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Technology overview

Hating,vntiation andair conditioningSaving energy without compromising comort

enter

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2Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

Prfac

Reducing energy use makes perect business sense; it saves

money, enhances corporate reputation and helps everyone

in the fght against climate change.

The Carbon Trust provides simple, eective advice to help

businesses take action to reduce carbon emissions, and the

simplest way to do this is to use energy more efciently.

This overview o heating, ventilation and air conditioning

introduces the main energy saving opportunities

or businesses and demonstrates how simple actionssave energy, cut costs and increase proft margins.

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So i heating, ventilation and air conditioning can all be

separate systems, why consider them all together?

The answer lies in the interaction o these services

with each other and with the building. By considering

HVAC systems as individual elements rather than as

an interacting system, it would be easy to overlook a

major area o energy wastage that one component

might impact on another. For example, it would be

wasteul to increase heating inside a building whilst

the cooling system is ghting to reduce temperatures.

It is thereore useul to look at how each element o an

HVAC system complements the other and ne tune

each part to save energy and money.

Introduction

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems control the temperature, humidity and quality oair in buildings to a set o chosen conditions. To achieve this, the systems need to transer heat and moisture

into and out o the air as well as control the level o air pollutants either by directly removing them or by

diluting them to acceptable levels.

Heating systems increase the temperature in a space

to compensate or heat losses between the space and

outside. Ventilation systems supply air to the space

and extract polluted air rom it. Cooling is needed to

bring the temperature down in spaces where heat

gains have arisen rom people, equipment or the sun

and are causing discomort.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems vary

widely in terms o size and the unctions they

perorm. Some systems are large and central to the

building services these were probably designed

when the building was originally commissioned and

use ventilation to deliver heating and cooling. Other

systems may provide heating through boilers andradiators, with some limited ventilation to provide

resh air or cooling to certain parts o the building

such as meeting rooms. In some cases, individual

comort cooling units have been added to a building

to overcome a specic overheating problem that had

not been thought o at the time o the original design.

Did you know?

Th tr ditio o a air coditioig

systm is o which has th ability to cotroltmpratr, hmidity ad air qality withi

prcis limits, yt th trm is o t applid to

systms which simply cool th spac. Ths

cool air systms ar mor corrctly rrrd

to as comort coolig.

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Hardwar opportitis I you are considering

upgrading or reurbishing your HVAC systems,

there are some good opportunities or energy

saving. Pag 15 shows how new ecient equipment

can oten pay back its costs very quickly.

Making savings

Rdc th d The design and specication

o buildings and HVAC systems have a big impact

on energy use and hence, energy spend. Sometimes

nature provides the best solution to HVAC needs

see pag 7 to nd out more

Popl isss The way occupants use a building

and its HVAC systems plays a big role in how a

building perorms. Seepag 9 or tips on how sta

can learn to control their environment eciently

udrstadig ad sig cotrols Most

HVAC systems are tted with controls. Learning

how to set and regulate these can provide

substantial savings and enhance comort

conditions or building occupants. See pag 11

or more inormation

Maitaiig xistig systms Regular

maintenance is vital or maximising energy savings and

avoiding costly breakdowns as explained on pag 13

enrgy consumption

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning can account or the majority o money spent by an organisationon energy. Making even small adjustments to systems can signifcantly improve the working environment

and at the same time, save money.

How much energy do HVACsystems use?

There are ve important actors that determine the

energy use o an HVAC system:

The design, layout and operation o the building this aects how the external environment impacts

on internal temperatures and humidity

The required indoor temperature and air quality

more extreme temperatures, greater precision and

more rened air quality consume more energy

The heat generated internally by lighting, equipment

and people all o these have an impact on how

warm your building is

The design and eciency o the HVAC plant

provides heat, cooling and moisture control exactly

where it is needed in the building

The operating times o the HVAC equipment

and ability o the controls these limit operation

to exactly when it is needed.

