Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC AGRICULTURE Research Article · is 1.6 - 1.7g [2]. Parsley - Cultivation technique Parsley is a plant resistant to cold and frost that exists in many countries

CroniconO P E N A C C E S S EC EC AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE

Research Article

Study of Selectivity and Efficacy of Precursor Herbicides in Parsley Cultivation (Petroselinum crispum)

Andreas Lypas* Department of Agricultural Production and Agricultural Environment, Zizaniology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece

Citation: Andreas Lypas. “Study of Selectivity and Efficacy of Precursor Herbicides in Parsley Cultivation (Petroselinum crispum)”. EC Agriculture 6.6 (2020): 24-53.

*Corresponding Author: Andreas Lypas, Department of Agricultural Production and Agricultural Environment, Zizaniology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.

Received: April 16, 2020; Published: May 16, 2020

Abstract

Although the cultivation of parsley is cultivated in small areas in our country, it is an important crop, contributing significantly to the income of growers. One of the major problems facing parsley growers is the lack of many approved pesticides, especially herbicides. This has the effect of increasing the cost of weeding. In a field experiment carried out during the period May-August 2016 at the farm of the University of Thessaly in Velestino, the selectivity of 4 precursor herbicides in parsley cultivation was evaluated. Following is the plan of randomized complete groups with three repetitions and 5 surgeries. The operations were as follows: 1) an impeccable witness, 2) pendimethalin, 3) linuron, 4) s-metolachlor and 5) isoxaflutole. To assess the selectivity of herbicides, the density of the crop, the height, the fresh weight, the dry weight and the relative concentration of chlorophyll in the parsley leaves were recorded. The results of the experiment showed that the herbicides pendimethalin, s-metolachlor and linuron did not affect the germination, growth and concentration of the chlorophyll of the crop, while the herbicide isoxaflutole significantly significantly reduced the negative effect on the growth and the growth. crop yield. Significant results have been reported on the effectiveness of herbicides. Measurements of weed density and dry weight showed that the herbicides isoxaflutole, s-metolachlor, linuron and pendimethalin did not fight perennial weeds, weevil and periwinkle vegetative growth, although the herbicide isox.

Also, in the parts where the pendimethalin was applied, the lowest density of the trivolium was recorded, while among the herbicides the highest density of the tuft was recorded in the linuron operation. The results showed that the herbicides s-metolachlor, linuron and pendimethalin can be applied to the cultivation of parsley, although it is necessary to evaluate them in different soils and different application doses.

Keywords: Herbicides; Parsley Cultivation; Petroselinum crispum

Introduction

Review of bibliography

Parsley-general

Parsley [Petroselinum crispum, (English term: parsley)] is cultivated in various parts of the world. In the Greek language it is known as "parsley" or "vegetable parsley", but we find other names, such as «persemolo», "persimulo", "mantanos", "mandanos" and "macedonisi" [1].


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The term «Petroselinum» comes from the Greek word «petros», meaning «stone», because it grows in rocky locations. In addition, the term «crispum» was given because of the shape of its leaves [2].

Figure 1: Linear cultivation of parsley on the farm of the University of Thessaly in Velestino.

It is a biennial plant, tall (40 - 80 cm) and there are three characteristic varieties: the Italian broadleaf parsley (the best known), the French curly parsley and the Polish or root parsley. The latter is cultivated for its tuberous and edible root and is used as an aromatic plant in cooking [3].

In addition, it is famous for its beneficial and medicinal properties in the human body [4]. This plant and the root of the plant are widely known for their beneficial effects on digestion, stomach, kidneys, blood and liver and the treatment of asthma [5]. Parsley contains various bioactive substances flavonoids (apiin, luteolin, apigenin-glycosides), essential oils (apiol, miriszticin), coumarins (bergapten, imperatorin) and vitamin C [5].

The leaves grow during the first year of plant growth and are bright and complex. Their color is dark green and they have the shape of a pot or broadleaf and are not the same as the upper ones with the lower leaves, which are two or three pteroid and more rarely are oval, wedge-shaped and lanceolate. In general, they have a triangular shape and their circumference is serrated. The stem has a circular shape, striped (ribbed), with solid knees or knots, with a few intermediate intervals and longitudinally branching. It is a biennial plant and grows its stem in the first year, forming shoots of shorter length than the flowering stems that grow during the second, reproductive phase. During the second year of plant growth, flowering stems 60 - 90 cm high appear, which on top of them have complex shades with green-yellow flowers. The flowers are small, radial, with a double five-membered perianth (5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens). The fruit leaves are two, conical. The ovary is pituitary, bilateral, with one seminal vesicle in each space. The flowers are hermaphroditic and self-fertile, but cross-fertilization can also take place. Pollination is done with the help of insects. The root may consist of a central root and many


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secondary roots (P. crispum var. Neapolitanum, P. crispum var. Crispum) or be central in the shape of a stake and look like a carrot (P. crispum var. Tuberosum). The root system of the plant is shallow and can reach 45 - 60 cm. The fruit is ovoid, achene 3 mm long with two meristocarps. Acacias have five prominent protrusions along the length and are rich in oil ducts. The average weight of a thousand seeds is 1.6 - 1.7g [2].

