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PERFORMANCE OF CAMEROON-BASED INTRA- AND INTER-
CROSSES Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
POPULATION
BEYEGUE DJONKO HONORE
UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA
PERFORMANCE OF CAMEROON-BASED INTRA- AND INTER-
CROSSES Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
POPULATION
Beyegue Djonko Honoré
(Matric. No. 4090131)
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Faculty of Science and Technology
UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA
NILAI
October 2013
i
APPROVAL
The thesis entitled “Performance of Cameoon-Based Intra- and Inter-Crosses Dura x
Pisifera Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Population” submitted by Mr. Beyegue
Djonko Honore (Matric. No. 4090131) for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
Genetics and Plant Breeding was duly approved by the following academic authorities:
_________________________________ Date: __________________
1. Emeritus Prof. Dr. Jalani Bin Sukaimi
Faculty of Science & Technology
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
Chair of the Supervisory Committee
________________________________ Date: __________________
2. Prof. Dr. Abdul Jalil Abdul Kader
Faculty of Science & Technology
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
Chairman of Jury of Examination
_________________________________ Date: __________________
3. Prof. Dr. Bachok M. Taib
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
Dean Faculty of Science & Technology
_____________________________ Date: __________________
4. Prof. Dato’ Dr. Muhamad Muda
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
Dean Centre for Graduate Studies
ii
AUTHOR DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis entitled “Performance of Cameoon-Based
Intra- and Inter-Crosses Dura x Pisifera Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Population” and submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics and Plant
Breeding is my own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly
acknowledged.
Date: 10th
October 2013
Signature:
Name: BEYEGUE DJONKO HONORE
Matric No: 4090131
Address: Faculty of Science & Technology
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)
71 800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
iii
BIODATA OF AUTHOR
Beyegue Djonko Honoré (4090131) was born on the 27th
February 1973 in Yaounde,
Republic of Cameroon. He completed his primary and secondary education in Yaounde
the political capital of Cameroon and Obala, a city located in the outskirts of Yaounde.
He is holder of the degree in Agronomic Engineering completed with major in Plant
Science, after a 5-year programme at the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences
(FASA) of the University of Dschang, Cameroon, from 1996 to 2002.
Prior to embarking into agricultural sciences at the Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural
of the University of Dshang, the author studied Biochemistry and Animal Biology at the
Faculty of Science of the University of Yaounde I where he completed two years of
studies from 1994 to 1996. Before coming to the Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)
to undertake the Master of Science and later on the PhD in Genetics and Plant Breeding
he attended a Master of Science course in Arid Zone Ecology at the Faculty of Biological
Sciences of the University of Maiduguri, Federal Republic of Nigeria.
The author is currently Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Agriculture, Faculty of
Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences of the University of Dschang, Cameroon. He has
previously contributed to research works on land resources suitability assessment for their
sustainable use and biological conservation of wildlife and plant species. Prior to his
enrolment for postgraduate studies in USIM, he was involved in a pluri-annual research
programme on biological farming which resulted in several publications in peer-reviewed
journals. During the course of the PhD programme in Malaysia, the author attended
various workshops, seminars and conferences covering a broad spectrum of disciplines of
life sciences and allied areas of knowledge.
The combined Master and PhD programme taken at USIM was started in July 2009 and
completed in October 2013, following the successful defense of the thesis held on 08
October 2013. Deepening understanding in the realm of management of genetic resources
at large is the immediate target following graduation, in addition to exploration of allied
disciplines which can aid achieving this goal. The resumption with academic duties after
completion of the current PhD study programme is an opportunity to value the new skills
acquired for advancement of science and knowledge.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like first and foremost to extend my deepest gratitude to Emeritus Prof. Dr. Jalani
Sukaimi who accepted to supervise this thesis work and for the provision of all needed
supports despite his various other duties. Dear Prof. Emeritus Dr. Jalani Sukaimi, I have
learned from you more than I can humanly acknowledge here. I extend my heartfelt
thanks to you for your patience, guidance and inspirational skills.
I express my sincere gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Mahir Mokthar Bakri for his
commendable advices and guidance in his capacity of co-supervisor. Your advices and
teachings have been instrumental in the implementation of my study progamme.
My sincere thanks are due to Dr. A. Kushari Din, Deputy Director General of the
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) for his supervision and multifaceted supports
provided for the sound implementation of this research work at MPOB despite his busy
timetable. I really appreciate the warm ambience in his office each time we had an
appointment for discussions.
I would like to give a special acknowledgement and appreciation to Dr. Rajanaidu
Nookiah who accepted to co-supervise this thesis and for having gratefully welcomed me
and kindly accepted to share his invaluable experience in oil palm breeding. Your advices
and teachings have been of great help in the understanding of fundamental processes in
oil palm breeding.
I was very fortunate to benefit from invaluable assistance from Prof. Dr. Mohamad
Osman who kindly welcomed me at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) to
attend his course on Advanced Plant Breeding. My sincere thanks to him for providing
me with more insights in the science of plant breeding and opening me doors for more
specific trainings under the Genetics Society of Malaysia.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rafii Mohd Yusof has been instrumental at the critical steps of statistical
data analyses of my thesis. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude for the wealth of
knowledge you have unstintingly imparted to me and for your time and kindness.
v
I wish to extend my heartfelt acknowledgment to the Malaysian Government for the
financial support through the Malaysian International Scholarship (MIS) until completion
of this combined MSc/PhD study programme.
My sincere gratitude is addressed also to my hierarchy at the University of Dschang,
Cameroon, for granting me a study leave and permission to take part to this postgraduate
programme.
I express my sincere thanks to the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) to have offered me
an internship for my research work. Dr. Khalid Haron and Mr. Othman Samad
respectively Head of MPOB Research Station in Kluang and Keratong, for their
assistance. I wish to pay a whole tribute to all MPOB workers I was fortunate to interact
with during the course of my research works in Kluang and Keratong Research Stations.
I am indebted to Dr. Claude Bakoume for the help provided to me at the time I was
looking for a placement in a university in Malaysia so far from Cameroon. I extend my
appreciations to his wife Olive for her hospitality and friendship.
My deepest appreciations go to my colleagues Mrs Sharifah Nur Rahimah, Messrs.
Sa’adu Lawal, Omar Dahimi, Amrizal Koto, Belal Jamal Muhiadin, Ibrahim Elshaafi and
Mohamed Aween for their help and friendship during my studies at Universiti Sains
Islam Malaysia. Mr. Tengoua Fabien Fonguimgo and Mrs Nyaka Ngobisa Aurelie from
the Universiti Putra Malaysia are greatly acknowledged for their friendship and
cooperation. I express my gratitude to Mr. Mohd Azwan Mohd Bakri and family for their
friendship and support.
There are special individuals that one meet through the course of life and who really
refine the vision and personality we attain, owing to their particular dedication in sharing
experiences they have gathered through their own pathways. May Dr. Mvondo Awono
Jean Pierre, despite his natural humility, accept my sincere thanks for the profound
human values imparted to me since we first met in a lecture hall at the Faculty of
Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences (FASA), University of Dschang, Cameroon in
1997. May this achievement be considered as a reward to all your commitment to make
me a valuable contributor to the society.
vi
My heartfelt thanks are extended to Dr. Mvondo Awono and wife Edith, Mr. Alexis
Boukong and wife Leocadie, Dr. Mayaka Bileng and wife Yvonne, Prof. Zoli Andre,
Prof. Mvondo Ze Antoine, Mrs. Nguy Francoise-Caroline, Ms Nguele Zang Joelle, Mr
Gnyonkeu Vincent, Dr. Fotsing Eric and wife Nicole, Dr. Njomaha Charles and Dr. Ziebe
Roland for their friendship and constant support. I pay a due tribute to Dr. Mainam Felix
and Dr. Assoumou Ebo’o Etienne who passed away during my stay in Malaysia for the
precious supervision and support provided to me before leaving for the hereafter.