Cooling and ventilation

Hot water

Other

Refrigeration

and catering

Lighting

Heating

Total carbon emissions rom energy use in public

and commercial buildings 2002

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Controls are used to make components work

together eciently. They turn equipment on or o

and adjust chillers and boilers, air and water fow

rates, temperatures and pressures. A controller

incorporating one or more temperature sensors 9

inside the workspace sends a signal to the heating

or cooling coils to activate

I there is a demand or heating or cooling then the

controls may also send a signal to the chiller and boilerto operate as required. There are oten other control

panels on the chiller or boiler too, allowing users to

have greater control.

HVAC systm typs

There are many dierent approaches to using HVAC

systems and buildings will typically use combinations

and variations o a ew standard approaches. HVAC

systems are generally described according to how they

use air, water or both to distribute heating and cooling

energy to the space.

To nd out more about dierent types o system and

their savings opportunities, ask your site engineer,

maintenance technician or call the Carbon Trust. There

should also be a building log book providing details

about the HVAC system. This can be supplied by the

buildings acilities manager.

Tchnoogy ovrviw

Identiy your HVAC system

HVAC systm compots

HVAC systems vary widely in terms o the individual

components that make them up and how they are set

up within a building. Most systems contain some

common basic components:

Boilers 1 produce hot water (or sometimes steam) to

distribute to the working space. This is done either byheating coils 2 which heat air as part o the ventilation

system, or through hot water pipes to radiators 3

Cooling equipment 4 chills water or pumping to

cooling coils 5 . Treated air is then blown over the

chilled water coils into the space to be cooled 6

through the ventilation system. As part o the

rerigeration cycle in the chiller, heat must also be

rejected rom the system via a cooling tower or

condenser 7

Pumps are used throughout the system to circulate

the chilled and hot water to the required areas

throughout the building

Stale air is extracted, usually using a an, via separate

ducts and expelled outside 8

Extract vent

Inlet vent

Sensor

HVACcontroller

Incomingair (fan)

Fresh air in

Hot water

Stale air out

Air extract

(fan)

Panel

HVAC control panel9

Boiler1

Chiller4

Heatingcoils

2

Working area

6

Exhaust air

8

Heat expelled

7

Radiator3

Coolingcoils

5

The more you understand your

system, the better prepared you

will be to make savings

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Low-cost masrs or immdiat savigs

Understand how your HVAC system works; how to

control it to provide the conditions actually needed

Find out about the building log book which should

explain the services in simple terms

Ask the landlord or managing agent where the

controls are and how to use them

Learn how to set thermostats

I any controls are labelled do not touch, explore why

there may be a valid reason but it may just be or the

convenience o the maintenance person

Control HVAC systems so that they only operate as

and when necessary

Learn about optimum start and optimum o which

can adjust the start and nish times or dierent

weather conditions.

What coditios shold b maitaid?

Start by determining what temperature and air quality

standards the HVAC system should provide.

HVAC or processes

For processes and stored materials, it is important to

concentrate on what is really required:

Does the process or material deteriorate outside a

particular temperature range?

Is it moisture or air quality condition that makes the

dierence or is it a combination o these actors?

For instance, it may be that deterioration o a stored

product is caused by mould growth or corrosion whichis actually caused by excess moisture on its surace.

This requires control o the product temperature and o

moisture in the air so that condensation does not orm.

HVAC or sta comort

When providing comort or building occupants,

it is important to understand how comort is achieved

and the many ways that people perceive it. The

combination o air temperature, surrounding surace

temperatures, humidity, clothing, body at, nervesensitivity and metabolic rate is dierent or every

person so comort is dicult to achieve with one

xed set o conditions. Rather than set the conditions

at specic levels, it is more benecial to set bands

which allow greater fexibility.

Identiy your business needs

Why do air coditios d to b cotrolld?

Temperature, humidity and air quality are controlled or a

number o reasons:

To provide comort or building occupants

To enable a process to be undertaken

To avoid deterioration o stored products and materials.

Each o these conditions may vary greatly and fuctuate

at dierent rates. It is thereore important to always

identiy core business requirements in order to make

any improvements to an HVAC system.

Most businesses will have a variety o reasons or

controlling their air conditions and these should be

prioritised. For instance, in a rerigerated cold store,

it is probably more important to preserve the ood

than to maintain the comort o workers. This is not

to say that workers should be ignored they should

be provided with suitable clothing to keep them

comortable while working.