Parsley - Cultivation technique

Parsley is a plant resistant to cold and frost that exists in many countries. Exposure of the plant to fairly low temperatures results in the spring and flowering of the plant during its first year of cultivation. It is cultivated in fertile soil, but thrives in light, sandy, medium soils. The soil should drain well and grow well in soils with a pH of 6 - 7. The soil must be fine-grained to achieve good crop germination [2]. The crop is harvested 3 months after sowing [2], followed by another 3 - 4 cuttings [6].

The parsley plant is intended for fresh consumption and its collection is done by hand in bunches, it can also be used as dried [3]. Harvesting takes place in the early morning hours, because at that time the plants contain the largest amount of essential oils, and as the temperature and sunshine increase, so does their quantity. Also, nitrogen fertilization and water stress affect the chemical composition of parsley [4]. Harvesting can also be done with the help of mechanical equipment, as long as the cutting will be done above the top dividend, for the regrowth of the plant to occur, in order to repeat the harvest. Parsley leaves can be stored up to 2 months after harvest at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and humidity levels of 90% - 95% [2].

Weed control of parsley

General-Control methods

Weed control in the cultivation of parsley is considered a very important crop work in the early stages of plant growth. Parsley is a plant with little competitiveness in the early stages of cultivation, so early weed control is essential [7]. The cultivation techniques used are both crop rotation with other competing crops and carving. However, weed control is mainly based on the application of herbicides.

Chemical control

Chemical control is a major method of weed control in the cultivation of parsley and helps reduce the cost of cultivation [8]. In our country, the approved herbicides used are: linuron, pendimethalin, propaquizafop and quizalofop-p-ethyl [9]. The linuron and pendimethalin herbicides are used to control grass and broadleaf weeds, while the propaquizafop and quizalofop-p-ethyl herbicides are used to control annual or perennial grasses. The above herbicides are used pre-emergence or post-emergence.

In other countries, other herbicides have been approved. More specifically, in Arizona, USA, the herbicides bensulide, linuron and prometryn are applied pre-emergently, while the herbicides clethodim and sethoxydim are applied post-emergence to combat annual and perennial grassland weeds [10]. Linuron and prometryn herbicides are also applied after transplanting.

As for Australia, universal glyphosate and paraquat herbicides are approved for the cultivation of parsley and are applied before sowing, while it is also reported that herbicides are used: chlorthal-dimethyl -p-butyl (selective systemic foliar herbicide for post-emergence control of annual and perennial grasses) and pendimethalin and metolachlor [11].

Experimental herbicides

The herbicides that were studied in this dissertation were as follows:


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• Linuron

• Pendimethalin

• s-metolachlor

• Isoxaflutole

Linuron

The linuron herbicide belongs to the urea and is applied pre-emergence or post-emergence to combat annual broadleaf and grassy weeds. As for its mechanism of action, it inhibits the photosystem II of photosynthesis. Its residue in the soil is estimated at 3 - 6 months and depends on soil composition as well as environmental conditions. It is absorbed mainly by the roots but also by the leaves [12].

Figure 2: Chemical structure of linuron.

Typically, its use should be avoided in sandy soils with rich organic matter to avoid phytotoxicity problems. According to Dittmar and Boyd [10] application of linuron transplants to young parsley results in phytotoxicity.

Pendimethalin

Pendimethalin is a herbicide that is used as a painkiller, precursor, before transplanting or early transplanting to control many annual weeds in the cultivation of parsley. It belongs to the chemical group of dinitroanilines and at the biochemical level it affects the function of mitosis by preventing the formation of microtubules of the mitotic spindle [12].


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In experiments by Peachey and McReynolds [13] the active ingredient pendimethalin was found to be quite safe in growing parsley with a fairly high rate of effectiveness against weeds (75%). Similar results were found in McAvoy and Stall [14] whose experiments showed that the active ingredient pendimethalin is very tolerant of a given crop. In our country, the herbicide was approved for the cultivation of parsley based on the legislation for crops of minor importance in December 2014.

s-metolachlor

It is a herbicide that belongs to the chloroacetamide family and prevents cell division. Metolachlor first appeared in agriculture in 1976. S-enantiomer is more active in weeds and is absorbed mainly by the coleoptile and strains and less by the roots [12].