I wish to give a special regards to my beloved elder brother Edmond Desire Bigueme
Bassanena, my faithful companion in all my battles in life, and my beloved and charming
aunt Bernadette Anyoung, for the special care she alone has the secret whatever the
situation I may be confronted with. Mr. Essiene Christian and wife Clotilde are sincerely
thanked for their brotherhood and care. My sincere thanks and acknowledgement are
extended to my uncle Basile Negogue. A special regard is due to my long-lasting friend
Dr. Essam Nlo’o Alain and wife Rosine for their support. May my esteemed elder
Tchadde Bidias be acknowledged for the invaluable support during the course of this
academic adventure.
I thank my father, Mr. Djonko Fiaga Joachim, and mother, Mrs Djonko née Ebong
Therese, for all the sacrifices consented for my education despite their limited livelihoods,
the solid moral education imparted to me, and for the precious advices and guidance they
continue to provide to me so lovingly. All my sisters and brothers from my extended
family are sincerely thanked for their love and precious moral support. A special regards
is due to Jeanine, Odile, Louis-Prudence, Nadege-Flore, Eric Jean-Bosco and Esso for
their remarkable commitment in running family affairs during my absence from
homeland. May this achievement be a reward to the staunch support I received from all of
you. My sincere gratitude is extended to Brigitte Assena Onana for her full commitment
and dedication to the welfare of Andre-Vianney and Flavien-Joachim-Modeste to whom I
extend a special regard.
May memories of late patriarches who made invaluable contribution to the shaping of my
being be honoured through this academic achievement. Special regards are due to Mr.
Janvier Fiaga my so caring grandfather; Mr. Bassanena Simon my inspiring uncle for
teaching vocation; and Mr. Janvier Eloundou Nka a foster father to me for his special
care. May your souls rest in perfect peace!
vii
ABSTRACT
A total of 13 progenies of oil palm derived from biparental crosses between five dura
mother palms from Cameroon (CMR) and two pisifera palms, one from CMR and the
other from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC/ex-Zaire) were field-tested to assess
their performance for bunch yield, morpho-vegetative, physiological and oil quality traits.
The study is a contribution to the evaluation of oil palm germplasm collected by the
Malaysian Oil Palm Board worldwide. The research objectives fulfilled in this thesis
work were to (i) study the variation of genotypes for phenotypic characters; (ii) assess the
genotype-by-environment (GE) interactions effects on traits; (iii) estimate genetic
parameters for characters; (iv) assess the combining ability of both pisifera parental
palms; (v) assess the stability of genotypes for traits; and (vi) analyse phenotypic
correlations among characters. The 13 genotypes were planted in a randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with 16-palm plots replicated twice at MPOB Research Stations in
Kluang (Johore) and Keratong (Pahang). Genotypes were scored for 49 phenotypic
characters/traits following the standard procedures applied at MPOB.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences (P<0.05 and P<0.01)
among genotypes for all characters checked except for (P/B). The GE interactions effect
was significant for all characters except ABWT, TEP, OY, O/B, F/B, S/F, M/F, P/B,
BWT, PCS, f, TDMP, e, and NAR. The two pisifera parents showed a significant
difference for all characters except ABWT, TEP, KOY, OY F/B, O/DM, P/B, BWT, LL,
LW, HT, C18:2 and CC. The pisifera palm from CMR showed a higher combining ability
for FFBY and BNO over that from the DRC but there was no significant difference
among both parental palms for OY, KOY and TEP. Broad-sense heritability estimates for
the characters studied were low to moderate for the majority of characters but morpho-
vegetative scored higher heritabilities as compared to other clusters of characters,
suggesting their greater genetic control of the inheritance. The contribution of the residual
variance components to the total variance was on average greater than 50% and that for
genotypic variance less than 30% for all characters, indicating a high contribution of
environmental factors to the variation observed.
FFBY was positively correlated with BNO (r=0.73) and ABWT (r=0.26), its two main
components. BNO and ABWT were negatively correlated (r=-0.44) indicating an
antagonistic effect of both characters on the performance of oil palm progenies. Despite
the discrepancy in the scoring for bunch yield characters, progenies deriving from crosses
CMR x CMR showed a relatively higher performance compared to those from CMR x
DRC for FFBY. Genotype PK 1875 (CMR x CMR) revealed to be the best performer on
the individual trial basis as well as for pooled data over locations with an average bunch
yield of 159 kg/palm/yr.
Genotypes performed consistently across locations for bunch and fruit characters, with
low heritability estimates accounted for all characters in general. Genotypes’ scores for
OY varied from 27.7 kg/palm/yr (PK 1657) to 30.8 kg/palm/yr (PK 1721), with a grand
viii
mean of 28.2 kg/palm/yr. Genotypes PK 1874, PK 1721, PK 1664, PK 1875 scored above
30 kg oil/palm/yr in average, which correspond to 4.3 - 4.5 t/ha/yr. Positive correlations
were found between OY and O/B (r=0.63), O/WM (r=0.43), M/F (r=0.40). KOY showed
a significant correlation with K/B (r=0.84), S/F (r=0.26) and K/F (r=0.78). OY showed a
significant and negative associations with the endocarp-related characters K/F (r=-0.34),
S/F (r=-0.31) and K/B (r=-0.23). The opposite trend was observed between KOY and
mesocarp-related characters M/F (r=-0.61), O/DM (r=-0.15), O/WM (r=-0.23) and O/B
(r=-0.22). This suggests an opposite dynamic of OY and KOY with respect to their
specific component characters.
The best scorers for TDMP, BDMP and e were PK 1875, PK 1874 and PK 1944 (CMR x
CMR). Genotype PK 1875 recorded the highest scores for BDMP (12.53 t/ha/year) BI
(0.48), and NAR (10.39 t/ha/yr) respectively. PK 1657 and PK 1676 (CMR x DRC) were
the poorest performers in terms of BDMP, TDMP and e. Genotype PK 1957 (CMR x
CMR) was the most vigorous with the highest scores for VDMP (15.9 t/ha/yr), TDMP
(27.2 t/ha/yr) and e (0.98 g/MJ). All physiological characters were significantly correlated
(P<0.01) one another, with the exception of the pair BI and e. TDMP was strongly
correlated to BDMP (r=0.77) and VDMP (r=0.83). BI was strongly correlated with
BDMP (r=0.70) but negatively correlated with VDMP and TDMP (r=-0.45). The
selection for high vegetative vigour would have a detrimental effect on BI. HT showed a
significant positive correlation with FP (r=0.38), PCS (r=0.14), LA (r=0.15), LAI
(r=0.15), LL (r=0.13) and f (r=0.15). Genotype PK 1792 could be selected for its lowest
HT and relatively low FP, but it is a poor yielder with 126.0 kg/palm/yr of FFB compared
to PK 1875 the best yield performer (FFBY=159.34 kg/palm/yr).