Did you know?

Heatingcostscanincreaseby30%ormore

i th boilr is poorly opratd or maitaid

Heatingtypicallyaccountsforabouthalfofthe

rgy sd i ocs

Heatingcostsrisebyabout8%foreach1C

o ovrhatig.

I sta members occasionally worklate and alter controls, dont orget

to reset them or install a timer to

automatically restore normal settings

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When cooling is required inside a building, and i it is

cooler outside than in, simply open doors, vents and

windows. This will increase airfow, reduce heat andperhaps provide all the ventilation that is needed.

Some businesses use what is known as a mixed mode

system, which uses a combination o both natural and

mechanical systems. The building uses natural

ventilation, heating and cooling where possible, with

mechanical systems being used only when needed.

There are various advantages to such a system:

The building becomes more adaptable to a wide

range o requirements

The occupants have more control over

their environment

Businesses can cut down on energy spend

and carbon emissions.

Rduc th nd

The type o HVAC systems and how they are used have a big impact on the amount o energyconsumed and the levels o comort provided or sta and /or customers. Even in a building that

has ull air conditioning and cooling, it may not be necessary or them to be switched on all o the

time. Using natural ree energy to heat, cool and ventilate a building can help save substantial

sums o money and give building occupants greater control over their environment.

Opportunities or energy saving

Passiv hatig, vtilatio ad coolig

This is the control o heat rom the sun along with

ventilation in order to benet a building and avoid

discomort. To maximise energy savings, it pays to

organise a system so that nature provides the majority

o resh air and temperature requirements. Expensive

articial and mechanical systems can then operate

to ne tune the desired temperature and

environmental conditions.

As simple as it sounds, natural ventilation relies on air

fow through openings o a room or building, preerably

rom opposite sides. It also applies to rising hot air being

replaced with cooler air sucked in through windows or

vents rom a lower level.

Making the most o natural ventilation is a simple and

cost-eective way o achieving big savings.

MythTurning air conditioning thermostats

down as low as they can go cools

the building more quickly.

Reality

The temperature drops at the same rate but then

overshoots, making it uncomortable or the sta

and using more energy than necessary. I controls

are not coordinated, the temperature could even go

low enough or the heating system to be switched

on. Both systems then operate at the same time.

Remedy

Set thermostats correctly and educate sta to dispel

this myth. As a last resort, protect thermostats

to prevent tampering, where possible.

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Reduces brightnessat the window

Ensures light distributiondeep into the interior

Protects fromheat and glare

Provides a view

outside for staff

Maintains the natural

daylight spectrumDirect sunlight

Diffuse overhead light

The benefts o daylight blinds

Daylight blids

Daylight blinds enable the natural light to enter the

space by re-directing the light onto the ceiling, thereby

allowing the ree daylight to enter the space and

alleviate any discomort elt by the occupants rom

direct daylight. Many daylight blinds also have

perorated blades to enable a view outside, which

is oten appreciated by sta.

night coolig

Night cooling is an established technique where cool

night air is passed through the building to remove heat

that has accumulated during the day. When the

building abric is cooled, it will absorb more heat the

ollowing day, meaning lower internal temperatures.

The movement o cool night air may be natural or

an-assisted. This ree cooling o the building reduces

energy consumption otherwise used by mechanical

cooling and ventilation, leading to cost savings.

Rdc ovrhatig

Beore installing cooling equipment, always identiy

where the excess heat is coming rom sunlight,

equipment, lighting and rerigeration are o ten

main causes.

Consider shading windows on the outside or replacing

window panes with special heat refective glass to

prevent heat build-up. Alternatively, internal blinds can

be angled to redirect useul light onto the ceiling whilst

cutting out much o the suns heat.

Energy using equipment, lighting and rerigeration are

also major heat emitters in a building. As a general rule

o thumb, the more energy ecient equipment is, the

less heat it produces. So installing low-energy lighting

and keeping equipment operating at peak eciency

reduces cooling costs.