Figure 3: Chemical structure of pendimethalin.

Figure 4: Chemical structure of s-metolachlor.


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A recent study by Peachey and McReynolds R [13] found that the active ingredient s-metolachlor did not significantly affect the growth of parsley.

Isoxaflutole

Isoxaflutole belongs to the family of isoxazoles, which are inhibitors of the enzyme 4-HPPD (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxin). The result of this action is the destruction of chlorophyll due to photooxidation and then causes bleaching of weeds. It is applied pre-emergence and early post-emergence for the control of grasses and broadleaf weeds in the cultivation of maize [12].

Figure 5: Chemical structure of isoxaflutole.

Its selective action is due to its ability to be metabolized by maize plants. Its residual action lasts from 2 to 4 months. Also, isoxaflutole and its metabolites are not retained by soil colloids, resulting in high leaching capacity [12]. There are no reports of isoxaflutole selectivity in parsley cultivation.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this dissertation is to study the selectivity of 4 precursor herbicides (linuron, pendimethalin, s-metolachlor and isoxa-flutole) in the cultivation of parsley. The effectiveness of the four herbicides against annual or perennial grasses and broadleaf weeds was also evaluated.

Materials and Methods

Experimental field

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum cv. Italian Giant) settled on the farm of the University of Thessaly in Velestino. The soil of this particular plot was clayey (sand: 38%, silt: 36% and clay: 26%), while the pH was 7.4 (Figure 6).

Experimental design

The following is a plan of randomized complete groups with 3 repetitions and 5 surgeries (Table 1). Each piece had an area of 6m2 (2 X 3m). 8 rows of parsley were sown in each piece. The herbicide applied was randomized. The experiments were as follows: impeccable


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witness, isoxaflutole (Merlin Flexx, 225 ml/acre), linuron (Afalon 47,5 WP, 190 g/acre), pendimethalin (Stomp Aqua 455 CS, 200 ml/acre) and s-metolachlor (Dual Gold 96 EC, 100 ml/acre).

Figure 6: Experimental field of cultivation immediately after sowing (May 17, 2016).

s-metolachlor 3rd RepetitionPendimethalin

WitnessIsoxaflutole

LinuronIsoxaflutole 2nd Repetition

PendimethalinWitnessLinuron

s-metolachlorIsoxaflutole 1st Repetition

WitnessLinuron

S-metolachlorPendimethalin

Table 1: Design of the experimental field of parsley cultivation.


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The herbicides were applied immediately after sowing the crop with a back sprayer, with a spray pressure of 2.5 atm and a spray volume of 30 L/acre. After their implementation, irrigation was carried out with a stormwater system for their integration into the ground.

Figure 7: Experimental field of parsley cultivation immediately after carving.

Cultivation work

For the cultivation of the soil, the soil was plowed in October at a depth of 30 cm and then a passage was made with a cultivator and a passage with a milling machine 10 days before sowing the parsley. The sowing took place on May 17, 2016, while the germination was completed 14 days after sowing. Regarding fertilization, a) basic fertilization was carried out with the compound fertilizer 16-20-0 (30 Kg/acre) during sowing, and b) surface fertilization in the 30 days after germination, where 30 kg/acre of lime nitrate fertilizer was ap-plied. ammonia (26-0-0). Irrigation of the crop was carried out with a storm system 1-3 times a week depending on the needs of the crop. Finally, after evaluating the effectiveness of herbicides, the crop was carved (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Experimental field of parsley cultivation in a piece where the pendimethalin herbicide was applied during the 2nd measurement.


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Measurements

Parsley

Measurements of plant characteristics were made in each piece on June 30 (43 HMS, days after sowing), July 21 (64 HMS) and on August 5, 2016 (79 HMS) where the crop was harvested. The plant characteristics studied were as follows:

• Height: The height measurements were performed on 10 plants per piece.

• Fresh weight: To measure fresh weight, the plants were sampled on the sowing line to a length of 0.5 m, then the plant tissue was weighed on a precision scale.

• Dry weight: Samples of fresh weight were transferred to an oven for 72 hours at a temperature of 60°C. They were then weighed on a precision scale.

Relative concentration of chlorophyll: The measurement of the relative concentration of chlorophyll (SPAD values) was performed with the instrument SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Konica Minolta Optics Inc.) with 5 measurements per experimental piece. The SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter (Figure 9) uses the absorption to calculate the chlorophyll concentration in the leaf tissues.