The correlation analysis for oil quality traits revealed strong significant associations
between C16:0 and respectively, C18:0 (r=-0.59), C18:1 (r=-0.81), and IV (r=-0.70). The
correlation between C16:0 and CC was not significant. On the other hand, C18:1 was
negatively correlated to C16:0 (r=-0.81), C18:2 (r=-0.68), and positively correlated to IV
(r=0.46). The correlation between C18:1 and CC was not significant. Selection for high
C16:0 would indirectly select for low IV whereas, selection for high C18:1 would equate
selection for higher IV. Scoring for C16:0 and C18:1 could not be used as indirect
selection criteria for CC, as both traits showed a nonsignificant correlation with CC
respectively. The significant positive correlation between C18:0 and C18:1 would imply
that selecting for high C18:1 will indirectly select for high C18:0 as well. Selecting for
higher C18:0 would indirectly mean to select for lower C16:0 (r=-0.59) and higher IV.
The study revealed that genotypes tested scored markedly higher CC (964.37 ppm to
1551.3 ppm) as compared to D x P current planting materials (500 - 700 ppm).
Stability of genotypes for characters was studied using the grouping methods of Francis
and Kannenberg, and the regression method of Finlay and Wilkinson. Genotypes PK
1875, PK 1944 and PK 1721 were high stable for FFBY, whereas PK 1671 and PK 1668
were the most sensitive to variations of growing environmental conditions. Genotype PK
1875, PK 1664 and PK 1792 were the most stable for BI, PK 1875 being also highly
stable for TEP.
ix
ABSTRAK
Prestasi Populasi Kacukan Intra- dan Inter Dura x Pisifera
Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dari Kameroon
Sebanyak 13 progeni sawit hasil kacukan biparental antara lima genotip induk dura dari
Kameroon (CMR) dan dua induk pisifera, satu dari CMR dan satu lagi dari Republik
Demokratik Kongo (DRC/ex-Zaire) telah dinilai untuk prestasi bagi ciri-ciri hasil tandan,
morfo-vegetatif, fisiologi dan kualiti minyak. Kajian ini merupakan sumbangan kepada
penilaian genebank sawit yang dibina oleh Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB).
Objektif kajian tesis ini adalah untuk (i) menyelidik kepelbagaian genetik bagi ciri-ciri
fenotip, (ii) menilai kesan interaksi persekitaran (GE), (iii) menganggarkan parameter
genetik ciri-ciri fenotip, (iv) menilai keupayaan gabungan kedua-dua induk pisifera, (v)
menilai kestabilan genotip ciri-ciri fenotip, dan (vi) menganalisis korelasi fenotip antara
ciri-ciri. Kajian ini dilaksanakan dengan menanam 16-pokok per plot mengikut
rekabentuk blok rawak (randomised block design) dengan dua replikasi di Stesen
Penyelidikan MPOB Kluang (Johor) dan Keratong (Pahang). Sebanyak 49 ciri fenotip
telah di analisis mengikut prosedur standard yang digunakan di MPOB.
Analisis varians (ANOVA) menunjukan perbezaan signifakan di antara genotip untuk
semua ciri kecuali P/B. Interaksi GE adalah signifikan untuk semua ciri kecuali ABWT,
TEP, OY, O/B, F/B, S/F, M/F, P/B, BWT, PCS, f, TDMP, e, dan NAR. Kedua-dua induk
pisifera menunjukkan perbezaan signifikan bagi semua ciri kecuali ABWT, TEP, KOY,
OY, F/B, O/DM, P/B, BWT, LL, LW, HT, C18:2 dan CC. Induk pisifera dari CMR
menpunyai keupayaan bergabung am (GCA) lebih tinggi untuk FFBY dan BNO
berbanding dengan pisifera dari DRC tetapi tiada perbezaan signifikan antara kedua-dua
induk pisifera untuk OY, KOY dan TEP. Anggaran heritabiliti luas untuk ciri-ciri yang
dikaji adalah rendah hingga sederhana bagi kebanyakan ciri, tetapi morfo-vegetatif
menunjurkan heritabiliti lebih tinggi berbanding dengan kelompok ciri lain, di mana ianya
menunjukkan kawalan genetik yang lebih besar mereka daripada warisan. Sumbangan
komponen varians baki darpada jumlah varians pada purata lebih daripada 50% dan bagi
varian genotip kurang daripada 30% untuk semua ciri, yang menunjukkan sumbangan
factor persekitaran lebih tinggi kepada perubahan yang dicerap.
FFBY didapati mempunyai korelasi positif dengan BNO (r=0.73) dan ABWT (r=0.26),
dua komponen utamanya. Manakala BNO dan ABWT pula bekorelasi negatif (r=-0.44).
Ini menunjukkan kesan yang bercanggah daripada dua ciri ini terhadap prestasi progeni
sawit. Walaupun ada perbezaan dalam aksara hasil tandan, progeni kacukan CMR x CMR
telah menunjukkan prestasi FFBY yang lebih baik progeni daripada CMR x DRC.
Genotip PK 1875 (CMR x CMR) menjadi penanda aras terbaik berdasarkan prestasi data
terkumpul merentasi lokasi dengan hasil FFBY dengan purata 159 kg/pokok/tahun.
Pada umumnya, progeni menunjukkan prestasi yang konsisten di semua lokasi bagi ciri-
ciri kualiti tandan dan buah, dengan anggaran heritabiliti yang rendah untuk semua ciri-
ciri. Julat OY semua genotip ialah di antara 27.73 kg/pokok/tahun (PK 1657) hingga
x
30.79 kg/pokok/tahun (PK 1721), dengan min 28.22 kg/pokok/tahun. Manakala genotip-
genotyp PK 1874, PK 1721, PK 1664 dan PK 1875 pula menghasilkan minyak dengan
min lebih daripada 30 kg/pokok/tahun, yang sepadan dengan hasil minyak sebanyak 4.3 -
4.5 t/ha/tahun. Korelasi positif (P<0.01) telah dikesan di antara OY dengan O/B (r=0.63),
O/WM (r=0.43) and M/F (r=0.40). KOY menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan
(P<0.01) dengan K/B (r=0.84), S/F (r=0.26) dan K/F (r=0.78). Ciri OY menunjukkan
korelasi negatif yang signifikan (P<0.01) dengan ciri-ciri endokarpa, seperti K/F (r=-
0.34), S/F (r=-0.31) dan K/B (r=-0.23). Manakala ciri KOY pula menunjukan trend yang
bertentangan ciri-ciri mesokarpa, seperti M/F (r=-0.56), O/DM (r=-0.15), O/WM (r=-
0.23) dan O/B (r=-0.22). Ini menunjukkan dinamik bertentangan di antara OY dengan
KY, terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan kompleks sub-komponen masing-masing:
semakin lebih komponen tempurung dan isi rong komponen, semakin kurang komponen
mesokarpa.
Kacukan CMR x CMR menghasilkan tiga genotip (PK 1874, PK 1875 dan PK 1944)
mempunyai TDMP, BDMP dan e yang tertinggi. Genotip PK 1875 mencatatkan skor
tertinggi untuk BDMP (12.53 t/ha/tahun), BI (0.48), dan NAR (10.39 tan/ha/tahun). PK
1657 dan PK 1676 (CMR x DRC) mempunyai skor terendah dari segi BDMP, TDMP dan
e. PK 1957 (CMR x CMR) pula mempunyai skor tertinggi VDMP (15.87 tan/ha/tahun),
TDMP (27.22 tan/ha/tahun) dan e ( 0.98 g/MJ). Semua ciri fisiologi yang mempunyai
hubungan yang signifikan (P<0.01) antara satu sama lain, kecuali pasangan BI dan e.