Cosidr zoig to match bildig

occpacy ad rdc costs

Many buildings have areas with dierent time and

temperature requirements which can be problematic

where only one overall heating or cooling control

system exists. A solution is to zone the building

where separate time and temperature controls are

installed or individual areas. Zoned areas can provide

better conditions as occupants in each area will have

greater control over their immediate environment.

It will also be more ecient, as HVAC can be turned

down or o in unused zones, thereby saving money.

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Tr o ad powr dow

Try limiting the time that equipment is on and use

power-down acilities on copiers, axes, printers and

computers as these heat the workspace. Switch o

lighting i there is sucient daylight and use as little

as possible at night.

Trai sta o how to oprat air

coditioig its ad hatig cotrols

Sta should receive guidance on recommended

operating temperatures and how to set heating or

cooling units correctly. Louvres (movable slats to

guide the cool or heated air) are a eature on most air

conditioning units and sta should be able to operate

these to maintain a comortable temperature. Display

instructions on individual units and ensure that remote

controls have accessible and obvious storage spaces.

Good houskping and pop issus

Understanding the needs o building occupants and inorming them howto operate systems eectively can pay dividends.


A commo ss approach to comort

ad tmpratrs

Most people eel comortable in a temperature range o

between 1826C, provided the temperature is in linewith outdoor conditions. Encourage sta to dress or the

conditions or provide uniorms that are appropriate or

these temperatures. Ensure workspaces are shielded

rom draughts and direct sunlight. These are no-cost

solutions that save money and help maintain comort.

Kp widows ad doors closd

At times it makes sense to use the outside temperature

to adjust the conditions inside your building. However,when the heating, ventilation or air conditioning systems

are on, it is possible to save up to one third on heating or

cooling costs by reducing the amount o outside air that

enters a building. It is always better to adjust the system

rather than open a door or window and let heated or

cooled air out. For example, when the heating is on too

high, sta open windows to make the space more

comortable. Try adjusting the thermostats instead.

Did you know?

Comort coolig is vry xpsiv. I th uK,

thr ar likly to b oly a w days pr yar

wherethetemperatureisveryhigh(over28C).

usig comort coolig or jst this short tim

ca cost as mch as a whol yars hatig.

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esr cotrols ar i plac ad HVAC

systms oprat at tims ad lvls

to rfct dmad

HVAC loads will vary at dierent times and in dierent

parts o a building throughout the day. Well-set time

controls should ensure that systems only operate when

and where required, in order to match core business

hours. It is also worth regularly checking settings. Many

systems are on the wrong settings because someone

made a short-term adjustment and then orgot about it.

For more inormation, please see the Carbo Trst

TechnologyGuideonHeatingControl(CTG002) .

Ivolv sta r a awarss campaig

All sta members are crucial in eliminating energy

wastage. Motivate sta encourage them to review

their own working practices and suggest ways to make

their tasks more energy ecient. Beore sta can begin

to save energy, they must be made aware o areas o

potential waste in their own workplaces and the

important part they play in controlling the temperatures

they work in.

The Carbon Trust

has promotional

materials which help

encourage people to

be energy efcient

Further inormation

For rthr iormatio o raisig awarss

i yor bsiss s th Carbo Trsts pack,

CreatinganAwarenessCampaign(CTG001) .

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http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG002http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG002http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG001http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG001http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG002http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTG002

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Undrstanding and using contros

An efcient HVAC system provides just the right temperature and environmental conditionswhilst using the least amount o energy. Once the ideal comort conditions or a building

have been identifed, controls can help achieve this goal.


Thr ar two mai typs o cotrol:

Time controls ensure systems only operate when and

where the building is occupied

Temperature controls ensure systems provide the

correct required temperatures.

St tim cotrols to match occpacy

Check controls are appropriately set and displaying

the correct time and date. Adjust i necessary to

ensure heating and cooling only operate when and

where required.

Maitai appropriat local tmpratrsbasd o otsid coditios

I it is cold outside, building occupants will typically be

wearing warmer clothing, so ensure temperatures are

set accordingly. The reverse applies in summer i cooling

is in operation. People will dress or warmer weather so

do not reeze them with expensive overcooling.