Figure 9: Chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, Konica Minolta Optics Inc.)

Weeds

Weeds were measured in each experimental plot at 40 x 40 cm on June 30, 2016 (43 days, days after sowing). The measurements made are as follows:


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• Herb species: The species of weeds presented were recorded.

• Number of weeds: The total number of weeds and the number per species of weed were recorded.

• Dry weight of weeds: The measurement of the dry weight of weeds, which were transported in a kiln where they remained for 72 hours (oven temperature 60°C), was done on a precision scale. Specifically, the total dry weight of weeds and the dry weight per species of weed were recorded.

Figure 10: Experimental field of parsley cultivation in a piece of the perfect witness when measuring weeds.

Meteorological data

The lowest temperature (19.48 ºC) was recorded in May (Figure 11) and the highest in July 2016. In terms of rainfall, low rainfall (< 10 mm) was recorded in July and August (Figure 12).

Figure 11: Average temperature (ºC) in the area of Velestino during the period May-August 2016.


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Statistical data processing

The statistical processing of the data was performed using SigmaPlot 12 software (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA). An analysis of the dispersal (Annova) was performed based on the design of randomized complete groups with 5 operations and 3 repetitions. When the dispersion analysis (ANOVA) showed statistically significant differences, the means were compared with the Minimum Significant Difference (LSD) test, at a significance level of 5%.

Results

Parsley

Cultivation density

The results of the crop density recording showed that the herbicide isoxaflutole significantly affected the germination of the crop. The highest crop density (52 plants/1m line) was recorded in the operation of the infamous controller and the smallest in the operation of the herbicide isoxaflutole. Statistically significant differences were observed between isoxaflutole and other surgeries, while no statistically significant differences were observed between the control and pendimethalin and linuron herbicides.

Figure 12: Monthly rainfall in the area of Velestino during the period May-August 2016.

Figure 13: Effect of herbicides on crop density (number of plants/1m line).


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Height

1st measurement

The first measurement of height was made on June 30, 2016 (43 HMS). The highest elevation of parsley plants was recorded in linuron surgery (10.3 cm), while the lowest elevation was recorded in the isoxaflutole fragment (7.3 cm) (Figure 14). No statistically significant differences in plant height were observed between the witness and the herbicides linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor, while statistically significant differences were observed between the herbicide isoxaflutole and other interventions.

Figure 14: Effect of herbicides on height (cm) of parsley cultivation during the 1st measurement.

2nd measurement

The second altitude measurement was performed on July 21, 2016 (64 days). The highest elevation of parsley plants was recorded in pendimethalin surgery (25.3 cm), while the lowest elevation was recorded in isoxaflutole fragments (20.8 cm) (Figure 15). No statistically significant differences were observed in the plant height of linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor herbicides, while statistically significant differences were observed between the control plants and the herbicide isoxaflutole. Statistically significant differences were also observed between isoxflutole herbicide and other herbicides.

Figure 15: Effect of herbicides on height (cm) of parsley cultivation during the 1st measurement.


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3rd measurement

The third altitude measurement took place on August 5, 2016 (82 days). The highest height of parsley plants was recorded in the operation of pendimethalin (33 cm) and linuron (32.6 cm), while the lowest height was recorded in the pieces of isoxaflutole (24.7 cm). No statistically significant differences in plant height were observed between linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor herbicides, while statistically significant differences were observed between plants between the controller and the herbicide isoxaflutole (Figure 16).

Figure 16: Effect of herbicides on height (cm) of parsley cultivation during the 3rd measurement.

Chlorophyll concentration

1st measurement

The first measurement of chlorophyll concentration took place on June 30, 2016 (43 days). The highest chlorophyll concentration of parsley plants was recorded in pendimethalin (44.9), linuron (44) and s-metolachlor (43.8) surgeries, while the lowest chlorophyll concentration was recorded in the areas where isoxaflutole (35.8) was used (Figure 17). Statistically significant differences in plant chlorophyll concentration were observed between the control and the herbicide isoxaflutole, while no statistically significant differences were observed between linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor herbicides.

Figure 17: Effect of herbicides on the relative concentration of chlorophyll (SPAD values) of parsley during the 1st measurement.


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2nd measurement

The second measurement of the chlorophyll concentration took place on July 21, 2016 (64 days). The highest chlorophyll concentration of parsley plants was recorded in pendimethalin (49), linuron (48) and s-metolachlor (47 cm), while the lowest chlorophyll concentration was recorded in the isoxaflutole fragment (40.2) (Figure 18). No statistically significant differences in plant chlorophyll concentration were observed between the control and the herbicide isoxaflutole, as well as between the linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor herbicides. Significantly statistically significant differences were recorded between the herbicide isoxaflutole and other progenitor herbicides.