TDMP berkait rapat dengan BDMP (r=0.77) dan VDMP (r=0.83). BI berkait rapat
dengan BDMP (r=0.70) tetapi dikaitkan secara negatif dengan VDMP dan TDMP (r=-
0.45). Ini membuktikan pemilihan kepada vegetatif vigour yang tinggi akan menjejaskan
BI. Korelasi positif dan tinggi serta signinifikan telah dikesan antara HT dengan FP
(r=0.38), PCS (r=0.14), LA (r=0.15), LAI (r=0.15), LL (r=0.13), dan f (r=0.15). Kesan
korelasi positif yang tinggi di antara ciri-ciri utama yang menentukan arkitektur (seni
bina) sawit (HT, FP, LL, PCS) ialah ianya merumitkan pemilihan ciri-ciri yang
bertentangan. PK 1792 boleh dipilih untuk HT yang paling rendah dan FP rendah, tetapi
ianya adalah pelaku hasil FFBY terendah (126.04 kg/pokok/tahun) berbanding dengan
PK 1875 yang merupakan pelaku hasil terbaik (159.34 kg/pokok/tahun).
Analisis korelasi ciri-ciri komposisi minyak dikesan mempunyai korelasi yang amat
signifikan di antara kandungan C16:0 dengan kandungan C18:0 (r=-0.59), kandungan
C18:1 (r=-0.81) dan IV (r=-0.70). Oleh sebab itu, tiada hubungan yang signifikan telah
dikesan di antara C16:0 dengan kandungan CC. Sebaliknya, kandungan C18:1 berkait
secara negatif dengan C16:0 (r=-0.81) dan C18:2 (r=-0.68), tetapi berkait secara positif
dengan IV (r=0.46). Oleh sebab itu, tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara C18:1
dan CC. Pemilihan untuk kandungan C16:0 secara tidak langsung akan juga memilih IV
yang rendah, manakala pemilihan kandungan asik oleik yang tingi C18:1 akan juga
menjurus kepada IV yang lebih tinggi. Oleh itu, C16:0 dan C18:1 tidak boleh digunakan
sebagai penanda strategi pemilihan tidak langsung untuk kandungan CC, kerana kedua-
dua ciri menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak signifikan dengan CC. Hubungan positif yang
signifikan antara C18:0 dan C18:1 bermakna pemilihan kandungan C18:1 yang tinggi
secara tidak langsung akan juga memilih untuk kandungan C18:0 yang tinggi juga.
xi
Pemilihan kandungan C18:0 yang lebih tinggi secara tidak langsung akan bermakna
untuk memilih kandungan C16:0 yang lebih rendah (r=-0.59) dan tinggi IV. Genotip
dalam kajian ini mempunyai CC lebih tinggi (964.37 ppm - 1551.32 ppm) berbanding D x
P bahan tanaman semasa (500 - 700 ppm).
Kestabilan genotip untuk ciri yang dikaji menggunakan kaedah kumpulan Francis dan
Kannenberg, dan kaedah regresi Finlay dan Wilkinson. Genotip PK 1875, PK 1944 dan
PK 1721 adalah lebih stabil untuk FFBY, manakala PK 1671 dan PK 1668 adalah lebih
sensitif kepada perubahan keadaan sekitar. Genotip PK 1875, PK 1664 dan PK 1792
adalah yang paling stabil untuk BI, manakala PK 1875 pula sangat stabil untuk TEP.
xii
MULAKHAS AL-BAHTH
بيسيفيرا الكاميرونية ×اداء تلقيحات مجموعات نخيل الزيت البينية والداخلية دورا
من الكامرون و اثنين من نخيل " دورة"السالالت الثالثة عشر لنخيل الزيت الناتجة من تلقيح خمس اناث من نخيل
المظهر , البنية التخضيرية, من جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية قد جربت حقليا لمعرفة اداءهم االنتاجي" بيسيفيرا"
اضافة لتقييم المادة الوراثية لنخيل الزيت المجمعة من هذه الدراسة هي. الفيزيولوجي ونوعية الزيت وخصائصه
لدراسة : اهداف البحث المرجوة من هذه المذكرة. طرف المجلس الماليزي لنخيل الزيت من مختلف انحاء العالم
تقييم التركيب الوراثي عن طريق التاثير البيئي على , اختالف التراكيب الوراثية واثرها على الخائص المظهرية
تقييم استقرار التركيب المورثي , توقع العوامل الوراثية للخصلئص وتقييم الجمع بين نخيل البيسيفيرا االبوية, فاتالص
التركيبات الوراثية الثالثة عشر تم زرعها في تصميم . و تحليل االرتباطات المظهرية بين الصفات, للصفات
(. بهانغ)و كيراتونغ ( جوهور)محطات البحث في كالنغ قطعة مكررة مرتين في 61القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة مع
. صفة مظهرية وفقا لالجراءات القياسية المتبعة في المجلس الماليزي لنخيل الزيت 94التركيب الوراثي سجل ل
ي تاثيرات الجي ئ(. بي/بي)تحاليل االنوفا ابدت اختالفات هامة بين التركيبات الوراثية لكل الخصاص المدروسة اال
)كانت هامة لجميع الخصائص ما عدا ABWT, TEP, OY, O/B, F/B, S/F, M/F, P/B, BWT, PCS, f,
.TDMP, e, and NAR االبوين االثنين للبيسيفيرا اظهرا اختالفات هامة لجميع الخصائص ما عدا
ABWT, TEP, KOY,OY F/B, O/DM, P/B, BWT, LL, LW, HT, C18:2 and CC نخيل البيسيفارا .