Cooling is on when

temperature exceeds 24C

Heating and Cooling both off between 19C and 24C a dead band of 5 degrees

Heating is on until

temperature reaches 19C

35C 40C15C 20C0C 10C 25C5C 30C

Diagram o dead band control indicating recommended temperatures

Dot lt hatig ad coolig oprat

at th sam tim

The maximum temperature recommended or heating

is 19C. The temperature in an area can be comortably

above 19C but a system should not be providing heat

at this time. Similarly most air-conditioned areas need

not be cooler than 24C (unless they need to be or a

specic process). Set controls to give a wide gap

between the temperatures at which they cut in. Set a

gap between 1924C to create a comortable dead

band where no heating or cooling is operating. This will

help to keep occupants happy and increase cost

savings. Unless this is implemented, both systems may

operate simultaneously and waste energy and money.

Do not rely on your maintenance technician: ne tune

your controls to suit your business.

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The Carbon Trusts Technology Guide on heating

controls details urther solutions or HVAC systems.

These include:

Set tmpratr cotrols to the correct temperature

and then leave alone

Fit thrmostats in the right place (away rom

draughts and heat sources) and set correctly

Consider tting ThermostaticRadiatorValves(TRV)

to radiators to provide more localised control

Consider upgrading or rrbishig cotrols i current

controls are not providing comortable conditions

Consider installing modr sv day tim

switchs which can be programmed or dierent

daily schedules

Consider itrlockd cotrol o the HVAC system

to prevent ans, heating and cooling operating when

not required

Match vtilatio fow rats to demand and control

operating times using temperature, humidity and

CO2

sensors

Considerwathr compsatio ad optimm

start cotrols to adjust heating and cooling in line

with the changeable UK climate

Consult a qualied heating technician to discuss

options available.

Further inormation

Ivstig i hatig cotrol ca sav

thosads o pods ad may will pay back

thir ivstmt i jst a copl o yars.

Itrst-r loas ar also availabl rom th

Carbo Trst to covr th costs o prchasig

andinstallingthemcall08000852005

or visit www.carbotrst.co.k/loas

or mor iormatio.

Did you know?

Th crrt Bildig Rglatios call or

optimm start cotrols to b ttd to all boilr

plantratedatover50kW.Yourboilerratingis

sally displayd o th rot o th boilr or

isid th rot covr.

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Rglar maitac or

optimm prormac

HVAC components must be kept ree o dirt and other

obstructions in order or them to operate eciently.The overall system should be serviced annually either

by a maintenance technician or a proessional contractor.

Routine maintenance should be regularly undertaken

to identiy potential problems at an early stage.

Maitai boilrs

Have boilers serviced regularly by a reputable rm.

Gas-red boilers should be serviced once a year; oil

boilers twice a year. A regularly serviced boiler can

save as much as 10% on annual heating costs.

Maintaining xisting systms

Maintenance matters. The right approach, implemented properly, will keep your HVAC systemsrunning efciently, minimise the risk o breakdown and make the most o your energy savings.

Maintenance and energy management go hand in hand

both have the common objectives o:

Ensuring a building and its services continue to

unction reliably, eciently and eectively

Ensuring the health, saety and comort o occupants

Protecting and enhancing the value o investment

in a building and its equipment.

Checking that HVAC systems are working as intended

will help to prevent them rom using energy ineectively

and also lower the risk o breakdown and spiralling

costs. In this way, regular maintenance o equipment

and controls makes good business sense.

Did you know?

ergy cosmptio ca icras by p to

30%ifregularmaintenanceisnotundertaken.

Dot b araid to ask i yo thik yor systmist opratig corrctly, or i sta complai

abot problm aras i yor bildig, act o it

immdiatly. Always cotact yor maitac

tchicia with ay cocrs.

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Stay sa

Heat exchangers and cooling tower water treatment

processes should be spotless. This saves energy and

prevents health problems such as Legionella.

