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Definition of Adaptive Hypermedia
All hypertext and hypermedia systems which reflect some features of the user in the user model and apply this model to adapt various visible aspects of the system to the user.
Source: Brusilovsky, P. Methods and techniques of adapEve hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (1996) 6: pp87-‐129
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 2
What is an Adaptive Hypermedia Application?
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 3
User Model
Repository
Rules & Hypermedia
Content Repository
Adaptive Application
Personalised Hypermedia Content User
interacts with
Source: Brusilovsky, P. Methods and techniques of adapEve hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (1996) 6: pp87-‐129
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 4
• Adapta&on techniques refers to methods of providing adaptaEon in exisEng AH systems
• Adapta&on methods are defined as generalizaEons of exisEng adaptaEon techniques
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 5
Basic Forms of Adaptation
PresentaEon NavigaEon
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 6
Source: Brusilovsky, P. Methods and techniques of adapEve hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (1996) 6: pp87-‐129
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 7
A Basic Hypertext
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 8
Page
Fragment
NavigaE
on
Source: Brusilovsky, P. AdapEve Hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (2001) 11: pp87-‐110
Adaptation Techniques
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Methods of Content/Text Adaptation
• Typically trying to realise… • AddiEonal explanaEons • Prerequisite explanaEons • ComparaEve explanaEons • ExplanaEon variants • SorEng (of fragments by the relevance)
• Why do we do these? • MiEgate cogniEve overload • Ease user’s ability to assimilate new informaEon
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 10
Cognitive Load Theory (1)
• Contents of long term memory are "sophisEcated structures that permit us to perceive, think, and solve problems," rather than a group of rote learned facts
• These structures are known as schemas
• The difference between an expert and a novice is that a novice hasn't acquired the schemas of an expert. Learning requires a change in the schemaEc structures of long term memory and is demonstrated by performance that progresses from clumsy, error-‐prone, slow and difficult to smooth and effortless.
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 11
Source: Sweller, J., CogniEve load during problem solving: Effects on learning, CogniEve Science, 12, 257-‐285 (1988).
Cognitive Load Theory (2)
CogniEve load theory is concerned with techniques for reducing working memory load in order to facilitate the changes in long term memory associated with schema
acquisiEon.
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 12
Source: Sweller, J., CogniEve load during problem solving: Effects on learning, CogniEve Science, 12, 257-‐285 (1988).
Adaptation Techniques
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Techniques of Content Adaptation (1)
• Condi&onal text, aka inser&ng/removing fragments
• All possible informaEon is divided into several chunks of texts, which is condiEonally (based on the user model) displayed
• Benefit: content does not take up screen real estate
• Weakness: user is not aware of what they are missing
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 14
Techniques of Content Adaptation (2) • Dimming Fragments: similar to inserEng/removing fragments, but the opacity is adjusted instead
• Benefit: user is sEll aware that there is content • Weakness: sEll takes up screen real estate
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Techniques of Content Adaptation (3)
• Stretchtext • Replace the acEvated hotword extending the text of the current page
• Collapse the non-‐relevant stretchtext extension, uncollapse the relevant ones
• Benefits: best of dimming / inserEng-‐removing. OpEmising screen real estate.
• Weakness: user has to uncollapse hotwords to see what is there.
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Techniques of Content Adaptation (4) • Page variants techniques: two or more variants of the same page with different presentaEons of the same content
• Fragment variants: as above, but at the fragment level. Usually variants of explanaEons for each concept
• Benefit: opEmal use of screen real estate • Weakness: user does not have the ability to choose variant
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What’s missing?
• Content has been dealt with as very much textual
• What about mulEmedia content? • … and mulE-‐modality?
• What about interacEve services?
• What about the user interface?
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 18
What we covered today
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 19
Reading for next the lecture
• Brusilovsky, P. Adap&ve Hypermedia. In User Modeling and User-‐Adapted InteracEon (2001) 11: pp87-‐110
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 20
Questions? [email protected]
CS7IS5 -‐ Content AdaptaEon Methods and Techniques: The Basics 21