Figure 18: Effect of herbicides on the relative concentration of chlorophyll (SPAD values) of parsley during the 2nd measurement.

3rd measurement

The third measurement of chlorophyll concentration took place on August 5, 2016 (82 HMS). The highest concentration of chlorophyll in parsley plants was recorded in s-metolachlor (49.8) and followed by linuron (49 cm) and control (49.1). In contrast, the lowest chlorophyll concentration was recorded in the pendimehtalin fragment (47.9). No statistically significant differences in chlorophyll concentration (SPAD values) were observed between all surgeries (Figure 19).

Figure 19: Effect of herbicides on the relative concentration of chlorophyll (SPAD values) of parsley during the 3rd measurement.


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Fresh weight

1st measurement

The first measurement of fresh weight was performed on June 30, 2016 (43 days). The highest fresh weight of parsley was recorded in linuron (58 kg/acre), followed by s-metolachlor (52 kg/acre) and pendimethalin (51 kg/acre), and the lowest fresh weight. recorded in the isoxaflutole fragment (19.9 Kg/acre) (Figure 20). No statistically significant differences were observed in the fresh weight of plants between the control and the herbicide isoxaflutole, while statistically significant differences were observed between linuron, pendimethalin, s-metolachlor and the interventions of the controller and isoxaflutole.

Figure 20: Effect of herbicides on fresh weight (Kg/acre) of parsley cultivation during the 1st measurement.

2nd measurement

The second measurement of fresh weight was performed on July 21, 2016 (64 days). The highest fresh weight of parsley was recorded in linuron (498 kg/acre) and pendimethalin (500 kg/acre), while the lowest fresh weight was recorded in the areas where the herbicide isoxaflutole (100 kg/kg) was applied (Figure 21). Statistically significant differences were observed in the fresh weight of plants between the control and the herbicide isoxaflutole as well as between the herbicides linuron, pendimethalin, s-metolachlor and the herbicide isoxaflutole.

Figure 21: Effect of herbicides on fresh weight (Kg/acre) of parsley cultivation during the 2nd measurement.


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3rd measurement

The third measurement of fresh weight was performed on August 5, 2016 (82 days). The highest fresh weight of parsley plants was recorded in pendimethalin surgery (920 kg/acre), while the lowest fresh weight was recorded in isoxaflutole (220 kg/acre). Statistically significant differences were observed in the fresh weight of plants between the controller and the herbicide isoxaflutole, while no statistically significant differences were observed between the herbicides linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor (Figure 22).

Figure 22: Effect of herbicides on fresh weight (Kg/acre) of parsley cultivation during the 3rd measurement.

Dry weight

1st measurement

The first dry weight measurement was performed on June 30, 2016 (43 days). The highest dry weight of parsley plants was recorded in linuron surgery (11.3 kg/acre), while the lowest values were recorded in isoxaflutole fragments (4 kg/acre) (Figure 23). No statistically significant differences were observed between the witness and the herbicide isoxaflutole, as well as between the herbicides linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor.

Figure 23: Effect of herbicides on dry weight (Kg/acre) of parsley cultivation during the 1st measurement.


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2nd measurement

The second dry weight measurement was performed on July 21, 2016 (64 days). The highest dry weight of parsley plants was recorded in pendimethalin surgery (80 kg/acre), while the lowest dry weight was recorded in the areas where the herbicide isoxaflutole (19 kg/acre) was applied. No statistically significant differences were observed between the witness and the herbicide isoxaflutole, as well as between the herbicides linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor (Figure 24). In contrast, statistically significant differences were observed between linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor herbicides and isoxaflutole herbicide.

Figure 24: Effect of herbicides on dry weight (Kg/acre) of parsley cultivation during the 2nd measurement.

3rd measurement

The third dry weight measurement was performed on August 5, 2016 (82 HMS). The highest dry weight of parsley plants was recorded in pendimethalin surgery (160 kg/acre), while the lowest dry weight value was recorded in isoxaflutole fragments (47 kg/acre) (Figure 25). Statistically significant differences were observed in the dry weight of the plants between the controller and the herbicide isoxaflutole as well as between the controller and the herbicides linuron, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor.

Figure 25: Effect of herbicides on dry weight (Kg/acre) of parsley cultivation during the 3rd measurement.