Cla as, ltrs ad air dcts to improv

efciencybyupto60%

There is no point in having an eciently running system

i the conditioned air gets stopped by a solid wall beore

reaching the work space. Blockages in HVAC systems

are common and increase running costs so make sure

that the lters are regularly checked. Consider tting

pressure gauges to indicate when replacement o lters

is required.

Islat to accmlat

Boilers, hot water tanks, pipes and valves should be

insulated to prevent heat escaping. Payback can usually

be expected within a ew months o installation with

continued savings in subsequent years.

Chck codsrs

Condensers are usually located on the outside o

buildings and reject heat that has been removed rom

inside the building. Ensure condensing and evaporating

devices are clean and well maintained. Check

condensers are not obstructed.

Chck air coditioig ad comort

coolig plat

Ensure cooling plant is regularly maintained to avoid

operating at reduced levels o eciency. Check or

rerigerant charge and leakage. Replace insulation on

rerigerant pipework as poor condition will aect the

temperature o the rerigerant fowing through the

system and thus consume more energy in maintaining

the required temperature. Pay specic attention to

pipework located outside a building.

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looking at hardwar opportunitisWhen reurbishing or putting in a new HVAC system, it pays to speciy the most efcient system possible.

Remember that day-to-day running costs may soon outweigh the capital costs o installation and so the

more efcient the system, the less expensive it will be to run.

Always:

Select the most appropriate HVAC system or

your requirements

Prioritise energy eciency in the design and

installation stages

Implement and maintain good system controls

Set up and maintain the HVAC system eectively

(this may be through a maintenance contractor).

Rmmbr:

The solutions outlined here dont just apply to

reurbishment and new build they should be discussed

when renting a building or moving premises. Some

managers insist on a rent review to discuss these issues

with the landlord. Ater all, you bear the costs o your

landlords inecient equipment so its up to you to

choose careully. Always seek expert guidance beore

investing in a new or upgraded system. Cost, complexity and maintenance all increase when mechanical cooling is installed

Energy efficient mechanical optionsOptions

Investigate

whether full air

conditioning

(comfort cooling

plus

humidification)

is needed

Investigate

whether

comfort cooling

is needed

(without

humidification)

Try

passive cooling

Chilled ceilings or beams

Displacement ventilation

Fan-coil units

Mixed mode

(any combination of the above

and natural ventilation)

Natural ventilation

Mechanical ventilation

Mixed mode

(a combination of the above)

Night cooling

Yes

Does the building have

to be sealed against

noise or pollution?

No

Are there high

internal heat gains?Yes

No

Will it be acceptable for

the occupied space to

exceed 28C for a few hours

on a few days each year? No

Yes

Is close control of

humidity needed?Yes

No

Energy-Efciency Loans

Smallormedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)

i eglad or Scotlad ad all bsisss

i Wals that hav b tradig or at last

12monthscouldborrow*from3,000to

100,000.Loansareunsecured,interest-free

ad rpayabl ovr a priod o p to or

yars. Thr ar o arragmt s ad

applyig is straightorward.

All bsisss i northr Irlad* that hav

b tradig or at last 12 moths may b

ligibl or a scrd itrst-r loa.

Visit www.carbotrst.co.k/loas.

*Subject to eligibilit y. Regional variations apply.

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Upgrading or installing componentparts o an HVAC system

Once inecient components have been identied and

need to be replaced, avoid simply exchanging like with

like. Ensure that the replacement is o the highest

possible eciency by speciying this upront.

Replace conventional boilers with codsig

boilrs where possible

Motors are used extensively throughout many HVAC

systems so it pays to replace standard motors with

new high cicy ones. It may also be worth

investing in Variabl Spd Drivs or motors to

reduce speeds and save energy

Many HVAC systems also have a variety o pumps and

ans consider dirct driv pmps ad as which

are more ecient than those that are belt driven

Consider the opportunity or hat rcovry ad

rcirclatio to recover a portion o the heat

generated in your building or process and re-use

it to warm resh air as it enters the building

Consider a Bildig ergy Maagmt Systm

(BMS or BEMS). A BEMS based on a network o

controllers oers closer control and monitoring o

building services perormance, including heating

ventilation and air conditioning. This is shown on a

computer screen in real time and allows the

perormance o plant to be monitored and settings

to be changed quickly and easily. BEMS can reduce

total energy costs by 10% or more so they are well

worth considering.

