1 As per B.P.

E. Coli Absent As per I.P / B.P

Salmonella typhi Absent As per I.P / B.P

S. aureus Absent As per I.P / B.P

Solvent residuesOrganic solvents < 1000 ppm By GC

Mycotoxin analysis

Aflatoxins(Total B1,B2,G1,G2)

< 5 ppb As perA.O.A.C

Phytochemical analysis

Total Curcuminoids ≥ 95.0%w/w By UV

CurcuminDemethoxycurcumin andBis-Demethoxy curcumin

68.8% w/w19.0%w/w7.2% w/w

By HPLC

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Curcuma longa

TLC PROFILE

Sample detail : Curcuma longa extract


Mobile Phase : Chloroform : Ethanol : Glacial acetic acid 95 : 5 : 1

Standard preparation : 0.025% w/v methanolic solution of Curcumin was prepared.10µl solution is applied on TLC.

Sample preparation : 0.025% w/v methanolic solution of Curcumin was prepared.10µl solution is applied on TLC.


Detection : Normal light condition (Fig. 11)

Scanning : Densitometer 440 nm (Fig. 12)

S T Fig. 11 Fig. 12

S-StandardT- Test sample

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Curcuma longa

ESTIMATION OF CURCUMIN IN CURCUMA LONGA BY HPLC

There are two methods for the estimation of Curcumin content in the extract.Method 1 - HPLC & Method 2 - Uv/Vis. Both methods are accurate and reproducible.

METHOD-1Chromatographic system: High Performance Liquid Chromatographic system equipped withLC8A pump, SPD-M 10Avp Photo Array Detector in combination with Class LC 10A software.

Chromatographic conditions:

Mobile phase: Tetrahydrofuran : Buffer 35 : 65Buffer: 1% citric acid solution adjusted to pH 3.0 with ammonia solution.

Column: Silica-CN 5µ size, 250 x 4.6mm (Merck)

Detector: SPD-M 10Avp Photo Array Detector

Wave length for recording the chromatogram: 430nm

Flow rate: 1.2 ml/min

Inject volume: 10µl

Standard preparation: Weigh accurately 25mg of Curcumin Ref. Standard to 100ml volumetricflask. Dissolve with 50 ml of methanol and make upto 100ml with methanol. Dilute 5ml of thesolution to 25ml.

Sample preparation: Weigh accurately Curcuma longa extract equivalent to 25mg of Curcumin toa 100ml volumetric flask dissolved in 50ml of methanol and makeup to 100ml and filter. Dilute 5mlof the solution to 25ml.

Calculate the percentage of Curcumin content from the peak areas.

STANDARD SAMPLE

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Curcuma longa

METHOD-2 (BY SPECTROPHOTOMETER)

Standard preparation: Weigh accurately 0.1gm of standard into a small beaker and transfer into a100ml volumetric flask with alcohol. Dilute to mark with alcohol and pipette 5ml of this solutioninto another 100ml volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with alcohol and pipette 5ml of this solutioninto another 50ml flask. Dilute to volume with alcohol and measure the absorbance at 425nm in1cm cells against an alcohol blank.

Sample preparation: Weigh accurately 0.1gm equivalent of Curcumin to a into a small beaker andtransfer into a 100ml volumetric flask with alcohol. Dilute to mark with alcohol and pipette 5ml ofthis solution into another 100ml volumetric flask. Dilute to volume with alcohol and pipette 5ml ofthis solution into another 50ml flask. Dilute to volume with alcohol and measure the absorbance at425nm in 1cm cells against an alcohol blank.

Calculate the percentage of Curcumin content from the absorbance.

STANDARD SAMPLE

Overlay spectra of standard and sample

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Curcuma longa

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2)�&85&80,1

(Diferuloyl methane)

Curcumin (Diferuloyl methane) is an important constituent of rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn andgives the characteristic yellow colour to the rhizome. It has been widely used in indigenousmedicine. The compound possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute as well as inchronic models of inflammation1.

O O

H3CO

HO

OCH3

OH

C21H20O6 mol. wt. 368.39

TESTS RESULTS

Description Orange yellow crystalline powder.

Solubility2 Insoluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol.

Identification (by Spectroscopy & Chromatography)

FTIR Identical with reference standard

UV absorption Exhibits maxima at 425 nm

TLC & HPTLC Principal spot matches with the reference standard

HPLC

(using PDA detector)

Retention time of principal peak and uv-visspectra matches with the reference standard

Loss on drying at 105oC < 1.0 %w/w

Purity > 95.0%w/w

References:

1. R. C. Srimal and B. N. Dhawan, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1973; 25 : 447-4522. Merck Index. 12th ed., 1996; 450.