لكن ال توجد ( الدي ار سي)اكبر من التي عند ( ال بي ان او)و ( للففبي واي) الكاميروني اظهر قدرة جمع عالية
توقع التوريث بالمعني الواسع (. تي اي بي)و , (كي او واي), (او واي)اختالفات هامة بين النخيل االبوية ل
ص لكن نتائج البنية التخضيرية سجلت اعلى توريث للخصائص المدروسة كانت ضئيلة الى معتدلة الغلبية الخصائ
اضافة عوامل التباين المتبقية على التباين الكلي . مقترحة تاثيرها الكبير على الميراث, مقارنة مع الخصائص االخرى
مؤشرة الى , لكل الخصائص% 05و تلك التي لتباين للتركيب الوراثي اقل من % 05كانت في المتوسط اكثر من
.ة العالية التي للعوامل البيئية لالختالف المالحظ االضاف
" االي بي دبليو تي"و 0..5=حيث كان معامل االرتباط " بي ان او"كان ارتباطها ايجابيا مع ال" بي واي فا فا"ال
مشيرا الى 5.99= كان ارتباطهما سلبيا وكان معامل االرتباط " االي بي دبليو تي"و " بي ان او"ال. 1..5كان
, وعلى الرغم من التباين في مردود خصائص المجموعة. لتاثير العكسي لكل الصفات على اداء سالالت نخيل الزيتا
الكاميرون اظهرت اداءا عاليا مقارنة مع تلك التي لقحت من نخيل × السالالت الناتجة من تلقيح نخيل الكاميرون
( الكاميرون× نحيل الكميرون ) 67.0بي كي "رثي التركيب المو". ف ف بي واي"نخيل الكونغو لل× الكاميرون
xiii
ظهر على انه احسن اداء على االداء التجريبي الفردي فضال على تجميع البيانات من اكثر من موقع مع معدل المردود
.العام/للنخلة/كغ/640للمجموعة
ر ضعيف للميراث لكل الصفات مع تقدي, التركيب الوراثي كان اداءه مستمرا عبر المواقع لصفات المجموعات والثمار
مع , العام/للنخلة/كغ/4..05العام الى /للنخلة/كغ/0....يتغير من "او واي"مردود التركيب الوراثي لل. على العموم
بي , 6119بي كي , 6..6بي كي , 67.9التركيبات الوراثية بي كي . العام /للنخلة/كغ/...7.متوسط حسابي كبير
و قد لوحظ . العام/طن 9.0-9.0العام على المتوسط والتي تمثل /للنخلة/كغ/05 سجلت مردود اكبر من 67.0كي
كي او (. "5.95=ار" )اف/ام", (5.90=ار" )دبليو ام/او", (5.10=ا ر" )بي/او"و " او واي"ارتباطات ايجابية بين
, (5.06=ا ر), (5.09=ا ر" )اف/كي"المرتبطة -اظهرت ارتباطات سلبية مهمة مع الصفات االندكراب" واي
اف /ام"و صفات الميزوكراب المرتبطة " كي او واي"وقد لوحظ توجها عكسيا بن (. 0..5=ا ر" )بي/كي "و
هذا يدل على وجود (. ...5=ا ر" )بي/ او"و , (0..5=ا ر" )دبليو ام/ او", (5.60=ا ر" )دي ام/او ", (5.01=ا ر)
.ام صفاتهم المميزةمع احتر" كي او واي"و " او واي" ديناميكية عكسية ل
و بي كي , 67.9بي كي , 67.0كان بي كي " ئي"و ال" بي دي ام بي"و , "تي دي ام بي"افضل مردود ل
00..6" )بي دي ام بي"سجل اعلى مردود لل 67.0التركيب الوراثي بي كي (. الكميرون× الكميرون)6499
× الكميرون) 61.1بي كي , .610بي كي . لترتيبعلى ا( 65.04" )ان اي ار"و , (5.97" )بي اي( "العام/ه/طن
التركيب الوراثي بي كي ". ئي"و ال" بي دي ام بي"و , "تي دي ام بي"سجلت ادنى مردودا على اساس ( الكونغو
" تي دي ام بي", (العام/ه/طن .60.7" )في دي ام بي"كان االفضل مردودا لل ( الكميرون× الكميرون) 6499
( 5.56> بي)كل الخصائص الفيزيولوجية كان ارتباطها معتبر (. مول جول/غ 5.47" )ئي" و, (العام/ه/طن .....)
و ( ...5=ار" )بي دي ام بي"كان ارتباطها قويا مع " تي دي ام بي". "ئي"و " بي اي"لبعضهم البعض ما عدا لل
لكنها مرتبة سلبيا مع (5..5=ار" ) بي دي ام بي"كان ارتباطه قويا مع " بي اي(. " 5.70=ار" )في دي ام بي"
بي " اختيار اعلى حيوية نباتية سوف يكون له اثارا ضارة على (. 5.90=ار " )تي دي ام بي"و " في دي ام بي"
" ال اي", (5.69=ار" )بي سي اس", (5.07=ار")اف بي"اظهرت ارتباطا ايجابيا مهما مع " اتش تي". "اي
.6.4التركيب الوراثي بي كي . 5.60=ار" )اف", ( 5.60=ار) "ال ال", (5.60=ار( )ال اي آي", (5.60=ار)
على الرغم من مردوده الضعيف " اف بي"والمردود االدنى نسبيا " اتش تي"يمكن اختياره على مردوده االدني
= اف اف بي واي)الدي سجل اعلى مردود 67.0مقارنة مع بي كي " اف اف بي"من ( العام/للنخلة/كغ/6.1.59)
(. العام/للنخلة/غك/ 604.09
67:5و بالترتيب مع الحمض الدهني 61:5تحاليل الترابط ل نوعية الزيت اظهرت ارتباطات مهمة الحمض الدهني
61:5االرتباط بين الحمض الدهني (. 5..5=ار)والقيمة االيودية , (5.76= ار) 67:6الحمض الدهني , (5.04= ار)
= ار)61:5 الحمض الدهنيمرتبط سلبيا مع 67:6الحمض الدهني , من جانب آخر. لم يكن معتبرا" سي سي"و
االرتباط بين الحمض (. 5.91=ار)ورتبط ايجابيا مع القيمة االيودية , (5.17= ار) .:67الحمض الدهني , (5.76
xiv
سوف يؤدي الى اختيار اقل نسبة 61:5اختيار اعلى قيمة للحمض الدهني . لم يكن معتبرا" سي سي"و 67:6الدهني
يؤدي الى اختيار اعلى نسبة 67:6في حين اختيار اعلى قيمة من الحمض الدهني , بطرقة غير مباشرة للقيمة االيودية
سي "يمكن ان ال يتم استعمالها كمعيار لل 67:6والحمض الدهني 61:5نتائج الحمض الدهني . من القيمة االيودية
67:5جابي المعتبر بين الحمض الدهني االرتبط االي". سي سي"الن كال الصفتين اظهرتا عدم ارتباطهما مع " سي
يؤدي بطريقة غير مباشرة الى 67:5يعني ضمنيا اختيار اعلى قيمة من الحمض الدهني 67:6والحمض الدهني
يعني اختيار اقل نسبة من الحمض الدهني 67:5اختيار اعلى قيمة ل . 67:5اختيار اعلى نسية من الحمض الدهني
بي .419.0" )سي سي"التركيب الوراثي سجل مردود مهم لل . ة من القينة االيوديةو اعلى نسب( 5.04=ار ) 61:5
(. بي بي ام 55. –بي بي ام 055)المواد المغروسة حاليا " بي× دي "مقارنة مع ( بي بي ام .6006.0بي ام الى
و طريقة " و كانينبيرغفرونسيس "استقرار التركيب الوراثي للصفات قد تمت دراسته باستعمال طريقة التجميع ل
كانت اعلى 6..6بي كي , 64.9بي كي , 67.0,التركيب الوراثي بي كي". فينالي و ويلكينسون"االنحدار ل
كانت االكثر حساسية لتغيرات العوامل 6117و بي كي , 61.6في حين بي كي " اف اف بي واي"استقرارا ل
بي كي , "بي آي"كانت االكثر استقرارا ل .6.4بي كي ,6119بي كي, 67.0التركيب المورثي بي كي . البيئية
."تي ئي بي"كان االعلى استقرار ل 67.0
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................................... i
AUTHOR DECLARATION............................................................................................... ii
BIODATA OF AUTHOR .................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................................... ix
MULAKHAS AL-BAHTH .............................................................................................. xii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................................... xv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xxi
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xxiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................. xxvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ......................................................... xxvii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................................... 3
1.3. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: LITTERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 7
2.1. TAXONOMY OF OIL PALM .................................................................................. 7
2.2. GENETICS AND CYTOGENICS OF OIL PALM .................................................. 7
2.2.1. Genetics of Oil Palm ........................................................................................... 7
2.2.1.1. Qualitative Traits ......................................................................................... 8
2.2.1.2. Quantitative Traits ....................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Cytogenetics of Oil Palm .................................................................................... 8
2.2.3. Quantitative Trait Loci ....................................................................................... 9
2.2.4. Heritability Estimates in Plant Breeding .......................................................... 11
2.3. BREEDING OF OIL PALM ................................................................................... 13
2.3.1. Breeding Objectives.......................................................................................... 13
2.3.2. Oil Palm Breeding Strategies............................................................................ 14
2.3.2.1. Cross-Breeding .......................................................................................... 14
2.3.2.3. Marker-Assisted Selection ......................................................................... 17
2.3.3. Utilization of Oil palm Germplasm Collections for Breeding.......................... 18
2.3.4. Improvement of Tenera Hybrid ........................................................................ 20
2.3.5. Phenotypic Correlations among Traits in Oil Palm .......................................... 21
2.3.6. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability of Genotypes................ 22
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CHAPTER 3: ASSESSMENT OF CAMEROON-BASED Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM
POPULATION FOR BUNCH YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS ................................ 26 _Toc369153342
3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 26
3.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 28
3.2.1. Materials ........................................................................................................... 28
3.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ..................................................................................... 28
3.2.1.2. Experimental Locations ............................................................................. 29
3.2.2. Methods ............................................................................................................ 30
3.2.2.1. Experimental Design .................................................................................. 30
3.2.2.2. Data Collection .......................................................................................... 30
3.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................... 31
3.3. RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 34
3.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................... 34
3.3.2. Analysis of Variance......................................................................................... 36
3.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................... 38
3.3.4. Mean Performance of Genotypes ..................................................................... 39
3.3.5. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability Analysis of Genotypes. 42
3.3.6. Correlation Analysis for FFBY and its Components across Locations ............ 46
3.4. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 47