As part o the Carbon Trust Enhanced Capital

Allowances (ECA) scheme, an Energy Technology List

has been produced. The list details all energy-saving

technologies and products that qualiy or the ECA

scheme and should be used as a guide whenpurchasing new HVAC system components. See the

box on the right or more inormation.

upgradig or istallig a tir systm

The choice o a passive or a mechanical cooling

approach can be determined by a series o relatively

straightorward questions about a building and its

internal environment. The fow chart on the previous

page presents a summary o these questions andindicates whether comort cooling or ull air

conditioning is required.

When replacing HVAC systems,

some managers choose like-or-like

equipment, believing this will minimise

disruption to the business. Planning

upgrades careully and keeping thesystem maintained at its peak will

mean that emergency decisions and

inefcient purchases can be avoided

Cas studyWhat other organisations are doing?

A spctacl ls coatig bsiss discovrdthat th room whr th lss wr coatd had

a mch highr rgy sag compard with th

rst o th sit. With th hlp o a Carbo Trst

loa thy istalld a gas watr hatig systm,

w air coditioig ad islatio ad ar st

to sav 4,925 a yar as a rslt.

Tax incentives

EnhancedCapitalAllowances(ECAs)enable

bsisss to by rgy cit qipmt

usinga100%rateoftaxallowanceintheyear

o prchas. Bsisss ca claim this allowac

o th ivstmt val o rgy cit

qipmt, i it is o th ergy Tchology List.

Th procdr or claimig a eCA is th sam

as or ay capital allowac. For rthr

iormatio plas visit www.ca.gov.k or call

theCarbonTruston08000852005.

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Nxt stpsThere are many easy low and no-cost options to help save money

and improve the operation o your HVAC systems and your building.

Stp 1. udrstad yor rgy s

Look at your HVAC system components and check the

condition and operation o all pieces o equipment.

Monitor the consumption o the building over, say, one

week to obtain a base gure against which energy

eciency improvements can be measured.

Stp 2. Idtiy yor opportitis

Compile an energy checklist. Walk round your building

and complete the checklist at dierent times o day

(including ater hours) to identiy where energy savings

can be made. An example checklist is on pag 18.

Stp 3. Prioritis yor actios

Draw up an action plan detailing a schedule o

improvements that need to be made and when,

along with who will be responsible or them.

Stp 4. Sk spcialist hlp

It may be possible to implement some energy saving

measures in-house but others may require specialist

assistance. Discuss the more complex or expensive

options with a qualied technician.

Stp 5. Mak th chags ad masr

th savigs

Implement your energy saving actions and measure

against original consumption gures. This will assist

uture management decisions regarding your

energy priorities.

Stp 6. Coti to maag yor bsiss

or rgy cicy

Enorce policies, systems and procedures to ensure that

your business operates eciently and that savings are

maintained in the uture.

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Appndics

Dowload

Start saving energy today. The principles

o reducing energy costs are essentially

the same or all HVAC systems.

Action checklist

19HVAC

Action

Action checklist

Reducetheneed.Turnoff unnecessaryequipmentdur ing theday

andespeciallyoutof hours to reduceheatbuild-up inthespace.

Sethigher switch-ontemperatures for cooling andlower

temperatures for heat ing.Setagap or deadbandbetween

heating andair conditioning control temperatures of about

5C.This improves occupantscomfort, cuts operating costs

andreduces wear andtear onbothsystems.

TurnHVACsystems off outof hours,unless thebuilding is

night-cooling.Con sider installing automaticcontrols to

ensureequipment stays off.

Lookinto areas thatappear too hotor coldand consider

localisedthermostatic controls.

Lookout for draughts especiallyaround poorly-fitting

windows anddoors. Install draughtproofing to reduce

heatlosses andincrease staff comfort.

Checkinsulation levels andincrease wherever practical

to reducethe needfo r heating.

Walkaroundyour s iteatd ifferentt imes of thedayand

during differentseasons to seehow andwhen heaters

andcoolers areworking. Checktime andtemperature settings.

