CS7IS5 - User Modelling - User Control

UserModelling:UserControl

[email protected]

TheUser’sModelversustheUserModel

CS7IS5- UserModelling:UserControl 2

Source:Kay,J.(2000).UserInterfacesforAll,chapterUserModelingforAdaptation,p.p.271–294.HumanFactorsSeries.LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.

NowforalittlePsychology…


CognitivismandConstructivism

CS7IS5- UserModelling:TheBasics 4

Source:TheMulti-Model,MetadataDrivenApproachtoPersonalised eLearningServices,Conlan,2005,p9&11

Cognitivism makes mental processes the primary object of study and tries to discover andmodel the mental processes on the part of the learner during the learning process. In cognitivetheories knowledge is viewed as symbolic, mental constructions in the minds of individuals,and learning becomes the process of committing these symbolic representations to memorywhere they may be processed.

Constructivism subsumes the attention, encoding and retrieval of knowledge processes fromcognitivism, but maintains that there is no single accurate representation of the world, onlyinterpretations of experience. Knowledge is a collection of concepts which fit with theexperience of the individual [Tuckey, 92]. Learning becomes a change in meaning constructedfrom experience [Atherton, 03a]. Learners actively take knowledge, connect it to previouslyassimilated knowledge and make it theirs by constructing their own interpretation [Cheek, 92].

Thereisnospoon

• ExtremeinterpretationsofConstructivismcontendthatthereisnoobjectivereality!

• Thereisadifferencebetweenwhatauserunderstandsoftheworldandhowausermodelrepresentsthatunderstanding

• AstheUserModelismetadata,ittoo…• … isanabstraction• … iserrorprone• … isincompletebynature• … issusceptibletomisinterpretation

• Moreover,Usersarenotobjectivewiththemselves• ConsidertheConfidence/PrudencemeasuresinELEKTRA


Implicit/Explicit|Subjective/Objective

• Thiscausesabitofaquandarywhenitcomestohowwegatherinformationaboutauser

• Aretheyareliablesource?

• Istheimagewehaveofourselvespurelysubjective?

• Canusersbetrustedinexplicitmodellingtoofferanobjectiverepresentationofthemselves?


NowforalittlePoetry!


TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock

byT.S.Eliot

…

And indeed there will be timeFor the yellow smoke that slides along the street,Rubbing its back upon the window-panes;There will be time, there will be timeTo prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet;There will be time to murder and create,And time for all the works and days of handsThat lift and drop a question on your plate;Time for you and time for me,And time yet for a hundred indecisions,And for a hundred visions and revisions,Before the taking of a toast and tea.

In the room the women come and goTalking of Michelangelo.

…

8

Realityissubjective

User’sunderstanding

Programmer(‘s/s’)understanding


We(Programmers)needtobeexplicit

• IfourAdaptiveApplicationisgoingtointeractwithpeopleinapersonalised manner…• … weneedtobeexplicitaboutitsdomain,boundaries,functions,expectationsontheuser,etc.

• Theseneedtobeexplicitlycaptured

• Moreover,weneedtodecidehowmuchUserControlissupported


SharingUnderstanding

• BeforewecanofferUserControlweneedtoenhancetheuser’sunderstandingoftheAdaptiveApplication• AtrulyAdaptiveApplicationwouldbeabletoreshapeitsunderstandingoftheworld(i.e.thatencodedbytheprogrammers)toeachuser

• We’renotquitethereyet…

• Theuseristhemostintelligentandadaptable‘component’oftheAdaptiveApplication• Givethemtheabilitytoscrutiniseelementsoftheapplicationandtheymayunderstanditbetter

• FirststeptowardsUserControl


Scrutability

CS7IS5- UserModelling:TheBasics 12

Source:Kay,J.Stereotypes,StudentModelsandScrutability,IntelligentTutoringSystems,5thInternationalConference,ITS2000,Montréal,Canada,June19-23,2000

Reflection

• Effectivescrutability shouldleadtoenhanceduserunderstandingofhowtheAdaptiveApplicationfunctionsandutilises theinformationmodelledaboutthem.Itmayalsofosterreflection.

• Scrutabilityà Understandingà Reflection

• Whatdoesitmeantobereflective?

• IsthisanecessarypartofanAdaptiveApplication?


So,whataboutUserControl?

Scrutabilityà Understandingà Reflectionà UserControl?


Typically needsApplication toSupport…

This happens in theuser’s head! Can bemonitored throughimplicit observation.

This is optional, but willgenerally lead to betterApplication/Usersymbiosis.

Control may be offeredwithout any of theprevious steps, but willit be effective?

UserControl

• UserControlmaytakemanyforms…• Modificationoftheusermodel(discretelyorabstractly)• ChoosingwhichcomponentsoftheAdaptiveApplicationare’turnedon’• ChoicesmadethroughinteractionwiththeAdaptiveApplication• QuittingtheApplication!


Remember,also,thattheUserisnotstatic

• TheAdaptiveApplicationisnottheonlythingintheirlife

• Theymay…• … accessexternal(related)material• … interactwithother(knowledgeable,ornot!)people

• … taketimeawayfromtheApplicationandforgetsomeofwhattheyhavebeenexposedto!

• AppropriateUserControlcancaterforthese


Socio-technicalorHCI

• AdaptiveApplicationsmaybeseenaseitherasocio-technicalsystemoraformofHumanComputerInteraction• Deepinteractionbetweenthecomputingtechnologyandtheuser(s)

Source:https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/

NurturingalignmentbetweentheUserModelandtheUser’sModel

Explicitlysolicitmodelinformationfromtheuser• Questionitsvalidity• Attempttoverifyunderstandingimplicitly

1Offerscrutable(explicit)controlovertheusermodel• Again,attempttoverifyunderstandingimplicitly

2Fosteropportunitiesforreflection

3

Whatwecoveredtoday

19CS7IS5- UserModelling:UserControl

Whatwedidn’tdiscusstoday

• DynamismandMaintenance(well,notfully)• Completeness• Metacognition


Readingfornextthelecture

• Macarthur, V., Conlan, O. (2008). Higher-Order Cognition inPersonalised Adaptive eLearning. In Proceedings of InternationalWorkshop on Cognitive Aspects in Intelligent and Adaptive Web-based Educational Systems held at the 16th International Conferenceon Computers in Education (ICCE08), Taiwan, 27-31 October 2008,pp19-23

• Optional: Kay, J. Stereotypes, Student Models and Scrutability,Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 5th International Conference, ITS 2000,Montréal, Canada, June 19-23, 2000

21CS7IS5- UserModelling:UserControl

[email protected]


Documents

CS7IS5 - User Modelling - User Control