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Cummins Chapters and AssessmentEDRL 485Authors:Brandi PinedaCassandra SilvaCalise CardinSection 2: Chapter 2 SummaryConceptualizing Language Use & Second Language LearningContextual SupportCognitive Demand & Content in ContextLanguage as Context & Language as ContentSummarized byBrandi Pineda1. BICS and CALP can be seen in terms of context and cognitive demand in various combinations.

2. Both comprehension of the text and production of an essay depend heavily on knowledge of language itself.

3. Teaching and learning activities which are well supported by contextual cues are more comprehensible.

Conceptualizing Language Use and Second Language Learning

Contextual Support

Teaching and learning activities can be seen as a meaning, sharing, and making process.For contextual support to be effective, it has to be conceived from the point of view of the learner.5 aspects:Learners' background knowledge about the learning tasksa learner's initial understanding of a learning situation and learning task depend on what prior knowledge he/she already knows.Use of drama, visual/audio material and realialearners understanding of new information and skills can be enhanced by means of graphic and audio materials of various kinds.Use of language in the classroommoments of teacher-pupil interaction provide the opportunity for negotiated language use adjusted to the needs of the learner.Learning styles and personal referenceslearners have different views and references influenced by previous learning experiences, personality traits, and capacity to deal with learning tasks.Classroom environment and school culturea learner's perception of how others in school regard them is an important factor in determining the level of participation in learning and achievement.

Cognitive Demand & Content in Context

Cognitive demand is realized through learning tasksCognitive demand has to be seen in terms of curriculum contentCognitive demand of any learning task is seen through the content knowledge and skills to be learned

Providing contextual support for second language learners in the classroom means a highly language conscious approach to the learning environment and the content to be learned.

LANGUAGE AS CONTEXT & LANGUAGE AS CONTENT

Section 2Chapter 3 SummaryCurriculum Related Assessment QuestionsCRAS Pros &Cons Current Formative Assessment Dangers

Summarized by Calise CardinUsing Curriculum Related Assessment Sheets in the ClassroomQuestions a teacher should ask before using this method ofAssessment:1. Analyze the task by looking at the linguistic and cognitive demands.2. Look at the linguistic demands in relation to linguistic ability of the child. 3. Can the task be more context embedded by making it more culturally relevant?4. How else can the task be more context embedded if this is necessary?5. Is the child grouped with supportive monolingual role models?

(Cummins, pg. 41)

CRA Sheets Pros & ConsPros Cons

WhatStandardized testing doesWhat CRA Sheets Do:Provide fair assessment of what bilingual learners can do. (Cummins pg. 48)Give the teacher knowledge of students current abilitiesCan be used as a guide for what strategies to implement and used to help guide instruction.Provide accurate results that can be used in formal and informal assessments.

The danger of such standardized tests is that it may be assumed from their results that bilingual learners are cognitively inferior to their monolingual peers. This in turn may mean that negative assumptions are made about the intellectual ability of bilingual learners so that they are given work that is less cognitively demanding.( Cine and Frederickson,pg.48)

Differentiating the Secondary CurriculumSection 2: Chapter 4

Summarized byCassandra SilvaDIFFERENTIATIONThe process where curriculum aims, teaching & assessment methods, resources & tasks are planned by teachers to take account of individual student need.There are 3 different dimensions of differentiation:The particular learning styles & needs of individual pupil need.The requirements of the learning taskThe context of the situation where the learning will take place.Differentiation could be seen as teachers using information about pupils needs & knowledge about task demands and contexts to plan an appropriate curriculum.

2 Main Ways of Differentiating InstructionBy TaskRequires the teacher to develop activities which help students achieve the lesson objective. We as teacher should set different tasks within a common area of study.By OutcomeInvolves setting a common task for the class.Students learning will be varied according to their individual capacity and interests.

Principles of Good Practice for Bilingual ChildrenWorking in Partnership: standard practice to support students learning English as a 2nd language w/in a mainstream classroom.The role of talk in the classroom: an essential part of learning for bilingual students is working in groups. Talking with others is the key to language acquisition. Use of mother tongue in the classroom: bilingual students must be encouraged to use their first language in the classroom because it confirms meaning and the conceptualization of complex issues will be improved. Active & collaborative learning in small groups: students that work together get to share skills and ideas. Working together develops a supportive classroom atmosphere where students learn to give and receive help from each other independently of the teacher.14

The cummins model

Cummins has devised a model where the different tasks we expect our students to engage are categorized.These tasks range in difficulty along one continuum from cognitively straightforward to cognitively challenging; and along the other continuum from context-embedded to context-reduced. A context-embedded task is one in which the student has access to visual and oral cues; for example looking at illustrations of what is being talked about or ask questions to confirm understanding. A context-reduced task is listening to a lecture or reading dense text, where there are no other sources of help than the language itself. A D quadrant task, which is both cognitively demanding and context- reduced, is usually the most difficult for students, mostly for non-native speakers in their first years of learning English. However, it is essential that ESL students develop the ability to accomplish such tasks, since academic success is impossible without it. (Shoebottom)

Cummins Model Cont.

Challenges of Bilingualism for Teachers:Raising teacher expectationsRaising educational achievementAccessing bilingual students to National CurriculumEarly identification of bilingual students who may have learning problems.Cummins Framework address all these issuesCummins research also explains that many bilingual students need 5-7 years experience of classroom learning in order to obtain the kind of language proficiency to achieve good grades within demands of our exams system.

The author of our book provided two examples of how a successful extension into the secondary curriculum has been achieved. Used Romeo & Juliet and Adaption examples.16ResourcesShoebottom , Paul . "Second language acquisition - essential information." A Guide to Learning English. Frankfurt International School, n.d. Web. 5 Feb 2012.. Cline, Tony, and Nora Frederickson. Curriculum Related Assessment, Cummins and Bilingual Children. Multilingual Matters, 1996. Print.

ASSESSMENT IN PRACTICEScience: Rock LessonUsing the Aims Web to assess students vocabulary knowledge of a topic covered in class

Background Information: Students have just finished a unit on rocks.

Assessment Format: Using the AMIS Web format, an reading and vocabulary assessment is formed. Using the book The Magic School Bus : Rock Collection, pieces of this story are used to form (see next slide for assessment)

What this tool will show: It will allow the teacher to see if all students are familiar with and able to use the key vocabulary that was learned in this unit of study.

Most Amis Web Assessments are given one minute to finish. This assessment is untimed because we want to see what words students know instead of their fluency.

Using AMIS Web as a Summative Assessment Most of the solid part of the earth is made up of great masses of 15 rock. The small rocks that we collect are just pieces that broke off from 29 huge masses. There are three types of rocks. The first type is sedimentary. 42 This rock is made up of sediments, looks like pieces of sand glued 55 together. A second type of rock is metamorphic rock. This rock is 67made by heat and pressure . A third type of rock is igneous. 79This rock is made by heat, it is also known as a volcanic rock. 93All rocks are composed of minerals. Minerals are made up of 104elements.

Rocks