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Weeds

Number of weeds

Total number of weeds

The highest number of weeds (90.1 weeds/m2) was observed in the witness pieces, while the smallest number (50 weeds/m2) was observed in the parts where the isoxaflutole was applied (Figure 26). A statistically significant difference was recorded in the total number of weeds between the witness and the other operations. No statistically significant differences were observed between the precursor herbicides.

Figure 26: Effect of herbicides total number of weeds (no m-2).

Number per type of weed

Trivoli

A statistically significant difference was observed for the number of trivial weeds between the witness and the other operations. The smallest weed numbers were recorded in pendimethalin and s-metolachlor operations (Figure 27). Finally, statistically significant differences were observed between pendimethalin herbicide and linuron and isoxaflutole herbicides.

Figure 27: Effect of herbicides on trivial density (no m-2).


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Morning glory

No statistically significant differences were observed in the number of cuttings between herbicide and controller interventions (Figure 28).

Figure 28: Effect of herbicides on the density of the branch (no m-2).

Veliouras

Similarly with the weed cutter, no statistically significant differences were observed in the number of zebrafish weeds in the different operations (Figure 29).

Figure 29: Effect of herbicides on velor density (no m-2).


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Crabbed

The number of weeds was small in all parts (Figure 30). Statistically significant differences were observed between the controller and the interventions of isoxaflutote, pendimethalin, linuron and s-metolachlor, while no statistically significant differences were observed between herbicide isoxaflutote, pendimethalin and s-metolachlor.

Figure 30: Effect of herbicides on tuft density (no m-2).

Antrakla

The largest number of herbaceous weeds (12/m2) was recorded in the witness’s fragments, while the smallest number was recorded in the applied isoxaflutote fragments (Figure 31). Significantly statistically significant differences were observed between the herbicide isoxaflutole and the pendimethalin and s-metolachlor herbicides. Finally, no statistically significant differences were recorded between the herbicides isoxaflutole and linuron.

Figure 31: Effect of herbicides on the density of the anther (no m-2).


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Dry weight of the weeds

Total dry weight of weeds

Regarding the total dry weight of the weeds, no statistically significant differences were recorded between the herbicide interventions (Figure 32). Also, the witness differs statistically significantly from all operations.

Figure 32: Effect of herbicides on the total dry weight of weeds (Kg/acre).

Dry weight per type of weed

Trivoli

The lowest dry weight of the triglyceride (13.47 Kg/acre) was recorded in the pieces applied pendimethalin, while the highest dry weight (42.78 Kg/acre) was recorded in the controller pieces (Figure 33). No statistically significant differences were observed between the control and isoxaflutole and linuron herbicides. Also, no statistically significant differences were recorded between herbicide operations.

Figure 33: Effect of herbicides on the dry weight of the triglyceride (Kg/acre).


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Morning glory

No statistically significant differences were observed for the dry weight of the branch between the various operations (Figure 34).

Figure 34: Effect of herbicides on the dry weight of the branch (Kg/acre).

Veliouras

The smallest dry weight of the velvet (12.05 Kg/acre) was recorded in the pieces applied isoxaflutote, while the highest dry weight (31.15 Kg/acre) was recorded in the parts of the witness (Figure 35). No statistically significant difference was observed in the dry weight of the Velioura plants between all operations.

Figure 35: Effect of herbicides on the dry weight of the squirrel (Kg/acre).


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Crabbed

In terms of dry weight of the turtle, the highest values were recorded in the operation of the larva and the smallest in the operations of the s-metolachlor, pendimethalin and isoxaflutole. The herbicide interventions differed statistically significantly from the control of the witness (Figure 36). In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed between s-metolachlor, pendimethalin and isoxaflutole herbicides.

Figure 36: Effect of herbicides on dry weight of turtle (Kg/acre).

Antrakla

No statistically significant differences were recorded for the dry weight of the antacid among herbicides, while the highest dry weight was observed in the witness’s fragments.

Figure 37: Effect of herbicides on the dry weight of the anther (Kg/acre).


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Discussion

Evaluation of the effectiveness of herbicides in the cultivation of parsley.

Weeds, in aromatic plant crops, can reduce biomass and the amount of essential oil [15-17] so it is important that timely but and effective weed control. The results of our experiment showed that the largest number of weeds was observed in the pieces of the controller, while the smallest number was recorded in the pieces where the isoxaflutole was applied. The highest density was recorded for weed weeds, weevil, periwinkle, anthracnose and trivoli, and statistically significant differences were observed between herbicide interventions in terms of their effectiveness against weeds. The herbicides isoxafluotle, s-metolachlor, linuron and pendimethalin did not fight perennial weeds and cuttings, while the lower density of the trivolia was recorded in pendimethalin surgery. Also, the highest density of the tuft was recorded in linuron surgery, while the herbicide isoxaflutole showed the greatest efficacy against anthracnose. A recent study by Karkanis., et al. [17] also report that linuron and pendimethalin herbicides did not control weeds and cuttings in mint and mint crops. Also, high efficacy of pendimethalin herbicide against trivolium and stevia was recorded by Travlos., et al. [18] and Karkanis., et al. [19] in tobacco and leek crops, respectively. Finally, a small percentage of efficacy (45 - 50%) of the herbicide s-metolachlor against trivolia is reported in an earlier study conducted by Reddy., et al. [20] in sunflower cultivation.