Takeadvantage of free-cooling.Where external temperatures

arecolder thanthe requiredinternal temperature,you can

vent ilatethebuild ing withfreshair.Nightcoolingis useful

for cooling thebuild ing efficientlyinsummer.

Start saving energy today. The principles of reducing energy

costs are essentially the same for all HVAC systems:

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Carbon ootprint calculator Our online calculator will help youcalculate your organisations carbon emissions.

www.carbotrst.co.k/carbocalclator

Interest ree loans Energy Eciency Loans rom the Carbon Trust are a costeective way to replace or upgrade your existing equipment with a more energyecient version. See i you qualiy.

www.carbotrst.co.k/loas

Carbon surveys We provide surveys to organisations with annual energy billso more than 50,000*. Our carbon experts will visit your premises to identiy energy

saving opportunities and oer practical advice on how to achieve them.

www.carbotrst.co.k/srvys

Action plans Create action plans to implement carbon and energysaving measures.

www.carbotrst.co.k/apt

Case studies Our case studies show that its oten easier and less expensivethan you might think to bring about real change.

www.carbotrst.co.k/casstdis

Events and workshops The Carbon Trust oers a variety o eventsand workshops ranging rom introductions to our services, to technical energyeciency training, most o which are ree.

www.carbotrst.co.k/vts

Publications We have a library o ree publications detailing energy savingtechniques or a range o sectors and technologies.

www.carbotrst.co.k/pblicatios

Nd furthr hp? Call our Customer Centre on 0800 085 2005

Our Customer Centre provides ree advice on what your organisation

can do to save energy and save money. Our team handles questions

ranging rom straightorward requests or inormation, to in-depth

technical queries about particular technologies.

Go onin to gt morThe Carbon Trust provides a range o tools, services and inormation to help you

implement energy and carbon saving measures, no matter what your level o experience.

* Subject to terms and conditions.

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help
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carboncalculatorhttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/loanshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/loanshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/surveyshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/surveyshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/apthttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/apthttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/casestudieshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/casestudieshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/eventshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/eventshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/publicationshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/publicationshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/publicationshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/eventshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/casestudieshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/apthttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/surveyshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/loanshttp://www.carbontrust.co.uk/carboncalculator

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The Carbon Trust is a not-or-prot company with the mission to accelerate the move to a low

carbon economy. We provide specialist suppor t to business and the public sector to help cut

carbon emissions, save energy and commercialise low carbon technologies. By stimulating

low carbon action we contribute to key UK goals o lower carbon emissions, the development

o low carbon businesses, increased energy security and associated jobs.

W hlp to ct carbo missios ow by:

providing specialist advice and nance to help organisations cut carbon

setting standards or carbon reduction.

W rdc pottial tr carbo missios by:

opening markets or low carbon technologies

leading industry collaborations to commercialise technologies

investing in early-stage low carbon companies.

www.carbontrust.co.uk

0800 085 2005

ACT ON CO2

is the Governments initiative to help

individuals understand and reduce their carbon ootprint.

Visit http://actonco2.direct.gov.uk or more inormation.

The Carbon Trust receives unding rom Government including the Department o Energy and Climate

Change, the Department or Transport, the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government

and Invest Northern Ireland.

Whilst reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the inormation contained within this publication

is correct, the authors, the Carbon Trust, its agents, contractors and sub-contractors give no warrantyand make no representation as to its accuracy and accept no liability or any errors or omissions.

Any trademarks, service marks or logos used in this publication, and copyright in it, are the property

o the Carbon Trust. Nothing in this publication shall be construed as granting any licence or right to use

or reproduce any o the trademarks, service marks, logos, copyright or any proprietary inormation

in any way without the Carbon Trusts prior written permission. The Carbon Trust enorces inringements

o its intellectual property rights to the ull extent permitted by law.

The Carbon Trust is a comp any limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales under Company

number 4190230 with its Registered Oce at: 6th Floor, 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3BF.

Published in the UK: July 2010. CTV003v2

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