3.4.1. Variation of Data Distributions ........................................................................ 47
3.4.2. Variability of Genotypes for FFBY and Its Components ................................. 47
3.4.3. Genetic Parameters Estimates........................................................................... 48
3.4.4. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability of Genotypes................ 50
3.4.5. Performance of Genotypes for FFBY and Its Components .............................. 51
3.4.6. Correlations among Bunch Yield Characters ................................................... 52
3.5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 4: ASSESSMENT OF CAMEROON-BASED Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM
POPULATION OF FOR BUNCH AND FRUIT CHARACTERS ................................... 54
4.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 54
4.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................ 57
4.2.1. Materials ........................................................................................................... 57
4.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ..................................................................................... 57
4.2.1.2. Experimental Sites ..................................................................................... 58
4.2.2. Methods ............................................................................................................ 58
4.2.2.1. Experimental Design .................................................................................. 58
4.2.2.2. Data Collection .......................................................................................... 59
4.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................... 62
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4.3. RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 65
4.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................... 65
4.3.2. Analysis of Variance......................................................................................... 67
4.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................... 71
4.3.4. Performance of Genotypes for Bunch and Fruit Characters ............................. 73
4.3.5. Stability Analysis of Genotypes ....................................................................... 83
4.3.6. Correlation Analysis for Fruit and Bunch Characters across Locations........... 90
4.4. DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 94
4.4.1. Variability of Genotypes for Bunch and Fruit Characters ................................ 94
4.4.2. Estimates of Genetic Parameters ...................................................................... 94
4.4.3. Performance of Genotypes ............................................................................... 96
4.4.4. Genotype-by-Environment and Stability of Genotypes ................................... 96
4.4.5. Correlations among Bunch and Fruit Characters ............................................. 97
4.5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 98
CHAPTER 5: ASSESSMENT OF CAMEROON-BASED Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM
POPULATION FOR MORPHO-VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS .................................. 99
5.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 99
5.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 102
5.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 102
5.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ................................................................................... 102
5.2.1.2. Experimental locations ............................................................................. 103
5.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 103
5.2.2.1. Experimental Design ................................................................................ 103
5.2.2.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 104
5.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................. 106
5.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 109
5.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Datasets ................................................................. 109
5.3.2. Analysis of Variance....................................................................................... 111
5.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................. 114
5.3.4. Performance of Genotypes for Morpho-Vegetative Characters ..................... 116
5.3.5. Genotype-by-Environment Interactions and Stability Analysis ..................... 125
5.3.6. Correlation Analysis among Morpho-Vegetative Characters......................... 129
5.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 133
5.4.1. Variability of Genotypes for Morpho-Vegetative Characters ........................ 133
5.4.2. Genetic Parameters’ Estimates ....................................................................... 133
5.4.3. Performance of Genotypes for Morpho-Vegetative Characters ..................... 134
5.4.4. Stability of Genotypes .................................................................................... 135
5.4.5. Correlations among Morpho-Vegetative Characters ...................................... 136
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5.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 137
CHAPTER 6: ASSESSMENT OF CAMEROON-BASED Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM
POPULATION FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS ........................................... 138
6.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 138
6.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 141
6.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 141
6.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ................................................................................... 141
6.2.1.2. Experimental Locations ........................................................................... 142
6.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 142
6.2.2.1. Experimental Design ................................................................................ 142
6.2.2.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 143
6.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................. 144
6.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 147
6.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................. 147
6.3.2. Analysis of Variance....................................................................................... 148
6.3.3. Estimates of Genetic Parameters .................................................................... 151
6.3.4. Mean Performance of Genotypes ................................................................... 152
6.3.5. Stability Analysis of Genotypes ..................................................................... 157
6.3.6. Correlation Analysis ....................................................................................... 163
6.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 164
6.4.1. Dispersion of Data Distributions .................................................................... 164
6.4.2. Analysis of Variance....................................................................................... 165
6.4.3. Genetic Parameters Estimates......................................................................... 166
6.4.4. Performance of Genotypes ............................................................................. 166
6.4.5. Stability of Genotypes for Physiological Characters ...................................... 169
6.4.5. Correlations among Physiological Characters ................................................ 170
6.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 170
CHAPTER 7: ASSESSMENT OF CAMEROON-BASED Dura x Pisifera OIL PALM
POPULATION FOR FATTY ACID COMPOSITION, IODINE VALUE AND
CAROTENE CONTENT ................................................................................................. 171
7.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 174
7.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 174
7.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ................................................................................... 174
7.2.1.2. Experimental Locations ........................................................................... 175
7.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 175
7.2.2.1. Experimental Design ................................................................................ 175
7.2.2.2. Data collection ......................................................................................... 176
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7.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 180
7.3.1. Analysis of Dispersion of Data Distributions ................................................. 180
7.3.2. Analysis of Variance....................................................................................... 181
7.3.3. Estimation of Genetic Parameters .................................................................. 185
7.3.4. Performance of Genotypes for Oil Quality Traits .......................................... 186
7.3.5. Correlation Analysis among Oil Quality Traits .............................................. 190
7.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 192
7.4.1. Variability among Genotypes for Oil Quality Traits ...................................... 192
7.4.2. Genetic Parameters ......................................................................................... 193