Evaluation of the selectivity of herbicides in the cultivation of parsley

Regarding the effect of herbicides on the growth and yield of parsley, the results of our experiment showed that the highest value of height and dry weight of parsley plants was recorded in pendimethalin surgery, while the lowest value of dry weight was recorded in the fragments. of isoxaflutole due to the significant negative effect of this herbicide on the germination of the crop but also on the growth of the plants. Among the interventions of the witness and the herbicides s-metolachlor, pendimethalin and linuron the smallest height, dry weight and the concentration of chlorophyll were recorded in the martyr’s fragments due to the higher density of the weeds in these fragments.

There are no references in the international literature to the selectivity of isoxaflutole in parsley cultivation. Regarding the selectivity of linuron and pendimethalin herbicides in the cultivation of parsley, our results have shown that it is safe for this particular crop. Problems with phytotoxicity by the herbicide linuron have been observed in crops in which it has been applied post-emergence [10]. Also, in experiments conducted by Peachey and McReynolds [13] they observed that the pendimethalin herbicide was safe for this particular crop with a fairly high rate of effectiveness against weeds (75%). Similar results were found in McAvoy and Stall [14] whose experiments showed that the active ingredient pendimethalin is tolerant of a given crop. Regarding the selectivity of the herbicide s-metolachlor, Peachey and McReynolds R [13] report that this herbicide did not significantly affect the growth of parsley cultivation [21,22].

Conclusion

In this experiment, significant results were recorded on the selectivity and efficacy of pendimethalin, linuron, s-metolachlor and isoxaflutole herbicides. Specifically, the following were observed:

1. Is the pendimethalin, s-metolachlor and linuron herbicides did not affect the germination, growth and concentration of the chlorophyll of the crop..

2. Is the herbicide isoxaflutole presents a significant negative effect on germination and crop growth.

3. Is the herbicides isoxafluotle, s-metolachlor, linuron and pendimethalin did not fight perennial zebrafish and periwinkle weeds.


48


4. Three the lowest density of the triglyceride was recorded in pendimethalin surgery.

5. The highest density of tuft was recorded in linuron surgery, while the herbicide isoxaflutole was the most effective against the anthracnose.

The results of our experiment showed that the herbicides s-metalachlor, linuron and pendimethalin can be applied to the cultivation of parsley, although it is necessary to evaluate them in different soils and in different application doses. Finally, it is necessary to study the effectiveness and selectivity of mixtures of the above herbicides.

Annex-Statistical Data Processing

Dispersion analysis for crop densitySource of Variation DF SS MS F P

Herbicides 4 2,430,000 607,500 58,696 <0,001Replications 2 91,200 45,600 4,406 0,051

Residual 8 82,800 10,350Total 14 2,604,000 186,000

LSD5% = 6,05Dispersion analysis for crop plant height (1st measurement)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 17,363 4,341 5,568 0,019

Replications 2 0,726 0,363 0,466 0,644Residual 8 6,237 0,780

Total 14 24,326 1,738LSD5% = 1,66

Dispersion analysis for crop plant height (2nd measurement)Source of Variation DF SS MS F P

Herbicides 4 44,711 11,178 10,111 0,003Replications 2 2,711 1,356 1,226 0,343

Residual 8 8,844 1,106Total 14 56,267 4,019

LSD5% = 1,98Dispersion analysis for crop plant height (3rd measurement)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 171,956 42,989 19,153 < 0,001


Total 14 193,881 13,849LSD5% = 2,82

Dispersion analysis for the relative concentration of chloro-phyll (SPAD values) of the crop (1st measurement)


49




Total 14 191,237 13,660LSD5% = 2,47

Dispersion analysis for the relative concentration of chloro-phyll (SPAD values) of the culture (2nd measurement)



Total 14 189,009 13,501LSD5% = 2,29

Dispersion analysis for the relative concentration of chloro-phyll (SPAD values) of the crop (3rd measurement)



Total 14 74,002 5,286Dispersion analysis for fresh crop weight (1st measurement)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 3,143,941 785,985 5,926 0,016