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Curcuma longa

Light absorption: In the range of 230 – 550 nm of a 0.007% w/v solution in alcohol

File Name: Curcumin -TestCreated: 14:52 10/09/98Data: Original

Measuring Mode : Abs.Scan Speed : FastSlit Width : 1.0Sampling Interval: 0.5

No. Wavelength (nm.) Abs.1 451.00 0.6792 333.50 0.1133 270.00 0.180

File Name: Curcumin -StandardCreated: 14:50 10/09/98Data: Original

Measuring Mode : Abs.Scan Speed : FastSlit Width : 1.0Sampling Interval: 0.5

No. Wavelength (nm.) Abs.1 455.00 0.7052 272.50 0.194

Overlay spectra of standard and sample

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Curcuma longa

TLC PROFILE

Sample : Curcumin (95%)

Parameters:

Adsorbent : Silica gel 60 F254 (Merck Al. Sheets-1.05554)

Solvent system : Chloroform : Ethanol : Glacial acetic acid 95 : 5 : 1

Standard & Sample preparation : 0.025% w/v methanolic solution of Curcumin ofSample and Standard were prepared. 10µl of thissolution is applied on TLC plate.


Detection : Visible light

Scanning : Densitometer 440nm (Fig. 1)

S T

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Curcuma longa

FTIR SPECTRUMFTIR in KBr dispersion

CURCUMIN STANDARD

CURCUMIN SAMPLE

w

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Curcuma longa

HPLC CHROMATOGRAMCURCUMIN STANDARD

CHROMATOGRAM 3D VIEW

PDA SPECTRUM

** Peak Report ** CURCUM09.K01 98/10/10 12:06:30

PKNO ChNO TIME AREA HEIGHT CONC NAME1 1 19.979 41606459 1062496 100.0000--------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 41606459 1062496 100.0000

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Curcuma longa

CURCUMIN SAMPLE

CHROMATOGRAM 3D VIEW

PDA SPECTRUM

** Peak Report ** CURCUM09.K02 98/10/10 12:37:50

PKNO ChNO TIME AREA HEIGHT CONC NAME1 1 15.491 126503 4512 0.32052 1 19.870 28499122 743419 72.2109 Curcumin3 1 22.336 7865853 187222 19.9305 Demethoxy curcumin4 1 25.066 2975013 64981 7.5381 Bis-demethoxy curcumin

TOTAL 39466490 1000134 100.0000

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Curcuma longa

Geographical Distribution

1. Pharmacognosy of Indigenous Drugs (Eds. Raghunathan and Mitra R), Part-1, 1982, 1, 376-392Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi.

Traditional Uses

1. Shastry, V.D, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Motilal Banarasidas , p.69.

2. Sharma P.V. Dravyagunavignan, Part II, Chowkamba Publications, 1993, p. 162.

3. Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier’s, ‘Indian Medicinal Plants, a Compendium of 500 species’, (Warrier.P.K. Nambiar VPK, Ramankutty Eds.), Part II, 1994, p. 259, by Orient Longman Publications,Hyderbad.

4. Nadakarni, Indian Materia Medica, 1993, Vol. I, p. 414.

5. Sharma P.V. Dhanvantari nighantu, Chowkamba Publications, 1982, p. 25

Anatomy of part used

1. Pharmacognosy of Indigenous Drugs (Eds. Raghunathan and Mitra R), Part-1, 1982, 1, 376-392Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi.

2. Kolammal M, “Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs”, Pharmacognosy Unit, Ayurveda College,Trivandrum, 1979, 1(10); 70-71.

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Pharmacology and Clinical Studies

1. Srimal, R.C, et al, “Pharmacology of diferuloyl methane (Curcumin), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, J. Pharm. Pharmac., 1973, 25; 447-452.

2. Srivastava R, et al, “Modification of certain inflammation induced biochemical changes byCurcumin” Ind. J. Med. Res., 1985 Feb, 81; 215-223

3. Chandra D, et al, “Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activity of Volatile Oil of Curcumalonga (Haldi)”, Ind. J. Med. Res., 1972, 60, 138-142.

4. Kuttan R, et al, “Turmeric and curcumin as Topical Agents in Cancer Therapy”, Tumori (Italy)1987, 73; 29-31

5. Shankar B.T.N, et al, “Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Fractions on the Growth of SomeIntestinal and Pathologic Bacteria invitro”, J. Experimental. Biol, 1979, 17, 1363-1366

6. Todd S, et al, “Natural Antioxidative Components isolated from Rhizome of Curcuma longaL.”, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1985, 33(4); 1725-1728

7. Shalini V.K, et al, “Lipid peroxide induced DNA damage, production of turmeric (Curcumalonga)”, Mol. Cell. Biochem, 1987, 77(1); 3-10

8. Rajakumar D.V., “Biochemical and pharmacological studies on the anti-oxidant properties ofDehydrozingerone and its analogs”, Ph.D. Thesis, 1994, Mangalore University, KasturbaMedical College, India.

Toxicity and Adverse Reactions

1. Srimal, R.C, et al, “Pharmacology of diferuloyl methane (Curcumin), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, J. Pharm. Pharmac., 1973, 25; 447-452.

Phytochemistry

1. “Quantitative Estimation of Curcuminoids” Curcuminoids- Antioxidant Phytonutrients, p.66-71

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Cur Cum A