7.4.3. Performance of Genotypes for Oil Quality Traits .......................................... 194
7.4.4. Correlations among Oil Quality Traits ........................................................... 196
7.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 198
CHAPTER 8: PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS AMONG BUNCH YIELD AND ITS
COMPONENTS, BUNCH AND FRUIT, MORPHO-VEGETATIVE AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN THE CAMEROON-BASED .......................... 199
8.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 199
8.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 202
8.2.1. Materials ......................................................................................................... 202
8.2.1.1. Breeding Materials ................................................................................... 202
8.2.1.2. Experimental Locations ........................................................................... 203
8.2.2. Methods .......................................................................................................... 203
8.2.2.1. Experimental Design ................................................................................ 203
8.2.2.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 204
8.2.2.3. Statistical Analyses .................................................................................. 205
8.3. RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 206
8.3.1. FFBY and Its Components versus Bunch and Fruit Characters ..................... 206
8.3.2. FFFBY and Its Components versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters ............. 207
8.3.3. FFBY and Its Components versus Physiological Characters ......................... 208
8.3.4. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters .............. 209
8.3.5. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Physiological Characters ........................ 211
8.3.6. Morpho-Vegetative Characters versus Physiological Characters................... 212
8.4. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 226
8.4.1. FFBY and Its Components versus Bunch and Fruit Characters ..................... 226
8.4.2. FFBY and Its Components versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters ............... 227
8.4.3. FFBY and Its Components versus Physiological Characters ......................... 228
8.4.4. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters .............. 228
8.4.5. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Physiological Characters ........................ 229
8.4.6. Morpho-Vegetative Characters versus Physiological Characters................... 229
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8.5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 231
CHAPTER 9: GENERAL DISCUSSION ....................................................................... 232
9.1. VARIABILITY OF GENOTYPES FOR PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERS ......... 232
9.2. ESTIMATES OF GENETIC PARAMETERS ..................................................... 234
9.2.1. Phenotypic (PCV) and Genotypic (GCV) Coefficients of Variation ............. 234
9.2.2. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Broad-Sense Heritability Estimates... 236
9.3. PERFORMANCE OF GENOTYPES ................................................................... 239
9.3.1. Fresh Fruit Bunch Yield and Its Components ................................................ 239
9.3.2. Bunch and Fruit Characters ............................................................................ 240
9.3.3. Morpho-Vegetative and Physiological Characters ......................................... 241
9.3.4. Oil Quality Traits ............................................................................................ 242
9.5. Combining Ability of Pisifera Parental Palms .................................................. 244
9.4. GE INTERACTIONS AND STABILITY OF GENOTYPES .............................. 245
9.5. CHARACTERS’ ASSOCIATIONS ..................................................................... 249
9.5.1. FFBY and Its Components versus Bunch and Fruit Characters ..................... 249
9.5.2. FFBY and Its Components versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters ............... 250
9.5.3. FFBY and Its Components versus Physiological Characters ......................... 251
9.5.4. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Morpho-Vegetative Characters .............. 252
9.5.5. Bunch and Fruit Characters versus Physiological Characters ........................ 252
9.5.6. Morpho-Vegetative Characters versus Physiological Characters................... 253
9.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................................................................ 255
CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 258
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 262
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 288
xxi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes………………….. 29
Table 3.2: Mean, variance (Var), standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE),
coefficient of variation (CV) and range for FFBY, BNO and ABWT
in Individual locations nd pooled data across locations …………………… 35
Table 3.3: Mean squares and variance components estimates for fresh fruit bunch
Yield (FFBY) and its components (BNO, ABWT) over locations ………... 37
Table 3.4: Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation
(GCV), intra-class coefficient of correlation (t), and broad-sense heritability
estimates (H2) for FFBY, BNO and ABWTacross locations …………….... 39
Table 3.5: Mean performance of genotypes and ranking for FFB, BNO and ABWT
by LSD method in Kluang and Keratong …………………………………. 40
Table 3.6: Performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for FFBY and its
components across locations ……………………………………………… 40
Table 3.7: Performance of genotypes for FFBY, BNO and ABWT for pooled data
over locations ……………………………………………………………… 41
Table 3.8: Location means for FFBY, BNO and ABWT …………………………….. 42
Table 3.9: Correlation coefficients among fresh fruit bunch characters in
individual locations and pooled data across locations …………………….. 46
Table 4.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes …………………. 57
Table 4.2: Keys for segmentation of spikelets after chopping the bunch for analyses .. 60
Table 4.3: Mean, variance (Var), standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE),
Coefficient of variation (CV) and range for bunch and fruit characters
in individual locations and pooled data over locations ……………………. 66
Table 4.4: Mean squares and variance components estimates for bunch and fruit
characters over locations …………………………………………………... 69
Table 4.5: Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation
(GCV), intra-class coefficient of correlation (t) and broad-sense heritability
(H2) estimates for bunch and fruit characters across locations ……………...72
xxii
Table 4.6: Mean performances of genotypes for fruit and bunch characters with their
ranking in individual locations ……………………………………………. 75
Table 4.7: Mean performance of genotypes for fruit and bunch characters over
locations by LSD method …………………………………………………. 80
Table 4.8: Location means for bunch and fruit characters ……………………………. 82
Table 4.9: Mean performances of crosses CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC
for bunch and fruit characters across locations ……………………………. 82
Table 4.10: Correlation coefficients among bunch and fruit characters in individual
locations and pooled data over locations ………………………………….. 91
Table 5.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes …………………102
Table 5.2: Mean, variance (Var), standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE),
coefficient of variation (CV) and range for morpho-vegetative characters
in individual locations and pooled data across locations ………………..... 110
Table 5.3: Mean square and variance component estimates for morpho-vegetative
characters across locations ……………………………………………….. .112
Table 5.4: Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation
(GCV) intra-class correlation coefficient (t) and broad-sense heritability
(H2) estimates for morpho-vegetative characters across locations ……….. 115
Table 5.5: Mean performance and ranking of genotypes for morpho-vegetative in
individual locations ………………………………………………………. 118
Table 5.6: Means performance of genotypes for morpho-vegetative characters in
individual locations ………………………………………………………. 122
Table 5.7: Location means for morpho-vegetative characters ………………………. 124
Table 5.8: Performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for
morpho-vegetative characters across locations …………………………... 124
Table 5.9: Correlation coefficients among morpho-vegetative characters in individual
locations and pooled data over locations ………………………………… 131
Table 6.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes ………………... 141
Table 6.2: Mean, variance (Var), standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE),
coefficient of variation (CV) and range for physiological characters in
individual locations and pooled data over locations ……………………... 148
xxiii
Table 6.3: Mean squares and variance components estimates for physiological
characters over locations …………………………………………………. 150
Table 6.4: Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficients of variation
(GCV), intra-class coefficient of correlation (t) and broad-sense heritability
(H2) for physiological characters across locations ……………………….. 152
Table 6.5: Mean performance of genotypes and ranking for physiological characters
By LSD method in Kluang and Keratong ……………………………….. 154
Table 6.6: Mean performance of genotypes for physiological characters over