Replications 2 1,717 0,859 0,994Residual 8 1,061,047 132,631

Total 14 4,206,705 300,479LSD5% = 21,68

Dispersion analysis for fresh crop weight (2nd measurement)Source of Variation DF SS MS F P

Herbicides 4 94,652,026 23,442 <0,001Replications 2 3,883,643 1,941,822 0,481 0,635

Residual 8 32,302,138 4,037,767Total 14 29,628,135

LSD5% = 119,64Dispersion analysis for fresh crop weight (3rd measurement)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 ####### 9,370 0,004

Replications 2 82,819,621 41,409,810 1,538 0,272Residual 8 26,929,994


50


Total 14 ####### 93,400,844LSD5% = 308,98

Analysis of the dispersion for the dry weight of the crop (1st measurement)



Total 14 145,547 10,396LSD5% = 3,93

Analysis of the dispersion for the dry weight of the crop (2nd measurement)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 8,717,532 2,179,383 12,938 0,001

Replications 2 115,728 57,864 0,344 0,719Residual 8 1,347,552 168,444

Total 14 10,180,812 727,201LSD5% = 24,43

Analysis of the dispersion for the dry weight of the crop (3rd measurement)

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 33,210,855 8,302,714 15,586 < 0,001

Replications 2 504,812 252,406 0,474 0,639Residual 8 4,261,693 532,712

Total 14 37,977,360 2,712,669LSD5% = 43,45

Dissolution analysis for the total dry weight of weedsSource of Variation DF SS MS F P

Herbicides 4 3,556,126 889,032 5,035 0,025Replications 2 326,950 163,475 0,926 0,435

Residual 8 1,412,497 176,562Total 14 5,295,574 378,255

LSD5% = 25,01Dispersion analysis for the total number of weeds

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 4,384,267 1,096,067 8,815 0,005


Total 14 5,502,100 393,007LSD5% = 20,99


51


Analysis of the dispersion for the dry weight of the trivoliaSource of Variation DF SS MS F P

Herbicides 4 1,681,720 420,430 5,123 0,024Replications 2 689,442 344,721 4,200 0,057

Residual 8 656,539 82,067Total 14 3,027,702 216,264

LSD5% = 17,05Dispersion analysis for trivial density

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 1,540,067 385,017 9,153 0,004


Total 14 1,958,900 139,921LSD5% = 12,21

Analysis of the dispersion for the dry weight of the branchSource of Variation DF SS MS F P

Herbicides 4 44,717 11,179 0,130 0,967Replications 2 0,101 0,0506 0,999

Residual 8 685,872 85,734Total 14 730,690 52,192

Dispersion analysis for the density of the branchSource of Variation DF SS MS F P


Residual 8 87,067 10,883Total 14 97,733 6,981

Analysis of the dispersion for the dry weight of the arrowSource of Variation DF SS MS F P


Residual 8 1,051,737 131,467Total 14 2,063,065 147,362

Analysis of the dispersion for the density of the arrowSource of Variation DF SS MS F P


Residual 8 122,400 15,300Total 14 147,733 10,552

Dissolution analysis for dry weight of the faucetSource of Variation DF SS MS F P


52



Residual 8 2,620 0,327Total 14 19,552 1,397

LSD5% = 1,07Dispersion analysis for tuft density

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 196,667 49,167 86,765 <0,001


Total 14 221,333 15,810LSD5% = 1,41

Analysis of the dispersion for the dry weight of the plinthSource of Variation DF SS MS F P


Residual 8 49,301 6,163Total 14 161,895 11,564

LSD5% = 4,67Analysis of the dispersion for the density of the plinth

Source of Variation DF SS MS F PHerbicides 4 208,267 52,067 22,000 <0,001


Total 14 230,933 16,495LSD5% = 2,89

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Volume 6 Issue 6 June 2020© All rights reserved by Andreas Lypas.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261219412001986


https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=13940

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/WG/WG21200.pdf

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http://ir4.rutgers.edu/FoodUse/PerfData/2326.pdf

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fefe/e9aea67c83a6f14faf6e03fd7f47bf9f11dc.pdf

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fefe/e9aea67c83a6f14faf6e03fd7f47bf9f11dc.pdf

http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810094241





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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268271295_Comparison_between_conventional_and_organic_weed_management_Growth_and_yield_of_leek_Allium_porrum_L

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268271295_Comparison_between_conventional_and_organic_weed_management_Growth_and_yield_of_leek_Allium_porrum_L

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268148334_Weed_Control_and_Crop_Safety_with_Premixed_S_-Metolachlor_and_Sulfentrazone_in_Sunflower



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