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CULINARY CURINGUnder the US FDA model Food Code
Dr. Brian A. Nummer, PhD.
March 2015 Las Vegas
http://food‐safety.guru
© Nummer 2015
“CULINARY” curing
Refrigerator bacon Sausage (fresh)
Terrines Galantines (colors the forcemeat stuffing)
Pâtés (develops pink duck pate, used for their antioxidant properties in pates as well)
Confit (meats in fat with e.g. spices, curing salt, wine or cognac)
Meat bloom Fish bloom (Tuna)
Cured smoke cooked salmon (fish)
“Culinary” curing is my definition of any meat (seafood) process that includes curing salts (nitrite) for the sole purpose of achieving a culinary goal and NOT a food safety goal
© Nummer 2015
NITRITE IN MEATS Hydrogen ions and reductants for chemical reactions
Meat pigments (red color)
Salt effect
Protein alterations / texture
Antioxidant effect (limits lipolysis)
Flavor precursors (enhances “cooked” meat flavors) ham flavor, umami flavor,
© Nummer 2015
NITR TE SAFETY?>85 percent ADI (Ave. Daily Intake) nitrite comes from nitrate in green, leafy vegetables or root vegetables, such as lettuce, spinach and carrots, and some drinking water.
ADI is 0.7 mg / kg body weight / day (160lb person = 50 mg)
ADI recommendation for cured meats 3.6 – 4.2 mg/ p / day (< 5% total expected)
Nitrite is a prescription medicine for cardiovascular health
AI
© Nummer 2015
SODIUM NITRITE
LD50 = 33‐250 mg / kg
standard adult at 150 lbs (68 kg)
33 mg x 68 = 2.2 g = LD50(2.2 – 170 g)
Person must consume 2.2 g nitrite in one sitting to get to
LD50
Cure mix is 6.25 g nitrite / 100 g salt
Must consume ~ 33 g / cure salt to get 2.2 g nitrite
Cured meat portion ave. 226 g
33 g salt in 226 g portion is 14.6% salt
Human salt preference is 1‐2%. Above 3% is salty. Above 5‐8%
is inedible.
© Nummer 2015
CULINARY CURE STANDARDGuidance for culinary usage of cure mix No. 1 in meat or poultry
Cure Mix No. 1. 6.25% nitrite in 93.75% NaClfor 100 lbs meat or poultry
Immersion (+12 gal water) Comminuted Dry Rub Bacon Immersion
(+12 gal water) Bacon Dry Rub1USDA Nitrite ppm critical limit-1 ≤ 200 ≤ 156 ≤ 625 ≤ 120 ≤ 2002Suggested Culinary Cure Standard ≤ 75 ≤ 75 ≤ 75 ≤ 75 ≤ 7575 ppm nitrite in cure mix no. 1. PinkSalt – usage level
~ 2 oz (56 g) all methods1The nitrite critical limit comes from USDA 9 CFR 424. The cure No.1. mix in ounces by weight is only valid for cure mixes of 6.25% nitrite and 93.75% salt. 2The target level is a suggested Cure Mix No. 1 usage based on the fact that culinary curing requirements are less rigorous than curing for preservation. Should an operator need to use more curing salt, then a variance would be required.
suggested
© Nummer 2015
RESIDUAL NITRITE
NO2‐ + H+ → HNO2
2HNO2 → N2O3 + H2ON2O3 → NO2 + NO
156 ppm in
~ 50ppm residualAnti‐clostridial
Meat color reactant
Ascorbic acid →→NO2 (‐) to NO
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURESSOP 2. Safe purchase and storage
SOP 3. Safe use with trainingSOP 4. Nitrite residual annual verification (optional)
List of all recipes that have nitrite in them
SOP 1 ≤ nitrite 75 ppm (56 g Cure 1 in/on 100 lbs meat with up to 12 gallons water)
© Nummer 2015
VEGSTABLE™ 504
Celery salt and sea salt (natural source of nitrate
converted to nitrite)Has use instructions – no discernable flavors until at
upper limits except salt
© Nummer 2015
SAFETY BEST PRACTICES “Culinary” curing is NOT considered a barrier for the purposes of vacuum packaging food safety (e.g. “culinary” cured VP meats safe at ≤ 41°F for 7 days not 30 with an ROP HACCP plan).
Clean and sanitize processing area thoroughly
Segregate seafood/fish processing area from other foods (always a good practice)
Maintain a grinding log for sausage (track source of meat in recipe)
Process meats, poultry and seafood quickly – less than 1 hr removed from refrigeration is ideal
Vegetable sources of nitrite and nitrate should not exceed USDA guidelines even though the source is “natural”.
© Nummer 2015
QUALITY BEST PRACTICES Keep target food thin to permit cure penetration
Filet fish removing skin that limits cure penetration if needed
Add ascorbic acid first, then reapply cure if cure color disappears (sign that nitrite is exhausted and safe to add 25‐75 ppm more)
Add sugar, salt, and spices freely as needed. There are no safety concerns.
Smoke flavors may also be added freely direct or in brines
Keep meat near frozen to grind better
Develop and test all recipes before placing into commerce