Locations …………………………………………………………………. 156
Table 6.7: Mean performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for
physiological characters over locations ………………………………….. 156
Table 6.8: Location means for physiological characters …………………………….. 156
Table 6.9: Correlation coefficients for physiological characters in individual locations
and pooled data over locations …………………………………………… 164
Table 7.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes ………………... 174
Table 7.2: Mean, variance (Var), standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE),
coefficient of variation (CV) and range for oil quality traits in individual
locations and pooled data over locations ………………………………… 181
Table 7.3: Mean Square and variance components estimates for oil quality traitrs
in Keratong ……………………………………………………………….. 183
Table 7.4: Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation
(GCV), intra-class coefficient of correlation (t) and broad-sense heritability
(H2) for oil quality traits in Keratong …………………………………….. 185
Table 7.5: Performance of genotypes for oil quality traits in Keratong ……………... 188
Table 7.6: Performance of CMR x CMR and CMR x DRC crosses for oil quality traits
in Keratong ………………………………………………………………. 189
Table 7.7: Correlation coefficients for oïl quality traits ……………………………... 191
Table 8.1: Pedigrees of the 13 biparental dura x pisifera genotypes ……….……….. 202
Table 8.2: Correlation coefficients among bunch yield, fruit and bunch,
morpho-vegetative and physiological characters ………………………… 215
xxiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 3.1: Mean fresh fruit bunch yield against coefficient of variation …………… 43
Figure 3.2: Mean fresh fruit bunch yield against regression coefficient …………….. 43
Figure 3.3: Mean bunch number against coefficient of variation ……………………. 44
Figure 3.4: Mean bunch number against regression coefficient ……………………... 44
Figure 3.5: Mean average bunch weight against coefficient of variation ……………. 45
Figure 3.6: Mean average bunch weight against regression coefficient ……………... 45
Figure 4.1: Mean total economic produce against coefficient of variation …………... 84
Figure 4.2: Mean total economic produce against coefficient of variation …………... 84
Figure 4.3: Mean oil yield against coefficient of variation …………………………... 85
Figure 4.4: Mean oil yield against regression coefficient ……………………………. 85
Figure 4.5: Mean kernel oil yield against coefficient of variation …………………… 86
Figure 4.6: Mean kernel oil yield against regression coefficient ……………………. 86
Figure 4.7: Mean oil-to-bunch ratio against coefficient of variation ………………… 87
Figure 4.8: Mean oil-to-bunch ratio against regression coefficient ………………….. 87
Figure 4.9: Mean kernel-to-bunch ratio against coefficient of variation ……………. 88
Figure 4.10: Mean kernel-to-bunch ratio against regression coefficient ……………… 88
Figure 4.11: Mean mesocarp-to-fruit ratio against coefficient of variation …………… 89
Figure 4.12: Mean mesocarp-to-fruit ratio against regression coefficient …………….. 89
Figure 5.1: Mean frond production against coefficient of variation ………………... 126
Figure 5.2: Mean frond production against regression coefficient …………………. 126
xxv
Figure 5.3: Mean height against coefficient of variation …………………………… 127
Figure 5.4: Mean height against regression coefficient ……………………………. 127
Figure 5.5: Mean leaf area index against coefficient of variation …………………... 129
Figure 5.6: Mean leaf area index against regression coefficient ……………………. 129
Figure 6.1: Mean bunch dry matter production against coefficient of variation ……. 159
Figure 6.2: Mean bunch dry matter production against regression coefficient ……... 159
Figure 6.3: Mean vegetative dry matter production against coefficient of variation .. 160
Figure 6.4: Mean vegetative dry matter production against regression coefficient … 160
Figure 6.5: Mean total dry matter production against coefficient of variation ……... 161
Figure 6.6: Mean total dry matter production against regression coefficient ………. 161
Figure 6.7: Mean bunch index against coefficient of variation …………………….. 162
Figure 6.8: Mean bunch index against regression coefficient ……………………… 162
xxvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
A1- LIST OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES…… 288
A1- LIST OF PAPERS ACCEPTED FOR UPCOMING CONFERENCES ……….... 288
xxvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABWT average bunch weight
ANOVA analysis of variance
ASD Agriculture, Service and Development (Costa Rica)
AVROS Algemeene Vereninging van Rubberplantera ter Oostkust van Sumatra
BDMP bunch dry matter production
BI bunch index
BNO bunch number
bp base pair
BWT bunch weight
CMR Republic of Cameroon
CPO crude palm oil
C12:0 lauric acid
C14:0 myristic acid
C16:0 palmitic acid
C16:1 palmitoleic acid
C18:0 stearic acid
C18:1 oleic acid
C18:2 limoleic acid
C18:3 linolenic acid
C20:0 arachidic acid
CC carotene content
CIRAD Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour
le Développement.
CPO crude palm oil
df degrees of freedom
DIAM trunk diameter
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo (ex-Zaire)
xxviii
e photosynthetic conversion coefficient
EMS expected mean square
F/B fruit-to-bunch ratio
f light fractional interception
FAC fatty acid composition
FAME fatty acid methyl ester
FFB Fresh fruit bunch
FFBY Fresh fruit bunch yield
FP frond production
GCA general combining ability
GE genotype-by‐environment interaction
GNI gross national income
ha hectare
HT palm height
IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
IRHO Institut de Recherche pour les Huiles et Oléagineux
ISOPB International Society of Oil Palm Breeders
IV iodine value
K/B kernel-to-bunch ratio
kg kilogram
KOY kernel oil yield
KY kernel yield
LA leaf area
LAI leaf area index
LAR leaf area ratio
LD linkage disequilibrium
LL leaflet length
LN leaflet number
LSD least significant difference
LW leaflet width
xxix
m metre
M/F mesocarp-to-fruit ratio
MAS marker-assisted selection
Mbp mega base pair
MET multi‐environment trial
METs multi-environment trials
MFWT mean fruit weight
MJ mega Joule
MNWT mean nut weight
MPOC Malaysian Palm Oil Council
MS mean square
MSE mean square error
NAR net assimilation ratio
O/B oil-to-bunch ratio
O/DM oil-to-dry mesocarp ratio
OER oil extraction rate
O/WM oil-to-wet mesocarp ratio
OY oil yield
P/B parthenocarpic fruits-to-bunch ratio
PCS petiole cross-sectional area
PGR plant genetic resources
PORIM Palm Oil Research Institute Malaysia
ppm part per million
QTL quantitative trait loci
RCBD randomised complete block design
REML restricted maximum likelihood
Rk rank
RL rachis length
RM Ringgit Malaysia
RSPO Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
xxx
S/F shell-to-fruit ratio
SCA specific combining ability
t metric tonne
TDMP total dry matter production
TEP total economic produce
VDMP vegetative dry matter production
yr year
262
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APPENDICES
CHAIRED CONFERENCES & SEMIMARS
A1- LIST OF PAPERS PRESENTED IN SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES
1. Beyegue Djonko, H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2011. “Phenotypic
Assessment of Cameroon-Based dura x pisifera Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Populations According to Bunch and Fruit Characters”. Programme Book of the 9th
Malaysia Genetics Congress (MGS9) ‘Appreciating the Richness of Nature through
Genetics’ (28 - 30 September 2011 at Pullman Hotel Kuching). Kuching-Sarawak,
Malaysia: Genetics Society of Malaysia (PGM)-Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. p. 127.
2. Beyegue Djonko, H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B.S. Jalani. 2011. “Assessment of
Bunch Yield and Its Components for Cameroon-Based Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) Population”. Proceedings of the the International Seminar ‘Breeding for
Sustainability in Oil Palm’ (18 November 2011 at KLCC, Kuala Lumpur). Kuala
Lumpur: International Society for Oil Palm Breeders (ISOPB) - Malaysian Palm Oil
Board (MPOB). pp. 147-152.
3. Beyegue Djonko, H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2012. “Assessment of
Genetic Variability among Cameroon-Based dura x pisiera Oil Palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) Populations for Morpho-vegetative Characters”. Paper presented
during the 6th Research Presentation Seminar for Graduate Students 2012 organized
by the Centre for Graduate Studies (CGS), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM).
Award of the Best English presentation.
A2- LIST OF PAPERS ACCEPTED FOR UPCOMING CONFERENCES
4. Beyegue Djonko H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2013. “Assessment of
Variability of Cameroon-based Biparental dura x pisifera Oil Palm Genotypes for
Oil Quality Traits and Interrelationships among Traits”. Paper accepted for oral
presentation during the 10th
Malaysia Genetics Congress (MGC10) ‘Adavances in
Genetics, Biotechnology and Genomics’ co-organised by the Genetics Society of
Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and
Universiti Putra Malaysia on 3 -5 December at Hotel Sunway Putra, Kuala Lumpur.
5. Beyegue Djonko H., A. Kushairi, N. Rajanaidu & B. S. Jalani. 2013. “Study of
Variability among Cameroon-Based dura x pisifera Oil Palm Genotypes Tested over
Two Locations for Physiological Characters”. Paper submitted for oral presentation
during the International Seminar on Oil Palm Breeding – Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow, jointly organized by the International Society for Oil Palm Breeders
(ISOPB) and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) on 18 November 2013 at
Impiana KLCC Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia